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1 EHM2 TASK 1: Ethical Theories, Leadership, and the Ethical Lens Inventory Cassandra Marker Western Governors University Steven Argiento August 12, 2023

2 EHM2 Task 1 – Ethical Theories, leadership, and the ethical lens inventory This paper will review not only an ethical dilemma, but my personal ethical traits, values, and virtues, and the importance of maintaining those traits. Ethical Traits Florence Nightingale is famous for her transformation of nursing. She exhibited numerous ethical traits, which were crucial in transforming not only nursing, but healthcare practices. One of her most prominent ethical traits was her leadership. Ethical leadership is more than just simply achieving a goal or having a high-powered role. It is a commitment to doing what is morally right. Florence had a vision for a science based systematic approach to improve healthcare. She exhibited leadership by influencing and motivating those around her, and they embraced her ideas and principles to improve their standards of care. Florence additionally made bold and courageous decisions that challenged the social norms of a nurse’s role during that time period. She put the patients’ needs above what society told them to do, and through doing this she led the first real healthcare reform and turned nursing into a highly regarded profession. Her second ethical trait was her responsibility, towards her patients and their quality of care. She felt a deep responsibility to improve care for the human life and she did this through her tireless advocacy for their rights and dignity. Her commitment to cleaner conditions, better meals, better outcomes, and availability of water drove her patient centered campaign. She used data to support her changes. She took the responsibility to base her decisions on actual numbers and science, to show that her changes were critical to the survival of the soldiers. She took her responsibility to help nursing and healthcare and chose to do what was right for the people, outside of the societal norms.

3 Florence’s ethical leadership and sense of responsibility continue to be celebrated and admired in the field of not only nursing, but healthcare as a whole. Ethical Conduct Florence Nightingales ethical conduct was displayed with her dedication to the well- being of patients, her commitment to science and what is now known today as evidenced based practice, and her leadership in driving positive change in healthcare. Her ethical conduct was deeply rooted in her commitment to providing the best care possible for her patients. She considered not just the physical health, but also incorporated their emotional well-being. She showed compassion and empathy to her patients and used that to fuel her advocacy of public health, recognizing the importance of prevention, proper sanitization, need for clean water, and the need for healthy living conditions. Her legacy today inspires ethical conduct and compassionate care beyond just the nursing profession. So much that nurses still receive awards in her honor for driving positive change. Dilemma Analysis The dilemma in this analysis refers to a sales rep deciding whether to forego a nondisclosure agreement to reveal the potential of a serious infection caused by the product he is selling, despite its lower cost and improved recovery time. When looking at this dilemma from a consequentialist perspective, the consequentialist will focus the attention on the results, or consequences, of the decision or actions. This includes an analysis of all the harms and benefits of the consequences, for each person involved, for each option of the dilemma (Trevino &Nelson, 2014). For this situation, that includes the consequences for the rep, the employer company of the rep, the patient, and the manufacturing company of the product should the sales rep violate the nondisclosure agreement. The sales rep

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4 would have the potential of a lost job and a lawsuit for violation of an agreement. The employer company of the rep would have the harm of selling products known to harm patients and employing people who do not honor signed agreements. The company manufacturing the product could suffer monetary losses, a distrust of their products, and the potential for legal action. Aside from reviewing individual stakeholders, the consequentialist would also review which result would lead to cause the least amount of harm. For example, is the consequence of any one person suffering harm and loss of life worth the sacrifice for a greater amount of people benefitting from increased quality of life. Does the consequence of death, outweigh the consequence of breaking a legally signed document? According to Trevino and Nelson, 2014, a consequentialist focuses on doing what will maximize social welfare. When looking at this dilemma from a deontologist’s perspective, deontologists base their decisions on what is right, following moral principles and values. Certain morale principles can be binding, regardless of the consequences (Trevino & Nelson, 2014). In this dilemma, the sales rep signed an agreement, stating he would not disclose information. Is it right to violate that agreement, knowing when he signed it that he could not disclose information, regardless of its severity. His morale principle would be his word. The decision is his approach would be to break his word or not, and from the deontologist standpoint his word is an ethical principle, is breaking it going against his standard, regardless of the reason he is breaking it. Levels of Cognitive Moral Development The below questions will review which level of cognitive morale development is represented in the scenario of disclosing potential side effects of a product after signing a nondisclosure agreement.

5 Which action would most likely serve the greater good in society? This question falls in the post-conventional level as it follows the impact on society’s greater good instead of his own consequences or obligations, how does the information benefit the patients and their outcomes. If I reveal the information, will I get in trouble and possibly even lose my job? This question falls in the preconventional level, with stage 1 being more concerned about punishment. In this scenario, there’s more worry directed at following the agreement so there is no punishment. Which action best aligns with my long-held belief in the principle of justice? This question falls in the postconventional level. The sales rep is considering more than individual concern, they are working through their choices on a personal scale and less concerned with the rules or social norms. What do the laws say, and what would a law-abiding citizen do? This question falls in the conventional level, under stage 4. The sales rep is less worried about the immediate punishment, but still worried about following the rules or laws correctly. If I keep quiet, will I get some sort of reward? This question falls into the preconventional level, but into stage 2 where the person considers the possibility of a relationship that benefits them in the end. The sales rep would be considering if they honor the nondisclosure, it may give them benefits down the road. Preferred Ethical Lens My preferred ethical lens is blended responsibilities and relationships. Because I have a blended lens, it formulates an ethical belief of having the right to choose to responsibly live in your principles, even if other people don’t agree with them, while also maintaining strong

6 community relationships and working with those that without resources or power. This was not a surprising result for me as I believe in being your own person, but not if it negatively impacts the community around you. Different Settings My preferred lens does not differ between work and home, but I feel like I exhibit a stronger community advocacy when I am at work. Working in a hospital, caring for patients, allows you to watch people make their own choices, but when it starts impeding patient care, there is a stronger sense to advocate for the community (patients) than I would have in my home life. Primary Value and Classical Virtue and Comparison My primary value is identified as rationality. It has always been in my nature to be as rational as possible when making decisions. Without a rationality you can end up deciding something that not only hurts yourself, but the community around you. I would compare my value of rationality with my self-identified value of fairness and justice. I feel they both intersect with each other. Rationality involves considering what is fair and just, and fair decision making can require a rational analysis of the situation. Both rationality and fairness help to foster a feeling of trust between yourself and the people around you. One thing that has always been important to me in both my personal and professional life is being fair. To have rationality identified as my primary value only makes me feel better about my ethical lens. One of my primary virtues is prudence. I have always made decisions with judgement, caution, and minimizing risks. This reinforces and aligns with rationality; it helps to avoid reckless behaviors that could do more damage than good. I would compare my identified virtue of prudence, with my identified value of respect. I feel as though these two parallel each other,

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7 but never truly intersect because one is personal, and the other is directed towards others. Respect is something that I have always craved from other people, so I intentionally give it to other people. Prudence allows me to make decisions for myself, but I can weigh how they will affect and be perceived by others. Blind Spot, Risk, Double Standards, or Vice My identified risk from my Ethical lens is a risk of being autocratic or authoritarian. I am at risk for putting myself in charge to call the shots. My lens identifies me to be at risk because I tend to expect everyone to make the same choices as me, and I judge them and their ethical standards for it. To mitigate this risk, I ensure that I seek multiple people’s perspectives. I am aware that everything does not live and die by my word, so seeking alternate viewpoints and opinions is critical to remaining rational and prudent. Open dialogue is critical to making a good, sound, ethical decision. Another tactic to mitigate the risk of becoming an authoritarian is to engage in a shared responsibility model that involves heavy collaboration among all the stake holders. By delegating responsibilities, and involving other people in the decision-making process, it allows me to engage in a process that that values diverse perspectives and ends in a collectively supported decision. By reviewing and understanding my ethical lens inventory, I can apply it to an ethical situation at work by making more informed, balanced decisions that will feel more ethically sound. Ethical leadership is something that remains very important to me, and to apply ethical leadership at work I will use my rationality to make good decisions, and help to encourage my team by also understanding their ethical behavior and decision making. I will use the information to ensure I seek guidance if the situation seems more complex than I am ready to handle. Seeking

8 guidance provides insight and context that I likely have not considered. Also knowing my dominant perspectives and values will allow me to seek perspectives from those that may not hold the same traits. This will allow for a collaborative decision to be made among all. ELI Results Please see attached document for results.

9 References Trevino, L.K., & Nelson, K.A. (2014). Managing Business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right (6 th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN: 9871118801697 Sources Trevino, L.K., & Nelson, K.A. (2014). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right (6 th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN: 9871118801697 Sources Trevino, L.K., & Nelson, K.A. (2014). Managing

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10 business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right (6 th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN: 9871118801697

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