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Page 1 1-1. Sedimentary rocks made of the fragments of skeletons of once-living organisms are called A) shale. B) limestone. C) sandstone. D) crystalline rock. 1-2. A __________ is a discrete body of rock of a particular type that formed in a particular way. A) group B) supergroup C) formation D) member 1-3. The arrangement of sedimentary rocks in discrete layers is called A) metamorphism. B) lithification. C) cementation. D) stratification. 1-4. Eras are divided into formal units called A) eras. B) epochs. C) periods. D) ages. 1-5. __________ form by the cooling of molten material to the temperature at which the molten material hardens or freezes. A) Magmas B) Igneous rocks C) Minerals D) Sedimentary rocks
Page 2 1-6. Actualism is the A) idea that the geological record provides a unique perspective on human activities. B) study of how large meteors have struck the Earth over time and thus caused mass extinctions of life. C) notion that fundamental physical principles operating today have done so throughout Earth's history. D) study of ripples in sand made by water and air movements, and how those features are always different from the ones made by water and air long ago. 1-7. The principle of cross-cutting relationships states that A) intrusive igneous rock is always younger than the rock it invades. B) any structure, such as a fault, that cuts through a sequence of preexisting rocks must be younger than the host rocks. C) fragments of one body of rock are found within another body of rock. D) rock may be melted to form magma that later cools to form intrusive igneous rock. 1-8. Which of the following is NOT an era in the Phanerozoic? A) Cenozoic B) Mesozoic C) Paleozoic D) Proterozoic 2-1. The average direction of the slope of __________ indicates the general direction of prevailing winds when ancient sands were deposited, thus forming a sand dune. A) mudcracks B) cross-bedding C) graded beds D) ripples 2-2. In some places, the strontium ion substitutes for the __________ ion within the calcium carbonate crystal structure. A) sodium B) calcium C) chlorine D) carbon
Page 3 2-3. Minerals containing the complex ion SO 4 2– are called A) sulfides. B) sulfates. C) oxides. D) silicates. 2-4. What sedimentary structure formed on a beach and is (are) produced by wave motion in water that oscillates back and forth? A) Cross-bedding B) Ripples C) Mudcracks D) Graded beds 2-5. Banded iron formations are complex rocks that consist of A) oxides, sulfides, or carbonates of iron interlayered with thin beds of chert. B) interlayered thin beds of calcite and aragonite, and beds of chert. C) interlayered beds of limestone and dolostone, and beds of chert. D) thin beds of chemical and biogenic sediments, which are interlayered with chert. 2-6. The main chemical process that occurs during lithification is called A) compaction. B) cementation. C) weathering. D) evaporation. 2-7. Dolomite resembles calcite in many ways, but in approximately half of the sites where there could be calcium ions in dolomite's crystal structure, there is instead a(n) _________ ion. A) magnesium B) iron C) strontium D) carbon 2-8. __________ precipitates directly from seawater as tiny needle-like crystals, which accumulate on the shallow sea floor as __________. A) Calcite; calcite crystals B) Halite; evaporite minerals C) Aragonite; carbonate mud D) Calcite; coral skeletons
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Page 4 3-1. Tracks, trails, burrows, and other marks left by animal activity are known as A) biomarkers. B) trace fossils. C) fossil fuels. D) prokaryote. 3-2. Select the domain of life that is one of the two groups of prokaryotes. A) Bacteria B) Eukarya C) Fungi D) Green plants 3-3. An initial assumption of cladistics research is that A) not all species within a taxon can be traced to a common ancestor. B) a higher taxon must have multiple evolutionary origins. C) when two groups share a particular biological trait, both groups have inherited the trait from a common ancestor. D) more species will die out than will originate over the same period of time. 3-4. The name of this group of plants means “seed within a vessel.” A) Angiosperms B) Gymnosperms C) Mosses D) Ferns 3-5. An example of a living monotreme mammal is a(n) A) theraspidtherapsid. B) kangaroo. C) alligator. D) platypus. 3-6. The extinct group of animals known as __________ actually occupied an intermediate evolutionary position between reptiles and mammals. A) jawed fish B) therapsids C) reptiles D) amphibians
Page 5 3-7. Unicellular algae that secrete two-part skeletons of opal, a form of silicon dioxide, are called A) radiolarians. B) coccolithophores. C) foraminifera. D) diatoms. 3-8. The secret of fossilization of soft tissue is A) protection from oxygen. B) presence of oily plant debris. C) permeable sediment. D) absence of sunlight. 4-1. A by-product of long-term photosynthesis that is a major constituent in Earth's atmosphere is A) carbon dioxide. B) oxygen. C) nitrogen. D) water vapor. 4-2. Brackish seawater is common in A) bays and lagoons. B) continental shelves. C) lakes and ponds. D) open ocean waters. 4-3. Northern coniferous forests, dominated by spruce, pine, and fir, are located adjacent to the subarctic ecosystem known as A) savannahs. B) tundras. C) glaciers. D) ice caps. 4-4. Descending Antarctic water flows well into the Northern Hemisphere bringing and brings needed __________ to bottom-dwelling animals. A) cold water B) salt C) oxygen D) carbon dioxide
Page 6 4-5. The tropical zone of calcareous nannoplankton in the modern Atlantic Ocean sits astride what latitude? A) 40° north B) 20° north C) 0° (the equator) D) 20° south 4-6. The way that a species relates to its environment defines its A) habitat. B) ecologic niche. C) life habit. D) limiting factors. 4-7. Species diversity is usually relatively low in habitats that A) have communities with moderate predation. B) have communities with low levels of physical disturbance. C) have communities dominated by opportunistic species. D) present physical difficulties for life. 4-8. Marshes occur in (or on) the A) continental shelf. B) intertidal zone. C) deep-sea floor. D) subtidal zone. 5-1. Many preserved sedimentary cycles of meandering stream deposits are actually partial cycles because of A) erosion by a younger channel. B) sinking or subsiding relative to surrounding terrain. C) the change from meandering to braiding channels. D) the development of natural levees. 5-2. Evidence of freshwater lake deposits in geologic history does not come from A) sediment grain size differences. B) close association with marine sediments. C) fish and other freshwater fossils. D) associated river sediments.
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Page 7 5-3. Cooling of seawater in contact with the atmosphere increases the concentration of dissolved A) carbonic acid. B) calcium carbonate. C) cyanobacteria. D) clay minerals. 5-4. Among coarse-grained deposits of ancient deserts and arid basins, the sedimentary structure called __________ is characteristic of sand dunes. A) debris flows B) braided stream deposits C) trough cross-stratification D) varves 5-5. __________ is loose sediment that contains organic matter and accumulates because of contact with the atmosphere instead of under water. A) Nodule B) Humus C) Caliche D) Soil 5-6. As a delta progrades, deposits of the __________ will lie directly on top of deposits of the prodelta. A) delta-plain B) prodelta C) delta-front D) distributary channels 5-7. In Nebraska, Oligocene and Miocene beavers lived in soil features called A) nodules of caliche. B) oxisoils. C) fossil burrows. D) unconformities. 5-8. Knobby, intertidal structures formed by cyanobacteria are called A) stromatolites. B) patch reefs. C) organic reefs. D) carbonate platforms.
Page 8 6-1. Select the characteristic below that is NOT consistent with an index or guide fossil. A) The fossil is very rare in the stratigraphic record. B) The fossil is easily distinguished from other taxa. C) The fossil is geographically widespread. D) The fossil occurs in many kinds of sedimentary rock and in many places. 6-2 Select the description below that is NOT some type of biozone. A) A body of rock defined by the range of a single taxon B) A body of rock having a lower boundary defined by the lowermost or uppermost occurrence of one taxon and an upper boundary defined by the lowermost or uppermost occurrence of another taxon C) A body of rock with lower and upper boundaries based on the ranges of one or more taxa, usually species, in the stratigraphic record D) A body of rock defined by the absence of taxa 6-3. One of the problems with trying to compute the absolute age of Earth based on rates of accumulation of sediment is that A) removal of salts by evaporate deposition has approximately balanced the addition of salts by rivers and other sources. B) radioactive decay and its heat contribution to Earth's heat need to be taken into account. C) the salinity of the world ocean may not have changed much since early in Earth's history. D) the stratigraphic record is full of gaps and unconformities. 6-4. Global changes of sea level are the same as A) sequences. B) eustatic changes. C) seismic stratigraphy. D) marker beds. 6-5. Potassium-argon and argon-argon dating techniques are used on A) some minerals that form in igneous and metamorphic rocks. B) igneous, metamorphic, and even in a few sedimentary rocks older than about 10 million years. C) objects of biological origin, such as bones, teeth, and pieces of wood. D) reef-building corals and certain other fossils with these elements within them.
Page 9 6-6. __________ was the first to conclude that species have become extinct over the course of Earth's history. A) Charles Darwin B) George Cuvier C) James Hutton D) Charles Lyell 6-7. For alpha decay to cause a loss in mass, such as that in the uranium 238 conversion to thorium 234, what must the atomic weight of the alpha particle be? A) 0 B) 2 C) 4 D) 6 6-8. The shortest of the Milankovitch cycles of change in Earth's astronomical movements is called A) precession. B) obliquity. C) eccentricity. D) feedback. 7-1. The common origin of toes of land-dwelling mammals, fingers of humans, and wings of bats is an example of A) homology. B) vestigial organs. C) natural selection. D) origin of species. 7-2. The typical pattern of evolutionary radiation, such as that seen in the record of hexacorals, is characterized by evolution that A) produced large-scale divergence at a very early stage, but not much divergence later on. B) produced large-scale divergence that continued for many millions of years. C) produced only new genera and species at the early stages. D) does not seem to affect the body plan.
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Page 10 7-3. In general, __________ is the result of particularly extreme impacts of the limiting factors that normally hold populations in check. A) extinction B) pseudoextinction C) adaptation D) convergence 7-4. Darwin noted the separation of different marine species by the Isthmus of Panama and concluded that this separation of species meant that A) marine animals were not good at crossing dry land. B) there was no good way to explain this oddity. C) an external agent scattered species across the planet. D) the species on each side came into being where they lived. 7-5. Darwin noted the geographic distribution of species, for example, the rheas (flightless birds) are found only in __________, whereas their relatives, the emus and ostriches, are found elsewhere. A) Europe, Asia, and Africa B) South America C) Australia and Africa D) North America 7-6. Today, the rate of extinction of species surpasses the great mass extinctions of the geologic past, and the largest number of extinctions can be traced to A) human exploitation of animals. B) human destruction of habitats. C) organisms that are ecological opportunists. D) vast numbers of meteorite impacts. 7-7. Mutation of __________ can profoundly modify an organism. A) chromosomes B) a regulatory gene C) any part of the DNA D) the nucleus of the cell 7-8. The ancestors of the modern-day manatee were a species of A) whale. B) rodents. C) elephant. D) four-legged, terrestrial mammals, about 2 m long.
Page 11 8-1. In Hess's concept of plate tectonic movement, the deep trench that runs along the center of the mid-ocean ridges represents A) convective cells of the mantle. B) the site of newly formed crust that is moving laterally in two directions. C) the site of apparent polar wandering and deep mantle convection. D) the effect of low-velocity earthquake waves. 8-2. The theory of plate tectonics helps to explain why A) Earth's ocean basins are among the oldest features of the planet. B) most volcanoes occur along curved belts of seafloor. C) mountain belts almost invariably occur near the centers of continents. D) earthquakes are randomly distributed throughout Earth's crust. 8-3. The non-plate tectonics interpretation of paleomagnetic data referred to as ___________ eventually helped geophysicists conclude that continents had changed position over time. A) apparent polar wander B) declination and inclination C) rock magnetism D) geopoetry 8-4. Which of the following is NOT typically associated with a subduction zone? A) Island arc B) Mélange C) Trench D) Normal fault 8-5. __________ is the name of the entire body of rocks formed by piling up along huge thrust faults at subduction zones. A) Accretionary wedge B) Forearc basin C) Island arc D) Mélange
Page 12 8-6. Reverse and normal magnetization of the seafloor was first discovered by British geophysicists in the __________. A) Atlantic Ocean B) Indian Ocean C) Pacific Ocean D) Gulf of Mexico 8-7. The Hawaiian Islands owe their existence to the process of volcanism that is directly related to A) plate tectonics. B) subduction. C) a hot spot. D) transform faulting. 8-8. In contrast to younger eras, the detailed history of plate tectonic movements is only moderately well known for A) Cenozoic. B) Cretaceous. C) Jurassic. D) Paleozoic. 9-1. A special type of graben that develops during early rifting of new plate boundaries is called a A) hot spot. B) rift valley. C) triple junction. D) composite rift. 9-2. A change in the angle of plate subduction usually reflects a change in the A) rate of oceanic sedimentation on the plate. B) rate of movement of the crustal plate. C) volume of melted material rising to the surface over time. D) increasing height of a volcanic mountain chain. 9-3. Typically, active margins are characterized by A) subsidence below sea level and tectonic inactivity. B) tectonic deformation and igneous activity. C) great thicknesses of undisturbed sediment. D) continuous subsidence under the weight of added sediment.
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Page 13 9-4. With respect to a typical metamorphic belt, a fold-and-thrust belt lies A) toward the continental interior, near the boundary with the foreland basin. B) on the oceanic side, near the boundary with the subduction zone. C) directly below the metamorphic belt, within the deeper crust. D) directly above, in rocks thrust over the metamorphic belt. 9-5. __________ is the process of mountain building. A) Suturing B) Orogenesis C) Ophiolite D) Subduction 9-6. Marine sediment lying above evaporate deposits beneath the Red Sea shows us that the A) Red Sea is slowing drying up. B) Red Sea is the failed arm of a triple junction. C) Indian Ocean once covered a large part of northern Africa. D) Indian Ocean has only recently gained access to the widening Red Sea. 9-7. _________ is the name given to microcontinents that have attached themselves to larger landmasses, especially the western part of North America. A) Exotic terranes B) Structural basins C) Structural domes D) Thrust belts 9-8. The Black Hills of South Dakota are an example of a A) metamorphic belt. B) fault zone. C) structural dome. D) structural basin. 10-1. Only a small percentage of the sugars made by __________ are deposited in marine sediments, whereas a large percentage of sugars from __________ are deposited there. A) terrestrial plants; marine plankton B) marine plankton; terrestrial plants C) marine animals; terrestrial plants D) terrestrial plants; marine animals
Page 14 10-2. Despite high carbon dioxide levels, Early Paleozoic global temperatures were lower than expected due to A) lower solar output of energy during that time. B) errors in how we calculate global temperatures. C) the Paleozoic greenhouse working differently than today. D) expansion of glaciers across large areas of Earth's landmasses. 10-3. Carbon dioxide is needed to weather away both A) oxidized and reduced organic matter. B) limestones and silicate rocks. C) calcium and magnesium silicates. D) animal and plant matter. 10-4. Carboniferous fossil fuels were formed in A) river channels. B) deep marine areas. C) shallow marine settings. D) swamps. 10-5. Reservoirs expand and contract because of changes in the rate at which they gain or lose their contents, and this occurrence is known as A) flux. B) feedback. C) respiration. D) photosynthesis. 10-6. A sudden pulse toward __________ carbon isotopic values in the marine stratigraphic record can indicate an episode of __________. A) light; increased burial of carbon dioxide B) light; increased burial of organic carbon C) heavy; increased burial of organic carbon D) heavy; increased burial of carbon dioxide 10-7. The first negative feedback from global warming due to a rapid increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide is A) increased global precipitation rates. B) acceleration of the chemical reactions of weathering. C) weathering depletes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. D) expansion of forest areas.
Page 15 10-8. Chemical weathering processes on land use up __________ from the atmosphere. A) oxygen B) Nitrogen C) carbon dioxide D) sulfur 11-1. The origin of Earth's Moon was A) waves and tides of the magma ocean. B) accretion of a swarm of asteroids that once orbited Earth. C) an asteroid captured by Earth's gravity. D) the impact of a Mars-sized planet shortly after Earth's accretion. 11-2. Our planet's early water ocean was formed by A) atmospheres of impacting asteroids and comets. B) chemical reactions in the early atmosphere. C) volcanic emission of water vapor. D) melting of polar ice caps. 11-3. The photosynthetic organisms in Archean stromatolites were A) archaea. B) kimberlites. C) cyanobacteria. D) eukaryotic cells. 11-4. The origin of Earth's early felsic crust was probably A) partial melting of subducted slabs of crust. B) melting of oceanic lithosphere. C) meteorite impacts. D) magma oceans. 11-5. Isotopic evidence shows that photosynthetic life existed on Earth as early as _________ billion years ago, but the oldest fossil evidence of life on Earth is about __________ billion years ago. A) 4.5; 3.7 B) 4.5; 3.5 C) 3.7; 3.5 D) 3.7; 2.5
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Page 16 11-6. The maria on the Moon were formed by A) magma oceans. B) volcanic events of great size. C) water oceans. D) asteroid impacts followed by great lava flows. 11-7. The Hadean and Archean eons encompasses about __________ percent of Earth's history. A) 90 B) 45 C) 25 D) 5 11-8. Archean greenstone belts sit among masses of A) chlorite-bearing mafic metamorphic rocks. B) banded iron formations and extraterrestrial impact craters. C) sedimentary rocks made of weathered volcanic rocks. D) high-grade felsic metamorphic rocks. 12-1. Cap carbonates resting directly on all three Neoproterozoic tillites indicate that perhaps A) glaciers of “snowball Earth” reached the tropics. B) submarine volcanism ceased and with it carbon dioxide release as well. C) there was a mass extinction occurred among the cyanobacteria. D) Global glaciation was followed immediately by warm climate conditions 12-2. It is likely that the intracellular body within single-celled eukaryotes, which is called a chloroplast, was originally A) a stromatolite. B) a cyanobacterial cell. C) some DNA and RNA. D) a mitochondrion. 12-3. The main exposed part of the North American craton (Laurentia), which was assembled from at least five microcontinents between 1.95 and 1.85 billion years ago, is called the A) Appalachian orogen. B) Cordilleran orogen. C) Canadian shield. D) Colorado plateau.
Page 17 12-4. The Wopmay orogeny, involving the Slave craton and an island arc, tells us that A) the Proterozoic crust was still hot and plastic like the Archean crust. B) there were no glaciers were present on Earth at this time. C) Proterozoic orogenies are much like Phanerozoic orogenies. D) it does no good to look for Proterozoic flysch and molasse deposits. 12-5. In Neoproterozoic rocks about 570 million years old, evidence of multicellular animal life called the Ediacara fauna consists of A) imprints of soft-bodied organisms. B) resting stages (or cysts) of dinoflagellates. C) trace fossils, imprints of soft-bodied fossils, and skeletal fossils. D) small skeletonized animals. 12-6. The great Proterozoic supercontinent, which was split apart beginning about 720 million years ago, is called A) Nuna. B) Rodinia. C) Pannotia. D) Gondwanaland. 12-7. The Proterozoic Keweenawan basalts A) covered much of the Canadian Shield. B) formed in the closing ocean between Greenland and Canada. C) formed in the island arc that collided with the Slave Province. D) erupted in a great, elongate rift that could have pulled North America apart. 12-8. Thought to be the __________ of dinoflagellates, the __________ are the most common fossil algal plankton of Proterozoic rocks younger than 2 billion years. A) biomarkers; stromatolites B) resting cysts; acritarchs C) chloroplasts; eukaryotes D) cytoskeletons; bacteria 13-1. The organism that left tracks on sediment flooring cavities within archaeocyathid reefs as well as fossil remains within sediment in those cavities was a(n) A) jawless fish. B) trilobite. C) thrombolite. D) echinoderm.
Page 18 13-2. Pikaia was a swimming chordate whose fossils are found in the A) Tommotian fauna. B) Burgess Shale. C) Rocky Mountains of Colorado. D) new fossil sites of China. 13-3. The main Ordovician floating animals were the A) nautiloids. B) graptolites. C) conodonts. D) brachiopods. 13-4. Upper Ordovician sediments across much of Ohio and West Virginia consist of A) molasse and flysch. B) sandstones and mudstones. C) limestones and dolostones. D) dolostones and mudstones. 13-5. The conodontomorphs first appeared during A) Early Ordovician. B) Late Cambrian. C) Middle Cambrian. D) Early Cambrian. 13-6. During Ordovician, the decline of stromatolites was due to A) grazing by marine animals. B) competition from organic reefs. C) the mass extinction among trilobites. D) attacks by predators such as the nautiloids. 13-7. During Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician, eastern North America (Laurentia) was a A) tectonically active region, which had a subduction zone. B) passive continental margin with vast carbonate shelves. C) site of vast continental rifting and volcanism. D) tectonically active region, which had extensive volcanic activity.
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Page 19 13-8. In the concentric pattern of sediment deposition around the margin of Laurentia during Middle Cambrian, detritus from land grades laterally into A) Burgess Shale. B) shallow-water carbonates. C) deep-water deposits. D) volcanic islands. 14-1. The fish group that went on to become the ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates was the A) ray-finned fish. B) lobe-finned fish. C) trout and bass. D) sharks. 14-2. The mass extinction during Late Devonian, which is related to global collapse of the coral-strome reef systems and loss of other prominent taxa, was caused largely by A) an unexplained short-term dimming of the Sun. B) formation of Earth's first widespread forests. C) glaciers spreading over a portion of southern Gondwanaland. D) global warming due to injection of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. 14-3. The Late Devonian Dunkleosteus was one of the largest of the A) ostracoderms. B) placoderms. C) acanthodians. D) sharks. 14-4. The __________ orogeny resulted from the collision of Laurentia with __________ on the north and __________ on the south. A) Taconic; Baltica; Avalonia B) Acadian; Baltica; Avalonia C) Taconic; Avalonia; Baltica D) Acadian; Avalonia; Baltica 14-5. The molasse deposits of the Acadian orogeny are called the A) Marcellus Formation. B) Catskill clastic wedge. C) Oriskany Sandstone. D) Hamilton Group.
Page 20 14-6. The __________ were Early and Middle Devonian fossil plants that were much like club mosses of today—only larger. A) lycopods B) acanthodians C) placoderms D) ammonoids 14-7. __________ probably required protective shade before they could inhabit the terrestrial realm. A) Scorpions and spiders B) Centipedes and millipedes C) Amphibians D) Ray-finned fishes 14-8. During __________, vast areas of eastern and central North America were covered by black muds, which accumulated in a mud-floored seaway west of the coastal mountains. A) Late Silurian B) Early Devonian C) Late Devonian D) Early Carboniferous 15-1. Carboniferous and Early Permian vertebrates called __________ had the world largely to themselves and adapted into many forms, some of them rather large. A) amphibians B) arthropods C) insects D) reptiles 15-2. At the start of Late Permian, the __________ appeared and they were distinctly different from their ancestors, the pelycosaurs, in that their legs were more vertically beneath their bodies. A) amphibians B) therapsids C) reptiles D) insects
Page 21 15-3. __________ is a geological time period distinguished by vast deposits of organic matter in lowland swamps and other wetland areas. A) Silurian B) Devonian C) Permian D) Carboniferous 15-4. The new reproductive strategy of reptiles allowed them to __________ for the first time. A) kill prey by puncturing them B) swallow meals whole C) raise their young in water D) reproduce away from water 15-5. Between the tall coal-swamp trees of Late Carboniferous were shorter plants that included the non-seed group called A) lycopods. B) sphenopsids. C) cordiatecordaites. D) gymnosperms. 15-6. We know that the Late Carboniferous atmosphere was very rich in oxygen because insects A) adapted to juice-sucking from plants. B) developed folded wings as an adaptation. C) attained great size during this time. D) developed eggs and caterpillar-like larvae. 15-7. Large Carboniferous and Permian foraminifera that lived on the shallow seafloor are called A) crinoids. B) fusulinids. C) lycopods. D) placoderms. 15-8. The dominant fossil plants of Carboniferous were A) cycads, conifers, and cycadeoids. B) sphenopsids, seed ferns, and lycopods. C) small seedless vascular plants. D) flowering plants.
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Page 22 16-1. During Mesozoic, the swim bladder, which evolved from the lungs of some fish, allowed fish to regulate their A) breathing. B) parasites. C) buoyancy. D) shell crushing. 16-2. The most spectacular geographic development of Mesozoic was the A) rifting of North and South China. B) development of the Gulf of Mexico. C) fragmentation of Pangaea. D) effects of a large meteorite impact. 16-3. During Mesozoic, coral reefs were largely restricted to A) equatorial regions of the Pacific. B) the Tethyan ocean. C) the Gulf of Mexico. D) southern and northern Florida. 16-4. For a brief interval during Early Triassic, shallow subtidal environments flourished with __________ for the first time since early Paleozoic. A) sea urchins and sea stars B) stromatolites and thrombolites C) hexacorals and rugose corals D) lacy and other forms of bryozoans 16-5. Before becoming attached to North America, the __________ was an accretionary wedge deposit that formed in a subduction zone off western North America. A) Navajo Sandstone B) Franciscan sequence C) Morrison Formation D) Sundance Formation 16-6. The Mesozoic evolutionary legacy of the therapsids was the __________, which evolved from them near the end of Triassic. A) ornithischians B) mammals C) dinosauromorpha D) saurischia
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Page 23 16-7. The end-Triassic mass extinction is closely associated with A) a sudden increase in the rate of subduction without volcanic eruptions. B) Volcanic emissions related to the rifting and breakup of Pangaea. C) deposition of the Newark Supergroup across wide areas of eastern North America. D) deposition in the Sundance Sea over wide areas in western North America. 16-8. Early Triassic diversification of the __________ seems to have issued from two genera that survived the end-Permian mass extinction. A) mollusks B) ammonoids C) lacy bryozoans D) gastropods 17-1. Which of the groups below survived the terminal Cretaceous mass extinction? A) gymnosperms B) dinosaurs C) mosasaurs D) rudists 17-2. New members of the Cretaceous pelagic food web that featured symmetrical tails, overlapping scales, specialized fins, and short jaws were called A) ammonoids. B) Teleost fishes. C) plesiosaurs. D) mosasaurs. 17-3. With the survival of one unknown taxon of __________ at the end of Cretaceous, the Cenozoic radiation of mammals was possible. A) placental B) marsupials C) theraspids D) multituberculates 17-4. Stagnation of mid-Cretaceous oceans resulted in A) the deposition of organic-rich, dark muds in deep oceans and shallow shelves. B) cold waters sinking and spreading along the seafloor toward the equator. C) the development of tropical rudist reefs around the Tethys Seaway. D) the end of a greenhouse world and the onset of a Cretaceous ice age.
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Page 24 17-5. __________ were all herbivores. A) Boring snails B) Horned dinosaurs C) Terrestrial crocodiles D) Flying reptiles 17-6. During Cretaceous, the birds were more similar to __________ that we see today. A) vultures B) shorebirds C) songbirds D) eagles 17-7. During Late Cretaceous, the Interior Seaway connected the A) Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. B) Tethys Seaway and Atlantic Ocean. C) Mowry Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. D) Gulf of Mexico and Arctic Ocean. 17-8. In the chalk seas of Europe and the U.S. Western Interior, the productivity of coccolithophores was greater during Late Cretaceous than any time in Earth's history, and this was due to the A) general presence of oxygenated conditions on the seafloor. B) very low ratio of magnesium to calcium in seawater during this time. C) addition of fossil debris from bryozoans, arthropods, foraminifera, and others. D) changing ratio of calcium carbonate to clay in the sediments. 18-1. In the central region of the Laramide orogeny, the rate of __________ movement of North America changed the angle of subduction, making the angle __________. A) westward; shallower B) eastward; steeper C) westward; steeper D) eastward; shallower 18-2. During Eocene, Ellesmere Island was at high latitude, yet the Eocene fossil assemblage consisting of __________ indicates that warm temperatures existed there. A) trees with smooth margin leaves, large tortoises, and crocodiles B) palms and other sub-tropical flora C) ungulates, both odd- and even-toed D) fossil sand dollars and teeth of enormous sharks
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Page 25 18-3. New Paleogene predators included the huge flightless birds called __________, which were the dominant predators of the forested ecosystems through Eocene. A) mesonychids B) bronototheres C) diatrymas D) creodonts 18-4. The most profound geographic change during Paleogene was A) significant cooling of Earth's polar regions. B) uplifts of the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada. C) formation and filling of the Paris and London basins. D) mountain-building events of western North America. 18-5. In the rock record, the Paleocene-Eocene transition is marked by an abrupt shift of oxygen isotope ratios toward __________ values, signaling the onset of a much __________ interval of Earth history. A) lighter; cooler B) lighter; warmer C) heavier; cooler D) heavier; warmer 18-6. Unusual features of the Laramide orogeny, including a broad area with little tectonic activity, are found in a broad area from the A) Great Valley of California to the Colorado Plateau. B) Colorado Plateau to the Canadian Rockies. C) Great Valley of California to the volcanic terranes of Mexico. D) Olympic Range to the Absaroka Range. 18-7. During much of Cenozoic, land animals could migrate directly between A) Greenland and Scandinavia. B) Africa and South America. C) North and South America. D) North America and Eurasia. 18-8. The modern ice age began about 34 million years ago because A) extinctions at that time transformed global ecosystems. B) a major glacier began to form in Antarctica. C) Australia separated from Antarctica. D) clasts dropped from melting sea ice and ice bergs.
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Page 26 19-1. The earliest known species in the genus Homo is approximately __________ years old, whereas Homo sapiens appears in the fossil record approximately __________ years ago. A) 2.3 million; 1.4 million B) 2.4 million; 150,000 C) 3.0 million; 2.3 million D) 1.8 million; 15,000 19-2. The carnivorous whales appeared during A) Paleocene. B) Miocene. C) Oligocene. D) Eocene. 19-3. A Neogene mammal predator group that expanded successfully because of the spread of grasslands was the A) cheetahs. B) antelopes. C) elephants. D) monkeys. 19-4. The most recent glacial minimum, in which we live today, began about __________ years ago, and the previous glacial maximum was called the __________. A) 80,000; Sangamon B) 11,700; Wisconsin C) 41,000; Sangamon D) 100,000; Wisconsin 19-5. At the end of the last glacial maximum, great discharges of water from melting glaciers burst through sediment and ice dams to form the A) Rocky Mountains. B) Grand Canyon. C) Channeled Scablands. D) Chesapeake Bay. 19-6. Modern ice age glacial scouring resulted in A) depression of the land surface. B) U-shaped valleys. C) lowering of sea level. D) outwash plains instead of moraines.
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