PSA 1-1

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Indiana University, Purdue University, Indianapolis *

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K103

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History

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Feb 20, 2024

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docx

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Pre-Session Assignments (PSA) #1 Name ______________________________________________ Complete the vocabulary-matching sections and at least the first three objectives for each chapter. Doing so will prepare you for recitations and for the quizzes. You are highly encouraged to complete the rest of the objectives to keep you on track and so you can ask for clarification during recitation. All answers can be found in the textbook, even if a section has not yet been covered in lecture. Please complete and turn in one hour before the designated weekly recitation time via canvas. Chapter 21 Objectives: The Origin and Evolutionary History of Life 1. Describe the early conditions on early Earth and the requirements for life to begin 1 ____ an organism that lives in or on another ____ a specific type of protobiont containing enzymes used for more complex synthesis ____ single membrane organelles originated by budding off the internal surface of the plasma membrane ____ double membrane organelles arose from a symbiotic relationship in which the endosymbiont living inside the cell lost its autonomy and became incorporated as an organelle within that cell ____ one type of protobiont; produced by adding water to abiotically formed polypeptides ____ an organism not capable of producing its own organic molecules from inorganic materials (will be a consumer) ____ a vesicle of abiotically produced polymers ____ an organism capable of producing its own organic compounds from inorganic materials (photosynthesis for example) ____ a column of prokaryote cells that become fossilized (living ones are extremely rare) A. Autotroph B. Coacervate C. Endo- membranous Theory D. Endosymbiont E. Endosymbiosis Theory F. Heterotroph G. Microsphere H. Protobiont I. Stromatolite

2. Describe the Miller-Urey experimental model and explain how it could be used to investigate the synthesis of organic molecules (drawing helpful! ) 3. Compare and contrast protobionts, microspheres, and coacervates, and discuss their relationship to the hypothesis of “pre-cell life” 4. Describe how naturally occurring surfaces may have contributed to early chemical reactions and compare and contrast prebiotic soup hypothesis with iron-sulfur hypothesis for the evolution of protobionts and cells 5. Define the terms associated with the evolution of early life (anaerobe, aerobe, heterotroph, autotroph) 6. Describe the requirements preceding the origin of cells and life 7. Outline the major steps hypothesized to have occurred in the origin of cells and discuss which order might be correct (RNA first, DNA first, metabolism first, DNA/RNA/Protein) 8. Describe stromatolites and discuss their significance in the evolution of early cells 2

9. Describe the first cells and the transformation from an anaerobic to an aerobic environment 10. Compare and contrast the autogenesis (endomembranous) and serial endosymbiosis theories relating them to the evolution of eukaryotic cells and cellular organelles and discuss evidence that organelles arose from an endosymbiotic relationship with eubacteria 3

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Chapter 18 Objectives: Introduction to Darwinian Evolution 1. Name several historical figures and describe their contribution to views on classification and evolution 2. Name and explain Darwin’s four premises of evolution by natural selection 3. Describe the modern synthesis and how it impacts views on evolution 4. Define the terms population, species, and evolution 4 ____ major evolutionary changes that occur over a long period of time resulting in large phenotypic changes such as the formation of new species ____ a group of individuals of the same species ____ a group of successfully interbreeding organisms that also produce fertile offspring ____ more-minor evolutionary changes that occur over just a few generations ____ remnants of structures that were present and functional in the ancestral organisms ____ organisms evolved similar characteristics as a result of exposure to similar environmental challenges (natural selection) ____ an explanation of evolution that incorporates many aspects of biology such as molecular genetics, phylogeny, natural selection, mutations, etc. A. Convergent Evolution B. Macroevolution C. Microevolution D. Modern Synthesis E. Population F. Species G. Vestigial Structure

5. Compare and contrast the ideas of Darwin, Lamarck, and Wallace 6. Compare and contrast the various forms of evidence supporting evolution (e.g. fossil record, homology, homoplasy, vestigial structures, and molecular and development homologies) 5

Chapter 19 Objectives: Evolutionary Change in Populations 1. Define, compare and contrast, and give examples of microevolution including, nonrandom mating (inbreeding, assortative mating), mutation, genetic drift (bottleneck effect and founder effect), and gene flow 2. Define, compare and contrast, and give examples of natural selection and the impact on allele frequencies through mechanisms such as stabilizing selection, directional selection, and disruptive selection (drawing helpful! ) 3. Define, compare and contrast, and give examples of genetic polymorphism, balanced polymorphism, heterozygote advantage, frequency dependent selection, and geographic variation (cline) 6 ____ a change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next ____ when a small group of individuals starts a new colony and the new population arises from that original group; as a result, the group exhibits little genetic variation ____ works to preserve balanced polymorphism; occurs when the heterozygote has a higher level of fitness than either homozygote ____ natural selection selects against one of the phenotypic extremes and favors the intermediates and other phenotypic extreme ____ genetic variation among individuals of a population ____ an event that rapidly, randomly, and dramatically decreases the size of a population ____ works to preserve balanced polymorphism; occurs when the frequency of a phenotype in a population determines the fitness of that trait ____ mating of genetically similar or genetically close individuals ____ gradual change in a species phenotype and genotype through a series of geographically separate populations of the same species ____ natural selection selects against phenotypic extremes and favors intermediate phenotypes ____ natural selection selects against the intermediates and favors the phenotypic extremes ____ difference in genotype and phenotype frequencies in a population as a result of an environmental gradient (altitude for example) ____ a type of genetic polymorphism in which two or more alleles persist in a population as a result of natural selection A. Balanced Polymorphism B. Bottleneck Effect C. Cline D. Directional Selection E. Disruptive Selection F. Founder Effect G. Frequency Dependent Selection H. Genetic Drift I. Genetic Polymorphism J. Geographic variation (cline) K. Heterozygote Advantage L. Inbreeding M. Stabilizing Selection

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Chapter 20 Objectives: Speciation and Macroevolution 7

8 ____ evolution of several species from one or a few ancestral species; occurs in relatively short time frame ____ an area of overlap between closely related species or subspecies in which interbreeding occurs ____ retention of juvenile features in the adult body form ____ evolution proceeds with period of little or no change and then rapid changes occur over a relatively brief period of time ____ formation of two new species following the physical separation of individuals of a single population ____ something that occurs after fertilization (formation of a zygote) that prevents a hybrid from living long enough to form a new species ____ gametes of interspecies hybrid are not normal and able to produce a zygote ____ the hybrid is unable to reproduce successfully; F1 and F2 generations may be produced ____ small-scale changes that occur within a species as a result of changes in the allele or genotype frequencies ____ growth of different body parts at different rates ____ a characteristic that functioned in one way originally but later changed in a way that was adaptive to the structure having a different role ____ large-scale changes over long time periods resulting in phenotypic changes that warrant placement of the organism into a new taxonomic group at or above the species level ____ formation of two new species within the geographic region of the parent population; no physical barrier is present but reproductive isolating mechanisms are ____ something that prevents fertilization from occurring (prevents formation of a zygote); prevents hybrid formation ____ evolution occurs as a result of slow steady changes over time ____ egg and sperm of two different species are genetically incapable of producing a viable zygote and embryo A. Adaptive Radiation B. Allometric Growth C. Allopatric Speciation D. Gradualism E. Hybrid Inviability F. Hybrid Sterility G. Hybrid Breakdown H. Hybrid Zone I. Macroevolution J. Microevolution K. Paedomorphosis L. Preadaptation M. Prezygotic Barrier N. Postzygotic Barrier O. Punctuated Equilibrium P. Sympatric Speciation

1. Compare and contrast and give examples of prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms and barriers for reproductive isolation (e.g. temporal, habitat, behavioral, mechanical, and gametic isolation; hybrid isolating mechanisms) 2. Define, describe and discuss macroevolution in the context of novel features, including preadaptations, allometric growth, and paedomorphosis 9

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3. Name, define, compare and contrast the three types of hybrid zones (drawing helpful! ) 4. Define and describe the biological species concept of speciation and the associated problems 5. Define, compare and contrast and give examples of allopatric and sympatric speciation 6. Name, define, compare and contrast the types of rate and pattern of speciation 7. Define, describe and discuss the macroevolutionary significance of adaptive radiation and extinction 10

PSA 1-1

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