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1 Volcanic Culture and Conservation Kandice Centers American InterContinental University April 23, 2023

2 Volcanic Culture and Conservation The history and culture surrounding volcanoes dates back to prehistoric times and most scientists believe that it might have even been the reason behind the extinction of dinosaurs. I find volcanoes to be particularly interesting because they are a necessity for sustaining life and play a significant role in the culture and heritage of the native people that live nearby. While they still have the potential to be catastrophic, world-changing events, a potential that has been met on several occasions; this type of natural disaster has been known to influence paintings, literature, film, and music.(Arguello, 2021)There are also many religious beliefs associated with volcanoes. Conserving these natural wonders is equivalent and critical to preserving not only the world, but a culture as well. According to the United States Geological Survey, there are about 1,350 active volcanoes worldwide and 161 potentially active volcanoes in the United States and its territories.(USGS, n.d.) The Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is home to Mauna Loa and Kilauea, two of the world’s most active volcanoes.(UNESCO, n.d.-b) Another important site of interest is Fujisan, located in Japan and best known around the world as Mount Fuji.(UNESCO, n.d.-a) I find these sites to be of great significance because of the value and culture associated with them. Personally, I have never witnessed a volcano but I can only imagine how powerful of an experience that must be. It’s important to preserve these sites not only for their environmental benefits, but to help preserve the culture and history associated with them as well. Entire religions, including many myths, have been based on these volcanic sites and how they have impacted indigenous people throughout history. According to unit 4 of intellipath, religions typically have beliefs about death, the afterlife, reincarnation, gods, etc. For example, for many Native Hawaiians, an

3 eruption of a volcano like Mauna Loa has a deep, yet very personal cultural significance. Many feel a connection with creation itself through the way lava gives birth to new land and reflect on their own place in the world and the people who came before them.(Shiraz, 2022) In Japan, Mount Fuji is worshiped like a god and is considered to be a sacred mountain.(Britannica, 2023) The Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and Mount Fuji has millions of tourists every year. “The tourism industry plays a pivotal role in global economies. Today, tourism is the largest employer and generator of foreign exchange; this is especially vital for the economic growth of developing countries that strive to attract visitors from all around the world to explore their cultural and natural treasures.”(Shahateet, 2017) Tourism can create jobs for the local community such as park rangers, vendors, merchandisers, hotels, restaurants, and tour guides. In a sense, tourism helps keep the culture and the local economy alive and thriving by doing so. From a socio-cultural perspective, focus should be placed on helping these sites maintain their customs, traditional lifestyle, and authenticity, while celebrating the benefits of tourism. In fact, current tourism trends show an increase in the number of tourists seeking local and authentic indigenous and community-based cultural experiences.(Shahateet, 2017) I believe that by visiting these sites respectfully, it helps celebrate the culture and keep it alive. Cultural tourism can fuel the commoditization of ethnic arts, dances, and rituals.(Cultural Tourism, 2018) By promoting one’s culture and sharing their experiences with others, it not only helps preserve one’s culture but it also brings in a great deal of revenue and forges many jobs. It’s a win-win situation. In conclusion, conserving these natural wonders is equivalent and critical to preserving not only the world, but a culture as well. The Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and Mount Fuji play critical roles in the environment, the economy, and the cultures of the indigenous people

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4 that live nearby. Tourism creates many jobs and brings a lot of revenue to the countries where these sites are located. Tourism also helps play a critical role in the preservation of a culture by promoting authentic customs and traditions.

5 References Arguello, T. (2021, July 27). The Cultural Impact of Volcanic Eruptions Throughout History. https://explorethearchive.com/volcanic-eruptions-in-history Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopedia (2023, March 29). Mount Fuji. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Fuji Cultural Tourism. (2018, May 23). Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/art-and-architecture/architecture/ cultural-tourism#:~:text=Cultural%20tourism%20is%20a%20type,and%20its %20products%20or%20productions . Shahateet, M. (2017, November 28). Finding Balance: Cultural Preservation and Tourism. Chemonics. Retrieved from https://chemonics.com/blog/finding-balance-cultural-preservation-tourism/ #:~:text= Tourism%20brings%20together%20people%20from , helps%20promote %20peace%20and%20tolerance . Shiraz, Z. (2022, December 3). Hawaiians Mark These Traditions to Honour, Reflect as Lava Flows From Mauna Loa Volcano. Hindustan Times. Retrieved from https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/hawaiians-mark-these-traditions-to- honour-reflect-as-lava-flows-from-mauna-loa-volcano-101670038874607.html The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (n.d.-a). Fujisan, Sacred Place and Source of Artistic Inspiration. Retrieved from https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1418 The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (n.d.-b). Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Retrieved from

6 https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/409 United States Geological Survey. (n.d.). How Many Active Volcanoes Are There on Earth? https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-many-active-volcanoes-are-there-earth#:~:text=There%2 0are%20about%201%2C350%20potentially , have%20erupted%20in%20historical %20tim e .

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