Volcanoes: Key Discussion Questions for GLG 110 Students

2/20/24, 11:24 PM Chapter 5 & Lecture Set 5: Discussion Questions (Volcanoes!): GLG 110: Dangerous World (2024 Spring - A) https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/179803/quizzes/1350957?module_item_id=12883055 1/12 Chapter 5 & Lecture Set 5: Discussion Questions (Volcanoes!) Due Jan 28 at 11:59pm Points 9 Questions 4 Available until Jan 29 at 11:59pm Time Limit None Allowed Attempts Unlimited Instructions Overview You have unlimited attempts to complete this assignment. There is no time limit on those individual attempts. First view Lecture Set 5 and read Chapter 5 in your textbook. These exercises are designed to make you think more broadly about the material, and many questions have no right or wrong answer. For these reasons, one attempt will typically be adequate. Instructions Click “Take the Quiz” button to begin. Each question has its own set of instructions. Read carefully. Click “Submit” when finished. How you'll be graded The assignment will be graded based on percent completed, not necessarily on correct responses, as many questions have no right or wrong answer. Please review any feedback that you receive after the assignment is completed in order to get the most from these Discussions.

2/20/24, 11:24 PM Chapter 5 & Lecture Set 5: Discussion Questions (Volcanoes!): GLG 110: Dangerous World (2024 Spring - A) https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/179803/quizzes/1350957?module_item_id=12883055 2/12 This quiz was locked Jan 29 at 11:59pm.  Correct answers are no longer available. Score for this attempt: 9 out of 9 Submitted Jan 28 at 9:17pm This attempt took 4,139 minutes.  Question 1 2.22 / 4 pts We will check these manually after-the-fact; you will receive zero points for any blank answers. For each of the eruptions in the videos below, is the eruption a) effusive or explosive? And is the magma b) high viscosity or low viscosity; and c) gas rich or gas poor? Think about why you choose the answers you choose. Hint*** The answers are not always black & white; in other words, sometimes a single eruption has multiple styles of eruption and/or the magma characteristics aren't always obvious. 1. Mayon Volcano, Philippines effusive [ Select ] gas rich Mayon Volcano Eruptions - Drone Mayon Volcano Eruptions - Drone 2. Heimaey, Iceland [ Select ] low viscosity gas poor

2/20/24, 11:24 PM Chapter 5 & Lecture Set 5: Discussion Questions (Volcanoes!): GLG 110: Dangerous World (2024 Spring - A) https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/179803/quizzes/1350957?module_item_id=12883055 3/12 1973 Iceland Volcanic Eruption 1973 Iceland Volcanic Eruption 3. Hawaii effusive low viscosity gas poor kalapana Lava Flow kalapana Lava Flow 4. Tonga explosive high viscosity gas rich

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2/20/24, 11:24 PM Chapter 5 & Lecture Set 5: Discussion Questions (Volcanoes!): GLG 110: Dangerous World (2024 Spring - A) https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/179803/quizzes/1350957?module_item_id=12883055 4/12 Raw Video: Undersea Volcano Erupts Raw Video: Undersea Volcano Erupts 5. Sinabung, Indonesia effusive high viscosity gas rich Lava Dome breaks on Mount Sinabung Lava Dome breaks on Mount Sinabung 6. Papua New Guinea explosive high viscosity gas poor

2/20/24, 11:24 PM Chapter 5 & Lecture Set 5: Discussion Questions (Volcanoes!): GLG 110: Dangerous World (2024 Spring - A) https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/179803/quizzes/1350957?module_item_id=12883055 5/12 Answer 1: You Answered effusive explosive Answer 2: high viscosity You Answered low viscosity Answer 3: You Answered gas rich gas poor Answer 4: You Answered effusive explosive Answer 5: high viscosity You Answered low viscosity Answer 6: gas rich You Answered gas poor Answer 7: Volcano Eruption in Papua New Guinea Volcano Eruption in Papua New Guinea

2/20/24, 11:24 PM Chapter 5 & Lecture Set 5: Discussion Questions (Volcanoes!): GLG 110: Dangerous World (2024 Spring - A) https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/179803/quizzes/1350957?module_item_id=12883055 6/12 You Answered effusive explosive Answer 8: high viscosity You Answered low viscosity Answer 9: gas rich You Answered gas poor Answer 10: effusive You Answered explosive Answer 11: You Answered high viscosity low vsicosity Answer 12: You Answered gas rich gas poor Answer 13: You Answered effusive explosive Answer 14: You Answered high viscosity low viscosity Answer 15: You Answered gas rich gas poor Answer 16: effusive

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2/20/24, 11:24 PM Chapter 5 & Lecture Set 5: Discussion Questions (Volcanoes!): GLG 110: Dangerous World (2024 Spring - A) https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/179803/quizzes/1350957?module_item_id=12883055 7/12 You Answered explosive Answer 17: You Answered high viscosity low viscosity Answer 18: gas rich You Answered gas poor Here's what I would say for these questions: Mayon -- has characteristics of both effusive and explosive behavior; the viscosity of magma appears to be high because the lava flow is clunky and not moving quickly and because a small explosive plume was produced; the magma must be slightly gas rich in order to produce the small explosion. Heimaey -- again it has characteristics of both effusive and explosive eruptions (fire- fountains and lava flows); the viscosity of the magma is low (like most basalts); the magma must be slightly gas rich to produce fire-fountains for a couple hundred meters high. Hawaii -- this is a classic effusive eruption of low-viscosity, gas-poor magma. Or at least the gas escaped from the magma before the point shown in the images here. Tonga -- this is an explosive eruption driven mostly by the water-magma interaction. This is a kind of eruption that we haven't discussed much, but lava-ice interaction was important in the Eyja eruption in 2010. Because the water-magma interaction is dominating what we see, it is difficult to assess the viscosity of the magma and its native gas content. Sinabung -- this is a classic effusive eruption of high-viscosity, gas-poor magma. This is the kind of eruption that can generate pyroclastic flows when avalanches occur from the hot lava dome. Papua New Guinea -- this is a classic Vulcanian style explosive eruption. This simply means that the eruption is a short-lived blast, and often generates ballistics (that you can

2/20/24, 11:24 PM Chapter 5 & Lecture Set 5: Discussion Questions (Volcanoes!): GLG 110: Dangerous World (2024 Spring - A) https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/179803/quizzes/1350957?module_item_id=12883055 8/12 see if you look closely) and shock waves (which you can hear and 'feel' in the video). The magma is high viscosity and reasonably gas rich.  Question 2 Not yet graded / 2 pts What is the approximate VEI of the Etna eruption discussed in this video? Can you also estimate the Mass Eruption rate? Use the charts pasted below to make your assessment; the VEI scale is from your book, Keller & DeVecchio 5th edition; the Plume Height vs. eruption rate is from Mastin et al. 2009, Bull. Volc. Mount Etna Erupts February 2021 #Sicily #Etnaeruptions20 Mount Etna Erupts February 2021 #Sicily #Etnaeruptions20 …

2/20/24, 11:24 PM Chapter 5 & Lecture Set 5: Discussion Questions (Volcanoes!): GLG 110: Dangerous World (2024 Spring - A) https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/179803/quizzes/1350957?module_item_id=12883055 9/12

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2/20/24, 11:24 PM Chapter 5 & Lecture Set 5: Discussion Questions (Volcanoes!): GLG 110: Dangerous World (2024 Spring - A) https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/179803/quizzes/1350957?module_item_id=12883055 10/12 Your Answer: The announcer said that the plumes have reached up to 9 km. This makes this Etna eruption a VEI 3. A 9 km-high-plume, according to the Mastin et al. 2009 trend, can be generated by a mass eruption rate of approximately 1,000,000 kg/s (10 kg/s). Can you see how I made my conclusions?  Question 3 Not yet graded / 2 pts I can include that the plume height for the Etna eruption on February 21st was 12 kilometers and was pretty severe and with plume height estimated around 12 km, The VEI to me seems to be a VEI 3 which is not too bad. Still, some caution measures should be taken especially with the ash smoke and only happened in a short time period, therefore that suits the best option for this volcano. 6

2/20/24, 11:24 PM Chapter 5 & Lecture Set 5: Discussion Questions (Volcanoes!): GLG 110: Dangerous World (2024 Spring - A) https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/179803/quizzes/1350957?module_item_id=12883055 11/12 Your Answer: Geologist, Prof. Richard Robertson of the University of the West Indies, Seismic Research Center, in Trinidad and Tobago, answers questions from the public about the current eruption at La Soufrière volcano in St. Vincent and the Grenadines. This is a regular briefing through which scientists inform the public about the latest developments at the volcano. The Seismic Research Center in Trinidad and Tobago is in charge of monitoring volcanic and seismic activity in the English-speaking Caribbean. In the box below, please list a) at least two things you learned about the physical or hazardous characteristics of the current eruption; and b) one thing you learned about previous eruptions of La Soufrière volcano in St. Vincent. For part c) please consider posting on the Q&A board your impression of how effective this kind of regular update is in conveying information to the public in times of crisis. La Soufrière Today: 12th Jan., 2021 La Soufrière Today: 12th Jan., 2021 A. Two things I learned from the eruption at La Soufrière volcano in St. Vincent is this volcano even though it seems harmless major pre-cautions are being taken, such as monitoring the ocean to see if there is a Potential Tsunami or Earthquake. Another thing is just the overall monitorization of it and it is taken seriously and I didn't realize how much deep dive goes into this. B. About 1,600 people lost their lives as a result of one major eruption in 1902. This eruption was thought to be comparable to the one that happened in 2021. The local population and environment are greatly impacted by the volcano's sometimes violent eruptions. C. Overall interesting how they monitor volcanos and curious how following volcanos will be taken seriously.

2/20/24, 11:24 PM Chapter 5 & Lecture Set 5: Discussion Questions (Volcanoes!): GLG 110: Dangerous World (2024 Spring - A) https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/179803/quizzes/1350957?module_item_id=12883055 12/12  Question 4 Not yet graded / 1 pts Your Answer: Survey Score: 9 out of 9 Mike Poland, Scientist-in-Charge of the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory & and ASU grad, debunks the misconception that if Yellowstone were to erupt, it would be Armageddon. In fact, the most common form of eruptive activity at Yellowstone is a lava flow (dome), and even those aren't that common (the last one was about 70,000 years ago). Learn more, and also take in a review of activity that occurred during the month of February, in this monthly overview of activity in Yellowstone. In the box below, tell us if the information about Yellowstone was a surprise to you. And list one new thing you learned from this mini-lecture. Yellowstone Volcano Observatory Update (https://www.facebook.com/USGSVolcanoes/videos/257670319296188/) https://www.facebook.com/USGSVolcanoes/videos/257670319296188/ The information that was a surprise, was all the data collected predicting how this volcano would arise and get rid of the common misconception about how this Yellowstone volcano would erupt some predictions overall were super interesting and great. love seeing data and reasoning because how things are nowadays shows the data and your answer.

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