groundwater_lab_report

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Geology

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Jan 9, 2024

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Groundwater Activity: Properties of Water Lab Report Introduction Water is an essential part of processes on Earth. In this lab, you will investigate the properties of water and explain how they affect Earth material and surface processes. Investigative Phenomenon: What are the connections between the properties of water and their effects on Earth materials and surface processes? Water properties include hydrogen bonding, cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, capillary action, and high specific heat. The effect on Earth's material and surface processes is that when water moves, it causes erosion. Which changes the surface and ground formation on Earth. Materials: • water • stopwatch • a clean penny • food coloring • vegetable oil • clear plastic cups • dropper or pipette • ice cube • black pepper • a bowl • dish soap • sponge or cloth • a heating source (sunlight, lamp, etc.) or a cooling source (refrigerator) • one balloon • measuring tape or string and a ruler • thermometer Activity One: Investigating Cohesion Cohesion is the ability of molecules to bind together. One way to test this is by investigating how the droplets of a particular liquid stick together compared to other liquids. Use the materials you have to determine water’s relative cohesion on a particular surface. Describe the plan you will follow to determine this:

First, I will use a small droplet of water on the clean penny and record the number of drops. Then I will use vegetable oil and drop it onto the penny and record the number of drops. Record your data and observations: I was able to get 24 drops of water on the penny before the surface broke. I was able to get 15 drops of vegetable oil on the penny before the surface broke. Phenomena Reflective Question: How does the cohesive property of water come into play with it interacts with Earth materials? The cohesion property of water helps plants absorb. The increase of cohesion increases the horizontal component of passive earth pressure. Activity Two: Investigating Surface Tension Surface tension is a property of a liquid that allows the surface to resist force. This means the surface of a liquid resists the weight of objects. Procedures: 1. Fill a bowl ¾ full with tap water. 2. Sprinkle about a teaspoon of ground black pepper in the bowl. DO NOT STIR! Observe what happens to the black pepper. 3. Gently place your finger into the water and observe what happens. 4. Put two drops of dish soap on your finger. Gently use your finger to touch the surface of the water and observe what happens. Data and observations: Observations Black pepper in water I did not see anything happen. It just floats on the water. Touching water without soap The pepper tried to stick to my finger. Touching water with soap The pepper immediately broke away from where the soap entered the water.

Phenomena Reflective Question: How does the surface tension of water allow for it to interact with Earth materials? Surface tension causes small objects to float on the surface of fluids. If the object breaks through the first layer of molecules, it will sink. This goes with Earth materials because some materials will float and some will sink. Activity Three: Investigating Solubility A liquid is polar, which means a substance can easily dissolve in it. How can you test water’s polarity compared to other substances? To measure solubility, it is necessary to compare initial and final results using your visual observations. Water polarity can be tested by putting water and oil in a bottle. The oil will separate and rise to the surface of the water bottle. When the food coloring is added to the oil it will sink because it is heavier but when it is added to the water it will mix in because the color is water-based. Describe the plan you will follow to determine this: I will put water and oil into a bottle and watch them separate from each other. Then I will add food coloring and observe the color separate into the different substances of liquid. Record your data and observations: Add food coloring to each liquid. Observe each reaction and record your observations in the table below. Time Water Vegetable Oil 0 seconds Sinks to the bottom beads up and sinks to the bottom

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5 seconds Mixes from the bottom sinks 10 seconds Color rises sinks 15 seconds Keeps rising At bottom of glass 20 seconds Most color has risen but the darker color stays at the bottom of the glass. At bottom of glass Phenomena Reflective Question: Explain why water is called a universal solvent. How does this polarity allow for water to interact with Earth materials? Water is a universal solvent because of its polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds. While also being able to dissolve many kinds of molecules. Which makes it able to interact with earth material s by dissolving minerals, nutrients, and pollutants in the soil or water bodies. Activity Four: Investigating Specific Heat Capacity Specific heat is the amount of heat energy needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of the substance one degree Celsius. Some objects' specific heat allows them to heat up or cool down faster than others of equal mass. How can you compare water’s specific heat to other substances? How does the specific heat of water affect how other objects, such as a damp cloth, warm up or cool down? To measure specific heat, it is necessary to compare initial and final results. Water’s specific heat can be compared to other substances because of the strength of the hydrogen bonds it has. The specific heat capacity of water affects other objects because the damp cloth has the same heat energy as the water. Describe the plan you will follow to determine this: I will wet a cloth and then wring it out, so it is considered damp. Then I will place it in the microwave multiple times to record the temperature of the cloth and its change over the intervals of heating. Record your data and observations: Observe the temperature of the damp sponge/cloth after being placed under a heat source. Caution: do not set the damp sponge or cloth to close to the heat source. Record your observations.

Time Damp Sponge/Cloth 0 seconds No change/ damp 5 seconds Barely warming up/ damp 10 seconds Slightly warming up/ damp 15 seconds Is warmer than the 10 second/ damp 20 seconds Warmest measurement still damp Phenomena Reflective Question: How does water’s specific heat capacity come into play when it interacts with Earth materials or affects surface processes? Water has a higher heat capacity than other Earth materials. Which helps heat energy to be transferred in and out of water molecules. It is the reason for evaporation and the cooling of our atmosphere. Activity Five: Investigating Expansion and Density Density of an object can be found by calculating mass divided by volume. If two objects have the same mass, but one has a greater volume, the object with more volume is less dense. Does water’s density change when it is frozen? Water has less density in liquid form than as a solid. Due to the fact it expands when it is frozen/solid. Describe the plan you will follow to determine this: First, I will use two bottles, one with cold water and one with hot water. Then I will put red food coloring in the hot water and blue in the cold water. After I will put the hot bottle of water upside down onto the cold bottle of water and record its results.

Record your data and observations: The bottle of hot water stayed on top of the bottle of cold water due to the heavier density of the hot water. When I took the hot water off and measured its temperature. The top layer of hot water was 79 degrees Fahrenheit and the bottom layer of cold water was 64 degrees Fahrenheit. Phenomenon Reflective Question: Did the density of water change when it changed from solid to liquid? How do you think the density of water has an effect on Earth's materials and surface processes? Yes, the density of water changes when it changes from a solid to a liquid. I think the density of water affects the Earth’s material and surface process because the density of water plays a role in ocean currents and circulating heat. If the water is less dense it sinks and if it is denser it rises. Evaluating the Design : Part of an investigation is to evaluate how well your investigation gave you the data you needed. In this report, include the following: 1. an evaluation of the plan you made for the various activities and how the data was collected 2. a description of how well the data allowed you to infer the effect of water on materials and processes in the world 3. a description of how to further investigate the effects of water and collect more accurate and precise data The different plans I had for this experiment allowed me to collect the data I needed to answer my hypothesis on groundwater activity. The data I received allowed me to infer that the cohesion of the water plays a huge role in Earth’s materials. It helps plants take up water, regulate our oceans, and use tension to help things float and sink. To further investigate the effects of water and get more accurate data. I can take the experiment into nature and use natural equipment rather than things I can find in the house.

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