WWI Warfare

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Arizona State University *

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101

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History

Date

May 4, 2024

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pdf

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What was war like in WWI? How did it affect those involved? Objectives: Describe the characteristics of WWI warfare and explain the effects of these characteristics on those involved. Introduction Directions: Examine the images below and answer the questions that follow. Detailed section of a painting of Battle of Moscow, 7th September 1812, during the Napoleonic Wars . Images of warfare during WWI (1914-1918). What was similar about warfare in the early 1800s and early 1900s? What was different about warfare in the early 1800s and early 1900s? Why do you think warfare changed between the early 1800s and 1900s? There are many soldiers working together to defeat the enemy. First picture contains horses, the second picture contains guns and tanks. After the industrial revolution, there were more eﬃcient ways of warfare, which is why warfare changed between the early 1800s and 1900s.

WWI Warfare Document Exploration Directions: As you examine the text, images, and video provided about the characteristics of WWI warfare, complete the graphic organizer below. Industrialization By the late 1800s, the process of industrialization had transformed most of Europe. Factories and densely populated urban areas dotted the landscape and railways connected them together. Advances in industrial production made manufacturing faster, and enabled factory owners to produce more complicated goods with precision. Factories used assembly lines to speed up production. With an increase in support and money from governments during the war, factories could mass produce guns, tanks, airplanes, automobiles, ammunition, and replacement parts needed for the war effort. German munitions (weapons) factory, 1916. Image is courtesy of wikimedia commons and is public domain Women munition workers stacking cartridge cases in the New Case shop at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, 1918. Image is courtesy of wikimedia commons and is public domain The chart above shows industrial output in Great Britain and Germany over the course of the war. Note how the British produced more goods as they started to have more success against the Germans. 1

Total War A total war is a military conﬂict in which nations are willing to make any sacrifices necessary to win. In a state of total war, a nation will mobilize, or make us of its total available military, technology, and human resources to be victorious. In a state of total war, there are no limits to the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the goals. Total war is considered the most extreme form of warfare because both civilians and soldiers are targets. In addition to dedicating time and money to build new war technologies, European women at home were mobilized to work outside of the home to replace men who went off to war. Additionally, hose at home were asked to make the sacrifice of rationing. Rationing was a policy of strictly distributing food to ensure that soldiers had enough food. Sugar, meat, ﬂour, butter, margarine and milk were tightly controlled and families were urged to consume less. During the war, propaganda posters were used to inﬂuence people's decisions and to increase support towards the war effort. Source: Adapted from https://www.britannica.com/topic/total-war , https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/total_war , http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/26439020 , http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/educational-magazines/home-front Aerial view of the village of Passchendaele, Belgium before and after WWI. In a total war, civilian and military buildings are targets. Image is courtesy of wikimedia commons and is public domain War poster : Women are Working Day and Night to Win the War / Witherby & Co. London, 1915. Image is courtesy of wikimedia commons and is public domain During World War I, the British government relied heavily on loans to finance the cost of the war. This 1915 posters, encourages British citizens to give metal and money to the war effort. Sources: http://www.wdl.org/en/item/581/ 2

Technological Developments Advances in industrial production and competition between countries led to technological and scientific achievements that were used in World War I. Below are some of those that made the greatest impact. Watch History.com video on technological developments in WWI then analyze the images and text below. Machine Guns Chemical Warfare Submarines British Vickers machine gun crew during the Battle of Menin Road Ridge, World War I (Ypres Salient, West Flanders, Belgium). Image is courtesy of wikimedia commons and is public domain A Canadian soldier with mustard gas burns, ca. 1917-1918. Image is courtesy of wikimedia commons and is public domain The first use of chemical weapons of mass destruction were during World War I. The use of chemical weapons such as chlorine and mustard gas were not only a threat to soldiers but also civilians and those who worked to manufacture these weapons. The French were the first to use chemical weapons during the First World War, using tear gas. The German's first use of chemical weapons were shells containing xylyl bromide, an early form of tear gas, that were fired at the Russians near the town of Bolimów, Poland in January 1915. Source: Adapted from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2376985/ , http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-31042472 British R-class submarine, 1910 Image is courtesy of wikimedia commons and is public domain Airplanes Tanks German Albatros D.IIIs of Jagdstaffel 11 and Jagdstaffel 4 planes parked in a line at La Brayelle near Douai, France. Image is courtesy of wikimedia commons and is public domain Mark II Tank Number 598 advancing with Infantry at Vimy. April 1917. Image is courtesy of wikimedia commons and is public domain 3

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