Lab1_Assignment(1)

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Grayson College *

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Geology

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Apr 3, 2024

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LAB 1: ROCKS AND MINERALS 100 points Due at the beginning of lab next week on blackboard. LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this lab, you will be able to: 1. Understand the difference between a rock and a mineral 2. Identify the 3 different rock groups 3. Evaluate physical characteristics unique to the three rock groups INTRODUCTION A mineral is a naturally occurring, homogenous, crystalline solid that has a definable chemical composition. A mineral usually has the same composition and structure throughout. Liquids and gases are not minerals. Geologists use the word “grain” to define any small, natural solid particle. Some grains are crystals that grew into their present shape, but others are pieces of larger crystals, fragments containing many tiny crystals, or even shards of glass. Crystal faces are distinctive geometric shapes defined by smooth, flat, surfaces. Each face forms at a specific angle relative to its neighbor. We organize minerals based on their color, streak, luster, hardness, specific gravity, fracture, cleavage, and special properties. Rocks are a collection of minerals that are held together in a firm, solid mass. Igneous rocks form when molten rock (magma or lava) cools and solidifies. Sedimentary rocks originate when particles are cemented together, or by precipitation of minerals from water. They often accumulate in layers. Metamorphic rocks result when existing rocks are changed by heat, pressure, or reactive fluids. Each of these types is part of the rock cycle. Through changes in conditions, one rock type can become another rock type. The minerals in a rock may be so tiny that you can only see them with a microscope, or they may be as big as your finger. Many rocks are made of minerals containing silicon and oxygen, the most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust. Rocks are identified primarily by the minerals they contain and by their texture. The following tables and charts will help you identify different rock groups and types of rocks within each group.

https://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/pebble/pebbleAM.htm

Igneous rocks Reference Tables for Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE (2011) Property Definition How to evaluate Grain Size Mineral/crystal size Glassy (non-crystalline), fine (cannot see grains), coarse (large mineral grains) Color Reflected visible light Light, intermediate, or dark Vesicles Voids from air bubbles Open voids permeate rock Dark Minerals Estimate % of blackish crystals

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Metamorphic rocks Referenc e Tables for Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE (2011) Property Definition How to evaluate Banding Foliated rock layering characteristic shape Look for layering in the rock, usually different colors. Can be linear (straight) or distorted (wavy) Grain size Dimensions of minerals/rock building blocks Fine to coarse (if grains exist)

Sedimentary rocks Refere nce Tables for Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE (2011) Property Definition How to evaluate Clastic Obvious pieces of rocks (clasts) fused into a matrix Observe clast size, mixture (many sizes), coarse, medium (sand), fine (smooth) Chemical origin Formed in place by chemical processes Results in a uniform mineral throughout. Crystalline texture can range from coarse (visible) to fine. Organic origin Formed in place by biological processes Contains fossils (limestone) or black plant material, such as coal or lignite.

LAB 1: IDENTIFY ROCKS AND MINERALS Name: Jacie Jones Section Time: 2:30-4:20 Wed [40 pts, 4 pts each] Sample Number Color Grain Size Hardness Streak Color Other Comments Mineral or rock name 1 Clear, Chrystal No grains 7 No color Quartz 2 Tan; light grey; light brown Medium 3 No color Chert Sedimentary 3 Black Very fine 8 No color Slate Metamorphic 4 Tan/brown Coarse Grain/ fine 9 No color Sandstone Sedimentary 5 White/light grey Small grain 3.5 Chalk color Reacts to HCL Limestone Sedimentary 6 Various color mix of white grey and black Fine 2-3 No color Reacts to HCL Marble Metamorphic

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7 Brownish reddish Small grain 7-8 No color Quartzite Metamorphic 8 White grey black mix Medium to large grain 8 No color Granite Igneous 9 Light grey white Fine 2.5 Light streak Pumice Igneous 10 Black / Dark grey Fine grain 5-6 Dark grey Basalt igneous

Laboratory Summary Questions 20 pts 1. What is the difference between a rock and a mineral? [2 pts] Rock is made up of many things while a mineral is made up of only one thing. a. Can a rock be made of minerals? Why or why not? [1.5 pts] Yes, many minerals can be broken down into a rock and be combined. b. Can a mineral be made of rocks? Why or why not? [1.5 pts] No, because it is made of one singular element or compound. 2. Describe two unique properties of each rock group and what each tells us about how the rock formed [5 pts each, 15 total]. a. Igneous Formed from the cooling of molten rock. If the magma cools underground slowly, the rock has large grains. If lava cools quickly on the earth's surface, then it has small or no grains. b. Metamorphic A rock that has changed form due to heat and pressure. When rocks are exposed to chemical and physical changes that are much different than the environment, they originated in. c. Sedimentary Particles decompose as sediment. Can be loosely packed or densely packed. Formed from sediments that have been cemented together, or form rocks precipitated out of water.

LAB 1: Campus Rock Hunt 40 pts, 8 pts each Name: _____________________________ Section Time: _______________________ Our class has found itself stranded on an unfamiliar island!!! Where are we? How did we get here? What is this land, and how did it form? To survive and interpret information about our new surroundings, we will attempt to categorize the wild and unknown rock species scattered throughout this land (UARK campus but not Gearhart.) We will collect as much information as we can, and then take that information back home (turned in to the lab instructor) after we are rescued. Directions: • Working in groups of up to three (3), record information in a notebook, on paper, or in this document about the rocks you find on your journey. • Your team will need to systematically identify five (5) rocks and/or minerals in the field. • The following information needs to be recorded: 1. The rock or mineral’s location on campus (e.g., building name or GPS coordinates) 2. Grain size (course, fine, or glassy) 3. Color 4. In situ (placed there by nature), or moved there by humans 5. Extra notes and unique observations 6. A photo or sketch of the rock 7. Rock or mineral? If it is a rock, what type? 8. Hypothesized name for each rock/mineral (what you think the rock/mineral is). A hypothesis is not a guess, it is based on the research that you have performed and could be tested further. • Turn your results into the instructor by submitting the assignment on Blackboard. Sample 1  The rock or mineral’s location on campus (e.g., building name or GPS coordinates)

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In front of Gearhart  Grain size (course, fine, or glassy) Medium to coarse-grain  Color Reddish, brownish, light grey, and tan  In situ (placed there by nature), or moved there by humans? Moved there by Humans  Extra notes and unique observations You see the lines in the rock.  Photo or sketch of the sample  Rock or mineral? Rock type? Rock; Sedimentary  Hypothesized name for rock/mineral Calico rock, sandstone Sample 2  The rock or mineral’s location on campus (e.g., building name or GPS coordinates) Infront/ side of Gearhart  Grain size (course, fine, or glassy) Fine grain  Color Black  In situ (placed there by nature), or moved there by humans? Placed by humans  Extra notes and unique observations

Very detailed Indentions in the rock.  Photo or sketch of the sample  Rock or mineral? Rock type? Rock; Igneous  Hypothesized name for rock/mineral Basalt Sample 3  The rock or mineral’s location on campus (e.g., building name or GPS coordinates) By pomfret  Grain size (course, fine, or glassy) Course  Color Reddish brown  In situ (placed there by nature), or moved there by humans? Moved By humans  Extra notes and unique observations Eroded look  Photo or sketch of the sample

 Rock or mineral? Rock type? Rock, Igneous  Hypothesized name for rock/mineral Scoria, Lava rock Sample 4  The rock or mineral’s location on campus (e.g., building name or GPS coordinates) N Garland Avenue, down by pig theory  Grain size (course, fine, or glassy) Fine to course  Color Light brown, light red, grey  In situ (placed there by nature), or moved there by humans? Placed by humans  Extra notes and unique observations Could possibly be placed there by nature.  Photo or sketch of the sample

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 Rock or mineral? Rock type? Rock, Sedimentary  Hypothesized name for rock/mineral Feldspathic, Arenite Sample 5  The rock or mineral’s location on campus (e.g., building name or GPS coordinates) By pomfret  Grain size (course, fine, or glassy) Fine  Color Grey, brown, and red  In situ (placed there by nature), or moved there by humans? Placed by humans.  Extra notes and unique observations Looks like a combinations of Weatherford rocks.  Photo or sketch of the sample

 Rock or mineral? Rock type? Rock, metamorphic  Hypothesized name for rock/mineral Phyllite

Lab1_Assignment(1)

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