BasermanM_NorthT_PiresL_NguyenL_NewtonB_L2_GEOL107.
pdf
keyboard_arrow_up
School
Queens University *
*We aren’t endorsed by this school
Course
107
Subject
Geology
Date
Apr 3, 2024
Type
Pages
10
Uploaded by ColonelYak2539
GEOL 107 / GEOE 207 Fall 2022 Lab 2 (Monday/Section 002) Group Members: Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials) GEOL 107 / GEOE 207 – Lab 2 (Fall 2023) Dinosaur Anatomy and Cladistics Head TA: Eric Tessier TAs: Taewoo Chun, Ross Campbell, Cecily Taylor Email: historyoflifelabs@queensu.ca Wednesday (SECTION 002) LAB ASSIGNMENT The Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday lab sections use different dinosaurs, cladograms, and marking schemes. Please only use this lab file if you are registered in the Wednesday (Section 002) lab. This lab was prepared by: Name Student # Martina Baserman 20333395 Trevor North 20404945 Lukas Pires 20385110 Lily Nguyen 20285005 Benjamin Newton 20437609 Fill in all actively participating group member’s names. If a member of your team is absent, fill in their name and student number but write “not present” under their name. For Lab 2, we are asking you to answer all questions as a group (you may NOT work individually) and upload ONE completed PDF file to onQ by Thursday, October 19 at 9:30 pm,
Eastern Daylight Time (EDT). Please follow the file naming convention for your lab report that you upload: LastNameFirstInitial_LastNameFirstInitial__LastNameFirstInitial_L2_GEOL107. Example: FitzgeraldD_JosephA_GarciaP__TessierE_L2_GEOL107
GEOL 107 / GEOE 207 Fall 2022 Lab 2 (Monday/Section 002) Group Members: Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials) GEOL 107 / GEOE 207 – Lab 2 (Fall 2023) Dinosaur Anatomy and Cladistics Welcome to Lab 2 of GEOL 107/ GEOE 207! The purpose of this lab is to give you a firsthand experience of cladistics and how cladistic analyses work. As an added bonus, you will also get to discover the thrilling world of dinosaurs by learning about their anatomy and lifestyle, as well as part of their evolutionary story. You’ll determine which dinosaur groups are related to one another, and how closely they are related. Your completed cladogram will also help elucidate the origin of birds and feathers. Required Materials 1) Lab 2 Handout (Microsoft Word) 2) Dinosaur Anatomy Guide (PDF) Deliverables: 1) Character Identification Worksheet (Part 1; pg. 5) 2) Cladogram (Part 1; pg. 8) 3) Short-Answer Questions (Part 2; pg. 6-7) Instructions: Step #1:
Fill in the Character Identification Worksheet using the provided Dinosaur Anatomy Guide. Mark each character a dinosaur has with an ‘x’. If you determine a Genus to be a dinosaur ancestor, leave the column blank.
Step #2:
Complete the ROUGH COPY of your cladogram based on your Character Identification Worksheet, separating the dinosaurs first into Saurischians and Ornithischians. Remember that the more groups a synapomorphy is shared with, the more ancestral that character is and therefore, the closer to the base of the cladogram it will plot. Generally, the more characters a group has, the more derived it is, and will therefore plot further from the base of the cladogram. Step #3:
Answer the questions at the end of the lab. Step #4:
Complete the GOOD COPY of your cladogram. Step #5:
Compile all deliverables into ONE completed PDF file to be uploaded onto onQ. Please follow the file naming convention for your lab report that you upload: LastNameFirstInitial_LastNameFirstInitial__LastNameFirstInitial_L2_GEOL107. Example: FitzgeraldD_JosephA_GarciaP__TessierE_L2_GEOL107 REMEMBER: 1.
Apomorphies are INNOVATIONS. They can be the addition of a new character OR the loss of an ancestral character. 2.
A single clade can have multiple synapomorphies 3.
A single taxon can have multiple apomorphies. 4.
Dinosaur names are GENUS names. That means they MUST be italicized, underlined, and capitalized (e.g., Triceratops
)!
GEOL 107 / GEOE 207 Fall 2022 Lab 2 (Monday/Section 002) Group Members: Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials) Lab 2 Mark Breakdown
: Part 1: •
Character Identification Worksheet: /40 •
Cladogram: /36 Part 2 (Short-Answer Questions): •
Q1: /1 •
Q2: /1 •
Q3: /1 •
Q4: /2 •
Q5: /2 •
Q6: /11 •
Q7: /3 •
Q8: /3 •
Q9: /1 •
Bonus: /1 Lab 2 Total
: /102
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
GEOL 107 / GEOE 207 Fall 2022 Lab 2 (Monday/Section 002) Group Members: Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials) Dinosaur Characteristics HINTS: •
Dinosaurs can have more than one type of tooth •
Any less than 5 digits is a “Loss of digits” •
When determining the type of hip, focus on the pubis and ischium Furcula: fused collarbones Solid Bone Hollow Bone
CHARACTER
Euparkeria Allosaurus Diplodocus Archaeopteryx Edmontosaurus Ankylosaurus Albertosaurus Parasaurolophus Centrosaurus Velociraptor Total Taxa with this character (/10) Apomorphy (A) or Synapomorphy (S) Legs positioned underneath body x x x x
x x
x
x
x
9/10 S Ornithischian pelvis x
x x x
4/10 S Saurischian pelvis x x x x
x
5/10 S Predentary Bone x
x x
x
4/10 S Loss of ANY
foot digit or presence of rudiment x
x x
x x x x x
8/10 S Flat oval-shaped teeth with a central ridge x
x x 3/10 S Ossified tendons along back and tail x
x
2/10 S Sickle claw x x
2/10 S Single horn on face x 1/10 A Single horn on head x 1/10 A Multiple rows (a ‘battery’) of flat, oval shaped teeth used for grinding vegetation x 1/10 A Feet with pads on soles to support great weight x 1/10 A Neck as long as body AND tail x 1/10 A Serrated teeth x x
x x
4/10 S Feet with sharp, recurved claws x x
x
x 4/10 S Only 2 digits on hand x
1/10 A Collarbones completely fused to form a Furcula (“wishbone”) X x
x x 4/10 S Pneumatic (hollow) bones x
x
x 3/10 S Arm length greater than leg length x
1/10 A Wings and tail feathers x
x
2/10 S Total (Apomorphies/Synapomorphies) 0/0 0/6 2/2 1/9 1/6 0/4 1/7 1/6 1/5 0/9
Part 1 - Character Identification Worksheet
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
GEOL 107 / GEOE 207 Fall 2022 Lab 2 (Monday/Section 002) Group Members: Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials) Part 2 - Questions: to be answered AFTER completing the cladogram
1)
A PLESIOMORPHY is an ancestral or primitive synapomorphy. Based on your cladogram, what is a plesiomorphy shared for all dinosaurs? (
1 Mark) The plesiomorphy shared for all dinosaurs are legs positioned underneath body. 2)
List the APOMORPHY (s) that separate Centrosaurus
from all other Ornithischian dinosaurs.
(1 Mark)
The apomorphy that separate Centrosaurus
from all other Ornithischian
, a single horn on face. 3)
Looking at your completed cladogram what do Velociraptor, Ankylosaurus, and
Allosaurus have in common? (1 Mark)
Velociraptor, Ankylosaurus, and
Allosaurus
all
have in common Pneumatic (hollow) bones 4)
What immediate advantages would hollow bones provide over solid bones? What subsequent major event in dinosaur evolution was made possible by this earlier preadaptation? (2 Marks) An immediate advantage hollow bones would provide over solid bones is it would make the animals
lighter. This major event in dinosaur evolution made it possible for dinosaurs to fly, as well as increased speed. 5)
Based on radiometric dating, Ankylosaurus lived between 76.5 and 75.3 million years ago, whereas
Centrosaurus
lived between 70 and 66 million years ago. Is this consistent with your cladogram? (
2 Marks)
Yes, Ankylosaurus occurring before Centrosaurus is consistent with our cladogram, as
Centrosaurus have more synapomorphies. 6)
In 2004, researchers in China shocked the paleontological world by discovering a Gorgosaurus
dinosaur (same Family as Albertasaurus
) surrounded by a halo of downy feathers. Subsequent discoveries have shown that feathers were present on other Albertasaurids. Based on this information: a)
Insert feathers as a character in your cladogram. (
2 Marks)
GEOL 107 / GEOE 207 Fall 2022 Lab 2 (Monday/Section 002) Group Members: Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials) b)
Are feathers an apomorphy or synapomorphy? (
1 Mark)
Feathers are a synapomorphy. c)
Based on your cladogram, predict which dinosaur(s) may have had feathers. (
3 Marks)
Albertosaurus, Velociraptor and Archaeopteryx had feathers.
d)
No specimen of Albertosaurus has yet been found with feathers, but after the 2004 discovery of the feathered dinosaur, nearly all reconstructions have them. Why?
(2 Marks)
This is because Albertosaurus and the other feathered dinosaurs have hollow bones. This synapomorphy suggests that Albertosaurus also had feathers. e)
Why might fossils of Albertosaurus
not be found with feathers if they had them?
(1 Mark)
While Albertosaurus
has common traits with feathered dinosaurs, there are still many differences. For example, Albertosaurus is much larger in size compared to the other feathered dinosaurs. f)
Dinosaurs with feathers were almost certainly not capable of flight. What function do you think feathers first evolved for?
(2 Marks)
Thermal insulation and for mating purposes. 7)
Physical characters often evolve as a result of lifestyle. What feeding type (carnivory or herbivory) was first in dinosaurs? How can you tell?
(3 Marks)
Herbivory feeding type dinosaurs came first. You can tell because the number of synapomorphies in carnivory dinosaurs, who possessed traits like serrated teeth, is more than that of herbivory feeding type dinosaurs, meaning they evolved later. 8)
Birds and certain dinosaurs share many synapomorphies, including fused collarbones (forming the ‘wishbone’ or furcula), pneumatic (hollow) bones and clawed feet. Since their appearance in the Jurassic period, birds have also evolved several distinct apomorphies, such as the enlarged breast bone (keel) used for the attachment of flight muscles. Based on this information, plot modern birds on your cladogram. Plot the keel as the defining apomorphy. (3 Marks)
9)
There is a general trend on the lineage with saurischian pelvises of decreasing size. Plot the location of the greatest size reduction as synapomorphy. Write this synapomorphy as ‘Body Size Reduction’. (
1 Mark)
BONUS
GEOL 107 / GEOE 207 Fall 2022 Lab 2 (Monday/Section 002) Group Members: Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials) You have time-travelled into the Cretaceous, and short on rations you have killed an Albertosaurus
for food. What do you think it will taste like? Circle your answer. (1 Marks)
a)
Fish b) Alligator c) CHICKEN d) Beef Chicken!!! :P
<3 TaeWoo <3 John Cladogram: 36 marks: 1 mark per trait in the right order: 18 marks – Ignore the bird stuff, body size reduction, and feathers (marks for those are accounted for in the questions 2 marks per dinosaur: 18 marks As long as the cladogram works, the arrangement is fine
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help