Laboratory 7_1 Geologic Time
pdf
keyboard_arrow_up
School
University of Oregon *
*We aren’t endorsed by this school
Course
101
Subject
Geology
Date
Apr 3, 2024
Type
Pages
49
Uploaded by GrandArmadilloPerson1014
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
1/49
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time Due
May 29 at 11:59pm
Points
14
Questions
26
Available
May 20 at 9am - May 29 at 11:59pm 10 days
Time Limit
None
Allowed Attempts
2
Instructions
Attempt History
Attempt
Time
Score
KEPT
Attempt 2 29 minutes
12.06 out of 14
Learning Goals
By completing this lab, students will:
Appreciate the near-eternity of geologic time. Learn and apply relative dating techniques.
Understand how numerical dating methods work and how to interpret the data. Apply geologic time concepts on a geologic map of Washington state. ESS101 Lab 7: Geologic time
ESS101 Lab 7: Geologic time
You are allowed 2 attempts to complete this lab.
A link to the PDF version of Lab 7 is provided here: Lab 7 PDF
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
2/49
Attempt
Time
Score
LATEST
Attempt 2 29 minutes
12.06 out of 14
Attempt 1 2,570 minutes
12.06 out of 14
Score for this attempt: 12.06
out of 14
Submitted May 29 at 9:36pm
This attempt took 29 minutes.
Geologic processes have been active on earth since its formation 4.54
billion (4,540,000,000) years ago. Unfortunately, evidence of early Earth is
hard to come by, as older crust has been weathered and eroded away or
recycled back into the mantle through subduction processes. However, we
are still able to glean details about the Earth’s history from the geologic
record
. Specifically, the characteristics of the rocks that still remain on the
Earth’s surface can give us clues and insights into the Earth’s past.
Figure 7-1 Clock analogy showing earth history compressed into one hour
.
It is hard to think about geologic timescales without understanding the vastness of
geologic time. While we can directly observe some geologic processes (e.g. a volcanic
eruption, an earthquake, some weathering processes), most are too slow to be observed
during human lifetimes. Furthermore, even the sheer amount of time that human beings
1
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
3/49
have existed on Earth is dwarfed by the timescales of many geologic processes (Figure
7-1). Geologists use a geologic time scale
to place geologic events in chronological
order. Rock samples can be dated and placed within the geologic time scale using
relative and/or numerical dating techniques. Relative dating
techniques establish the
age of a rock relative to other rock samples, while absolute dating techniques can be
used to assign a more precise numerical age to a rock. http://www.extinctblog.org/extinct/2017/10/23/stop-the-clocks-and-
the-other-geologic-timescale-metaphors-too
(http://www.extinctblog.org/extinct/2017/10/23/stop-the-clocks-and-the-other-
geologic-timescale-metaphors-too)
1
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Question 1
Laboratory Honor Statement
Cheating or plagiarism of any kind will not be tolerated in ESS 101. This
includes copying answers from a friend or classmate, copying answers
verbatim found on the internet or other literary sources, or copying any
work that may answer the question being asked. Make sure you always
use your own words when answering the questions in the homework and
cite appropriate references if you use them to help you answer the
question. Anyone caught violating the academic code of conduct
(https://www.washington.edu/cssc/for-students/academic-misconduct/) will
receive a “0” grade on the assignment, and if the conduct is deemed
egregious, reported to the UW Academic Misconduct representative. I acknowledge that I have carefully read and understand the above
statement regarding the consequences of cheating and plagiarism, and
promise to complete my work in this class with honesty and
integrity. Answer "True" below supporting your acknowledgement. True Correct!
Correct!
False
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
4/49
1 / 1 pts
Question 2
Answer 1:
Answer 2:
(a) The first fossils of animals with hard parts appeared about 541 million
years ago. What percentage of geologic time does the fossil record
represent? Express your answer as a percentage with two significant
figures. 12
% (b) Modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) appeared about 300,000
(0.3 million) years ago (Mounier and Lahr, 2019). For what percentage of
earth’s history has earth been occupied by modern humans? Express
your answer as a percentage with two significant figures. 0.0066
%
(c) The dimensions of space are somewhat analogous to the dimension of
time. Consider a human hair to conceptualize the length of earth history.
The average strand of human hair is 0.1mm in width.
If the width of one
human hair strand represents the duration of human occupation of earth
(300,000 years), how wide would a hair strand be that represented the
duration of the earth’s history (4.54 billion years)? Express your answer in
meters using two significant figures. **Hint: Divide 0.1 mm by the
percentage you found in the previous question. This is the answer in mm.
1m = 1000 mm** 1.5
meters 12
Correct!
Correct!
0.0066
Correct!
Correct!
.0066 orrect Answer
orrect Answer
.0065 orrect Answer
orrect Answer
0.0065 orrect Answer
orrect Answer
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
5/49
Answer 3:
1.5
Correct!
Correct!
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Question 3
Research into geologic history depends on geological observations (like
rock samples where we can measure physical or chemical properties). If
you were a geological researcher trying to study the oldest crust on earth,
where would you expect to find rock samples to support your work?
On the ocean floor because that is where new crust forms. On the ocean floor because it has the lowest elevation. On a continental plate because continents are not easily subducted. Correct!
Correct!
On a continental plate because they have the steepest slopes.
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
6/49
Figure 7-2: Geologic Time Scale. (Ka = Kilo-annum = thousands of years, Ma =
Mega-annum millions of years, Ga = Giga-annum = billions of years)
Geologists (and many other scientists who study the past) use the
geologic time scale to describe different periods of earth’s history. The
geologic time scale divides earth’s history into a series of chronologic
subdivisions that are defined by important geologic events, such as the
oxygenation of earth’s atmosphere or the evolution of different species.
The names and descriptions of each type of subdivision are listed below
and are included as headings in figure 7-2.
Eon: eons are defined by important planetary developments in
earth’s history, like the development of multicellular life.
Era
: each era describes a length of time with different dominant
lifeforms
Period
: periods are defined by evolutionary changes in the fossil
record
Epoch: epochs are differentiated by other detectable changes in the
geologic record
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
7/49
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Question 4
Answer 1:
Answer 2:
Answer 3:
We are currently living in the Quaternary period. Identify the eon, era, and
epoch that you have, in part, witnessed during your lifetime:
EON : Phanerozoic
ERA : Cenozoic
EPOCH : Holocene
Phanerozoic Correct!
Correct!
Cenozoic Correct!
Correct!
Holocene Correct!
Correct!
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Question 5
Answer 1:
In which eon would you expect most of the rocks at earth’s surface to
have formed? Phanerozoic Phanerozoic Correct!
Correct!
0.33 / 0.5 pts
Question 6
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
8/49
The distinction between eons is based on very broad planetary
developments, like the formation of an oxygenated atmosphere or the
emergence of multicellular life. For example, the Phanerozoic eon reflects
all time in earth’s history since the appearance of shells in the fossil
record. Other subdivisions of the geologic time scale (including eras,
periods, and eons) require more specific observations based on the
existence of specific species or geochemical conditions.
Why are there no subdivisions for the Hadean, Archean, or Proterozoic
eons? (Select all that apply) Rocks on earth are continually created and destroyed, which means most
rocks formed during these eons no longer exist
Correct!
Correct!
Life on earth was not abundant prior to the Phanerzoic Eon orrect Answer
orrect Answer
Because they are so old, we are more uncertain about the age of rocks
from these eons
Correct!
Correct!
1. Determining Relative Ages
Relative dating techniques use physical and/or chemical observations
about a rock to provide an age that is relative to another rock or process
age. These observations allow us to say one rock is older than another,
but they do not tell us exactly when the rock formed. For example, when
we looked at clastic sedimentary rocks, we knew that the clasts were
older than the cement that held them together. These same principles
apply to very large-scale geologic formations.
0.5 / 0.5 pts
Question 7
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
9/49
During the Proterozoic era, earth’s atmosphere evolved alongside
cyanobacteria on earth’s surface. Imbalances in the production and
uptake of free oxygen led to fluctuations in the atmospheric and oceanic
oxygen content. For about 800,000,000 years, this imbalance caused
alternating deposits of iron oxides (black bands) and iron-rich silica (red
bands) on the ocean floor, creating a banded iron formation. Which of the
following could be said of this formation pictured above?
This rock formation is older than the Phanerozoic because it couldn’t have
formed in a fully oxygenated environment.
This rock is younger than the Hadean because it formed in the oceans,
which are thought to have formed at the onset of the Archean.
With the information provided, it is only possible to assign this formation a
relative age.
All of the answers are correct. Correct!
Correct!
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
10/49
Stratigraphic Principles
The way in which rocks are layered or positioned can tell us a lot about
the relative ages of different rock units. There are several principles, first
proposed by Nicholas Steno in 1669, that help us date geologic rock units
in a relative sense. These principles are necessary to unravel the history
of the earth that is contained in the geologic record and are used every
day by geoscientists.
(1) The Principle of Original Horizontality
says that the layers of
sedimentary and volcanic rock are generally deposited as horizontal
layers (Figure 7-3). There are exceptions to the rule, such as rock
deposited on the sides of mountains, but such rocks are unlikely to
be preserved in the geologic record compared to flat-lying layers
deposited in broad basins. Foreset beds of a delta are also
deposited as non-horizontal layers. If rocks are not found in
horizontal layers, it is usually because subsequent geologic
processes have tilted or folded those strata (layers). This law applies
to all rocks that form at earth’s surface, such as sedimentary rocks
and many volcanic rocks. For example, sediment is originally
deposited in horizontal layers within a depositional basin and
subsequently lithified into sedimentary rock. Figure 7-3 : The Principle of Original Horizontality.
(2) The Principle of Superposition
is based on the observation that
each individual layer at the surface is deposited on top of the
previous layer. Therefore, unless the layers have been overturned
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
11/49
by later geologic processes, the oldest layers are at the bottom and
the youngest layers are at the top (Figure 7-4).
Figure 7-4 : The Principle of Superposition.
(3) The Principle of Cross-Cutting Relations
states that a feature
cutting across another feature is younger than the object it is cutting.
For example, a crack in a concrete sidewalk is younger than the
concrete sidewalk. In a geologic context faults and igneous
intrusions (plutons) are younger than the pre-existing rock they
cross-cut or intrude (Figure 7-5).
Figure 7-5 : The Principle of Cross-Cutting Relations.
(4) The Principle of Inclusion
states that sedimentary clasts are
older than the strata that contain them. For example, the pebble-
sized clasts in a conglomerate (Figure 7-6) formed before the
conglomerate itself, or sand grains in a sandstone predate the
sandstone rock.
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
12/49
Figure 7-6 : The Principle of Inclusion.
If clast A is dated at 55 million years old, clast B is dated at 75
million years old, and clast C is dated at 110 million years old, what
can you infer about the age of the formation of the conglomerate
related to the three numerical ages for the included clasts? Remember from lecture… the conglomerate must be younger
than 55 million years old (or the youngest included clast)!
The principle of inclusions also applies to xenoliths
, which are
“included bodies” incorporated into an igneous pluton during magma
emplacement into the country rock (Figure 7-7).
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
13/49
Figure 7-7 Example of a xenolith found within an igneous rock.
Think about chocolate chip cookies! Which is older, the chocolate
chips, or the cookie? Which is older, the xenoliths, or the plutonic
rock? The above granodiorite till boulder was deposited by the
Puget Lobe ice sheet 15,000 - 18,000 years ago. It was eroded out
of the glacial till in the upper bluff slope by wave processes, and
deposited on the shoreline by recent landslide activity.
(5) The Principle of Faunal Succession states that different
sedimentary strata contain particular fossil assemblages by which
the rocks can be identified and correlated over horizontal distances. The fossil assemblages (which may include animals and plants)
succeed one another in defined habitual order (e.g., Figure 7-8). The principle was first recognized in the early 19th century by
William Smith, an English geologist who was mapping sedimentary
rocks. Smith recognized that certain rock layers in England
contained specific fossil types and that the oldest rock units,
contained more primitive life forms.
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
14/49
Figure 7-7 : The Principle of Faunal Succession.
0.5 / 0.5 pts
Question 8
When rock layers are warped upwards, they can create a 3-dimensional
dome. As the top of this dome is weathered and eroded away, concentric
circles representing the different rock layers are revealed. Pictured below
on the left is the Richat Structure, an exposed dome in the Sahara desert
that is 40 km wide. In the dome schematic pictured below on the right,
what can we conclude about the layers in the dome? Select all answers
that apply.
Layer A is older than layer B. Correct!
Correct!
Layer B is older than layer A.
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
15/49
Layers get older as we travel from the outer rim of the dome towards the
center of the dome.
Correct!
Correct!
The layers get younger as we travel from the outer rim of the dome
towards the center of the dome.
1 / 1 pts
Question 9
Answer 1:
[Photo credit: John Howell]
Use the image above to answer the following questions regarding
stratigraphic principles.
Using the law of cross-cutting relations, what can you conclude about the
relative age of the sedimentary rock?
The clastic sedimentary beds are older than the igneous dike.
Using the law of superposition, what can you conclude about the relative
ages of the sedimentary rock layers?
The layers at the bottom of the photo are older than the layers at the
top of the photo.
Using the principle of inclusion, what can you conclude about the clasts in
the sedimentary rock?
The sedimentary rock formation is younger than the clasts.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
16/49
Answer 2:
Answer 3:
older than Correct!
Correct!
older than Correct!
Correct!
younger than Correct!
Correct!
0.5 / 0.5 pts
Question 10
[Photo credit: science.marshall.edu]
Applying the law of cross-cutting relations to the rock pictured above, what
is the order (first to last) in which the rock units A-D formed? Note that all
of the dark-colored rock should be considered part of unit D.
A, B, C, D
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
17/49
A, C, B, D D, C, B, A D, A, C, B Correct!
Correct!
B, C, A, D B, D, C, A 0.5 / 0.5 pts
Question 11
[Photo credit: www.cokesmithphototravel.com
(http://www.cokesmithphototravel.com) ]
The photo above shows exposed sandstone strata on the Olympic
Peninsula in Washington State. Select all of the following statements that
are true.
Layer A is the oldest marked layer
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
18/49
Layer B is the youngest marked layer Layer C is the oldest marked layer Regional pressures have deformed or tilted this rock formation Correct!
Correct!
We know that Layer B is between the ages of Layers A and C, but cannot
say whether Layer A or Layer C is oldest from the information provided.
Correct!
Correct!
Biostratigraphy
Individual layers of sedimentary formations can include even more detail
about the relative age of the strata if they include fossilized organisms.
Since the types of organisms found on earth have changed over time, the
existence of specific fossilized species in a layer can be used to correlate
sedimentary formations worldwide. Certain plants or animals lived only for
a brief period of geologic time, so their fossils can be used as an index or
guide to that time. These fossils are called index fossils
and are shown
in Figure 7-9. Figure 7-10 shows the periods of geologic time in which
those fossils can be found.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
19/49
Figure 7-9 Representative sketches of the main groups of invertebrates found in
fossils.
Figure 7-10
Generalized range of time periods over which index fossil species
were alive. The width of each line identifies the relative abundance of that
species.
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
20/49
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Question 12
While on a hike, you find a sedimentary deposit that has been exposed
near a beach. You are excited to use your ESS101 relative rock dating
skills, so you quickly look for exposed fossils in the sedimentary layers.
Unfortunately, you don’t find any. Which of the following must be true?
The rock has to be from the Archean because it does not contain fossils The rock must have originally formed on the continent since there are no
sea creatures
There is not enough information to say; it is possible that there are fossils
in the formation that you did not find or perhaps this formation does not
contain fossils.
Correct!
Correct!
0.5 / 0.5 pts
Question 13
You continue your search for fossilized materials in another nearby
sedimentary rock sequence. You break apart a promising layer of
mudstone to find the fossils (Sample A) shown below:
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
21/49
Answer 1:
Answer 2:
Answer 3:
What is the name of this index fossil group? trilobite Use Figure 7-10 to complete the following statement.
This layer must be older than or from the Permian period and younger
than or from the Cambrian period. trilobite Correct!
Correct!
Permian Correct!
Correct!
Cambrian Correct!
Correct!
0.6 / 1 pts
Question 14
Upon closer inspection, you find fossil samples B and C in the same
stratigraphic unit as sample A.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
22/49
[Photo credit: Terry Swanson]
What invertebrate index fossil group does sample B belong to?
brachiopod What invertebrate index fossil group does sample C belong to? nautiloid
Before leaving, you find even more fossils in the same layer, pictured
below.
[Photo credit: fossilera.com]
What is the name of this index fossil group? belemnoid
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
23/49
Answer 1:
Answer 2:
Answer 3:
Answer 4:
Answer 5:
Use figure 7-4 to complete the following statement.
This layer must be older than or from the Cenozoic period and younger
than or from the Mississippian period (Hint: think about the presence of all
of the fossil assemblages found in this rock layer, including the previous
question).
brachiopod Correct!
Correct!
nautiloid Correct!
Correct!
belemnoid Correct!
Correct!
Cenozoic ou Answered
ou Answered
Permian orrect Answer
orrect Answer
Pennsylvanian orrect Answer
orrect Answer
Mississippian ou Answered
ou Answered
Stratigraphic Interpretations
When rocks erode, a part of the geologic record is lost and the geologic
time that was represented by the eroded rocks is erased. These gaps in
the geologic record are called unconformities
, and they can be caused
by erosion or long periods of non-deposition. Unconformities exist
anywhere that adjacent layers do not represent a continuous timescale.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
24/49
There are three basic kinds of unconformities that are shown in Figure 7-
11 and described below:
Angular unconformity
: stratified layers are deposited but then
deformed/tilted. The top of the surface erodes, then more stratified
layers are deposited.
Disconformity
: stratified layers are deposited, but some erode; more
stratified layers are then deposited parallel to the eroded surface.
Nonconformity
: stratified layers are deposited on top of non-stratified
igneous or metamorphic rocks that have been uplifted.
You may also find the video below helpful for understanding how these
missing layers occur.
Unconformities: Finding Missing Time
Unconformities: Finding Missing Time
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
25/49
Figure 7-11 Diagrams outlining the different types of unconformities and
how they form. The final unconformity surface is outlined in red
. [Source:
https://openpress.usask.ca/geolmanual/chapter/overview-of-relative-and-
absolute-dating/
(https://openpress.usask.ca/geolmanual/chapter/overview-of-
relative-and-absolute-dating/) ]
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
26/49
Figure 7-12: Sequence of events leading to the development of an angular
unconformity. [Image source:
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/385480049329216033/
(https://www.pinterest.com/pin/385480049329216033/) ]
0.5 / 0.5 pts
Question 15
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
27/49
[Photo credit: www.geologyin.com]
The rock pictured above was cut into to make way for a road in Ecuador.
Which of the following statement(s) are true for this formation?
The strata are shown in the same position that they were deposited Regional uplift tilted the stratified beds after they were deposited. Correct!
Correct!
Erosion must have occurred after Layer A was deposited and before Layer
B was deposited
Correct!
Correct!
Erosion must have occurred after Layer B was deposited and before Layer
A was deposited
There is no evidence of erosion Layers at the top of this image are younger than layers at the bottom Correct!
Correct!
This image shows an angular unconformity Correct!
Correct!
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
28/49
This image shows a nonconformity This image shows a disconformity 1 / 1 pts
Question 16
Use the principles of relative dating that you have learned to order the
formation of the layers in the following schematic:
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
29/49
1st (oldest)
E
Correct!
Correct!
2nd
H
Correct!
Correct!
3rd
C
Correct!
Correct!
4th
I
Correct!
Correct!
5th
G
Correct!
Correct!
6th
A
Correct!
Correct!
7th
F
Correct!
Correct!
8th
D
Correct!
Correct!
9th (youngest)
B
Correct!
Correct!
0 / 1 pts
Question 17
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
30/49
The image above, taken near Manitou Springs, CO, shows ~500 million
year old sandstones from the Sawatch Formation sitting atop ~1 billion
year old Pikes Peak granite. The difference in age between these two rock
formations means that 500 million years of time is missing from the
geologic record at this location! This feature is named the “Great
Unconformity” and is outlined by the dashed white line.
Using the information present in this outcrop, propose a timeline of events
:
1 (oldest)
Emplacement of the P
ou Answered
ou Answered
Formation of the
North American
continent
Correct Answer
Correct Answer
2
Subsidence or sea lev
ou Answered
ou Answered
Emplacement of the
Pikes Peak granite
Correct Answer
Correct Answer
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
31/49
3
Deposition of the Was
ou Answered
ou Answered
Uplift and Erosion of
the Pikes Peak
granite
Correct Answer
Correct Answer
4
Formation of the Nort
ou Answered
ou Answered
Subsidence or sea
level rise
Correct Answer
Correct Answer
5
Uplift and tilting of all ou Answered
ou Answered
Deposition of the
Wasatch sandstone
Correct Answer
Correct Answer
6
Uplift and Erosion of t
ou Answered
ou Answered
Uplift and tilting of all
units
Correct Answer
Correct Answer
7
Exposure of bedrock ou Answered
ou Answered
Erosion of the
present-day
landscape
Correct Answer
Correct Answer
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
32/49
8 (most recent)
Erosion of the present
ou Answered
ou Answered
Exposure of bedrock
from road cut
Correct Answer
Correct Answer
2. Determining Numerical Ages
Geologists strive to establish the sequence of events that produce
geologic features, such as rocks, structures, and landscapes. However,
early geologists had no way of specifying the numerical age
of a feature,
i.e. the age as a numerical value of years. Fortunately, this situation
changed with the discovery of radioactivity. Simply put, radioactive
elements decay at a constant rate that can be measured in the lab and
can be specified in years. The techniques that use measurements of
radioactive elements to calculate the numerical ages of rocks are known
as isotopic dating
. To explain the techniques of isotopic dating, we must first
understand the basics of radioactive decay
. Atoms of a given element may have different atomic weights. These
different versions of an element are called isotopes
. Some isotopes of
certain elements are stable, and can last essentially forever. However,
radioactive isotopes
are unstable and will eventually undergo a change
called radioactive decay
. This change converts an isotope into a new
isotope of a different element. The radioactive isotope that decays is the
parent isotope
, while the decay product that is formed by the radioactive
decay is the daughter isotope
.
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Question 18
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
33/49
What happens during radioactive decay?
A stable isotope of one element changes into a new isotope of a different
element
A stable isotope of one element changes into a new isotope of the same
element
An unstable isotope of one element changes into a new isotope of a
different element
Correct!
Correct!
An unstable isotope of one element changes into a new isotope of the
same element
0.25 / 0.25 pts
Question 19
We cannot specify how long an individual radioactive isotope will survive
before it decays, but we can measure how long it takes for a population of
the parent isotopes to be halved. This is a consequence of half of the
parent isotopes decaying into daughter isotopes. This time unit is called
the half-life
of the isotope. For a given radioactive element, the half-life is
a constant regardless of conditions.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
34/49
The ratio of parent-to-daughter isotopes changes with the passage of
each successive half-life.
How many of the original atoms of a parent isotope remain unchanged
after five half-lives?
1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32 Correct!
Correct!
0.5 / 0.5 pts
Question 20
Since radioactive decay proceeds at a constant rate, like the tick-tock of a
clock, it provides a basis for telling time. We can calculate the age of a
mineral by measuring the ratio of parent isotopes to daughter isotopes in
the mineral (or organic matter in the case of radioactive carbon). There
are many different pairs of parent and daughter isotopes among the
known radioactive elements (see below table). To obtain an isotopic date,
we must select the appropriate isotope pair depending on the samples to
be studied.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
35/49
Answer 1:
Answer 2:
Answer 3:
Which pair of parent and daughter isotopes is not useful for dating very
old rocks? 14C-14N
Why is this pair of parent and daughter isotopes not useful for dating very
old rocks? Because not enough of the parent isotope remains to measure
accurately
Why are isotopes with long half-lives not useful for dating fossils or rocks
that span the last glacial-interglacial cycle, approximately between 12,000
and 125,000 years old? Because not enough of the daughter isotope has
formed to be detectable
14C-14N Correct!
Correct!
Because not enough of the parent isotope remains to measure accurately Correct!
Correct!
Because not enough of the daughter isotope has formed to be detectable Correct!
Correct!
At high temperatures, isotopes are capable of escaping from the mineral
crystal that contains them. The “isotopic clock” starts only when crystals
become cool enough that the isotopes are locked within the mineral
crystal. The temperature below which isotopes are no longer free to move
is called the closure temperature
of a mineral. When we specify an
isotopic date for a mineral, we are defining the time at which the mineral
cooled below its closure temperature. With the concept of closure temperature, we can interpret the meaning of
isotopic dates. In the case of igneous rocks, isotopic dating reveals the
time at which the magma cooled below the closure temperature. In the
case of metamorphic rocks, isotopic dating reveals the time at which a
rock cooled from the metamorphic temperature down to a temperature
below the closure temperature. However, if we date minerals in a
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
36/49
sedimentary rock, we are only dating the time that those minerals first
crystallized as part of an original igneous or metamorphic rock.
0.63 / 1 pts
Question 21
While hiking, you stumble upon an outcrop of rock. Being a good
geologist, you pull your trusty field notebook from your vest and get to
work making a field sketch (pictured above). Using the principles of
relative dating, you know that the diorite was the first rock formed, then
the conglomerate and finally the shale were deposited on top. While
looking closely at the outcrop you find some nice fossils! You find a piece
of bone in the conglomerate, and several clams in the shale. These rocks
suggest that conditions changed from high-energy to low-energy , such as
you might expect during sea level rise. Your working hypothesis
is that this outcrop was formed on the edge of
an ancient mountain range. Rivers drained from the mountains to a
nearby sea, depositing a coarse conglomerate on the older diorite. As sea
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
37/49
Answer 1:
levels rise, the rivers become submerged, and shales and marine
organisms are deposited on top.
To test your hypothesis, you will need to know when these rocks are from.
So, you take some samples back to the lab to measure ages with
radioactive isotopes. Before you get to work, you need to ask yourself a
few questions:
What relative dating principle can be used to determine the age of
deposition of the conglomerate from the absolute age given by the fossil
bone? The principle of superposition
How should you interpret the date given by the diorite? It is time since
crystalization of melt
After toiling in the lab to crush the rocks, dissolve them in beakers, and
finally put them through a mass spectrometer, you measure the parent-
daughter isotope ratios of each of your samples. You write the resulting
ages on your field sketch. Now that have both stratigraphy and absolute
dates, you are finally able to apply your geological knowledge and
scientific reasoning to test your hypothesis. Using these tools, answer the
following questions:
At what age was the shale deposited? 5 Ma
How much time is missing between the formation of the diorite and the
deposition of the conglomerate? 194 Ma
What can you infer from the the age of the conglomerate rock sample The
conglomerate was deposited at least 200 Ma, and its source material may
be the diorite The shale rock sample is dated to be much younger than the diorite,
which indicates that As the depositional environment changed, so did the
source of sediment .
Do the absolute dates confirm or contradict your hypothesis? Contradict
high-energy to low-energy Correct!
Correct!
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
38/49
Answer 2:
Answer 3:
Answer 4:
Answer 5:
Answer 6:
Answer 7:
Answer 8:
The principle of superposition ou Answered
ou Answered
The principle of inclusion orrect Answer
orrect Answer
It is time since crystalization of melt Correct!
Correct!
2 Ma orrect Answer
orrect Answer
5 Ma ou Answered
ou Answered
194 Ma Correct!
Correct!
The conglomerate was deposited at least 200 Ma, and its source material
may be the diorite
Correct!
Correct!
As the depositional environment changed, so did the source of sediment Correct!
Correct!
Confirm orrect Answer
orrect Answer
Contradict ou Answered
ou Answered
3. Geologic Maps
Geologic maps are depictions of the geology at the surface of the earth.
They classify areas by rock age and rock type, and they locate features
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
39/49
like faults and volcanoes. Geologic maps use symbols to show features,
and alphabetic codes to indicate the age and rock type of a map unit. For
example, Qa is a common map unit that stands for Quaternary alluvium.
Quaternary refers to the period of time from the present back to 2.6 million
years ago, and alluvium refers to river sediment. The map legend includes
a table of all map units, descriptions of them, and their color on the map. Unlike topographic maps, which are made with quantitative surveying
techniques, geologic maps are qualitative interpretations based on an
array of field observations, laboratory data, theory, and scientific
reasoning. As new work is completed, different versions of maps will be
published for the same areas. Large scale maps, such as 1:24,000 scale
maps, show a relatively small area but lots of detail. In contrast, small
scale maps, ranging from 1:100,000 to 1:10,000,000, show large areas or
even the entire world, but provide much less detail. We have attached a
link to the 1:500,000 scale geologic map of Washington State published
by the Washington Department of Natural Resources in 2005: Washington State Geology Map (Schuster 2005). It is a beautiful map
that you can have printed (at full scale) and laminated at any local print
shop to hang as “geo-art”. 0.25 / 0.25 pts
Question 22
Scroll around the map mentioned above and observe some of the
important information about Washington State geology that it conveys.
What geologic information does this map provide the students,
researchers and the general public about Washington State geology? Select all answers that apply.
General rock classification types Correct!
Correct!
Geologic age of the rock units Correct!
Correct!
Physical color of the rock units Mineral content of the rock units
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
40/49
Structures within the rock units (i.e. faults and folds) Correct!
Correct!
How can you use geologic maps?
Job prospects are not great right now... What if you could put your
geology skills to use… Imagine... Your pulse quickens when you learn that a T-Rex skeleton can
fetch $3 million. While pondering your exciting new future as a fossil
collector, you happen to mention your idea to a friend, who brightens with
interest and gives you a hot tip: A recent landslide along I-5 has exposed
a T-Rex skeleton, but it’s on a dangerous slope. Your friend needs your
help, and a ride to the location, to get the skeleton. Could it be true? 0.25 / 0.25 pts
Question 23
Before heading out to the landslide, you consult your 1:500,000 scale
geologic map of Washington State
. You also refresh your memory of the
geologic timescale by referring to Figure 7-2. You see the following image
of the Seattle area:
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
41/49
Hoping that ‘Qgd’ stands for Quality, Good Dinosaurs, you consult the
map legend:
Astonished, you…
… shake your head in disgust. Seattle is underlain with granite, and any
old dinosaur bones would have melted in the magma chamber from which
the granite formed.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
42/49
… shake your head in disgust. Seattle is underlain with Pleistocene glacial
sediment, but the dinosaurs died off at the end of the Cretaceous. The
sediments in Seattle are too young to contain dinosaur bones.
Correct!
Correct!
… jump with joy. The geology in the Seattle area is consistent with the T-
Rex story!
0.5 / 0.5 pts
Question 24
Broadening your search, you read that the Tertiary Chuckanut Formation
contains fossilized palm fronds (Mustoe et al., 2007), worth up to $20,000.
Rumor has it that a recent landslide has exposed a fresh exposure of the
Chuckanut Formation near Bellingham. Time is of the essence, but you
still pause to consult your geologic map.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
43/49
You head for the map unit…
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
44/49
Qa Tc Correct!
Correct!
Mzms 0.5 / 0.5 pts
Question 25
On your drive towards Bellingham, you learn that the Chuckanut
Formation contains fossils of Sabalites campbelli,
an extinct palm plant.
After some quick research, you also learn that this extinct palm looks a lot
like Palmetto, a living tropical plant.
Image credit:
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuckanut_Formation#/media/File:Sablaites_campbelli_fossils.JPG)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuckanut_Formation#/media/File:Sablaites_campbelli_fossils.JPG
Fossils of Sabalites campbelli palm leaves from the Chuckanut Formation,
south of Bellingham, Whatcom County, Washington.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
45/49
Source
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_palmetto#/media/File:Sabal_palmetto00.jpg) :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_palmetto#/media/File:Sabal_palmetto00.jpg
Sabal palmetto from von Martius' "Historia naturalis palmarum".
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_palmetto#/media/File:Sabal_palmetto00.jpg)
You see that Palmetto species only survive in the tropics because they
cannot withstand the cold winters of the mid and high latitudes.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
46/49
Source
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_palmetto#/media/File:PalmTrees.png) :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_palmetto#/media/File:PalmTrees.png
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_palmetto#/media/File:PalmTrees.png)
Survivability range of cabbage palmetto in the U.S. without winter
protection. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_palmetto#/media/File:PalmTrees.png)
You then realize that the Sabites fossils in the Chuckanut Formation
indicate one of two things: either it was warmer in the past causing the
range of the palm plants to expand northward, or, the Chuckanut
Formation first accumulated in the tropics, and then shifted north via plate
tectonics.
In researching whether it was warmer near Seattle in the past, you find a
global climate reconstruction for the Cenozoic.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
47/49
Source: Michael Archer,
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Climate-change-throughout-the-Cenozoic-
as-measured-by-the-palaeotemperature-proxy_fig2_277347887 (https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Climate-change-throughout-the-Cenozoic-as-measured-by-the-
palaeotemperature-proxy_fig2_277347887)
Global temperature reconstruction for the last 65 million years (Zachos et
al., 2001). (https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Climate-change-
throughout-the-Cenozoic-as-measured-by-the-palaeotemperature-
proxy_fig2_277347887)
If you know that the Chuckanut Formation was deposited sometime during
the Tertiary (66-2.6 million years before present), then based on this
climate reconstruction data, which hypothesis is true?
The past climate in Seattle was warm enough to support palm species.
Therefore, the Chuckanut Formation was deposited at its current latitude.
The past climate in Seattle was not warm enough to support palm species.
Therefore, the Chuckanut Formation was deposited closer to the equator,
and drifted northward via plate tectonics.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
48/49
The past climate in Seattle is variable throughout the Tertiary period.
Without more precise dating of the Chuckanut Formation, we cannot
determine whether or not it was deposited at its current latitude.
Correct!
Correct!
0.75 / 0.75 pts
Question 26
What geological techniques could you use to explore whether the
Chuckanut Formation formed at tropical latitudes and shifted northward
via tectonics, or whether it formed near its current latitude? Paleomagnetism; measure the orientation of magnetic minerals to find the
latitude at which the rock formed at
Correct!
Correct!
Rock Texture; use grain size, rounding, etc, to infer the environment of
deposition
Fossil Record; find fossils of other species to compare survivability ranges Correct!
Correct!
Geologic Dating; narrow down the date of formation through absolute or
relative dating better compare to global temperature reconstructions
Correct!
Correct!
Bibliography
Mounier, Aurélien, and Marta Mirazón Lahr. "Deciphering African late
middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species." Nature
communications 10.1 (2019): 1-13.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
2022/05/29 21:37
Laboratory 7: Geologic Time: ESS 101 B Sp 22: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts
https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1545896/quizzes/1651011
49/49
Mustoe, George E., Richard M. Dillhoff, and T. A. Dillhoff. "Geology and
paleontology of the early Tertiary Chuckanut Formation." Field Guides 9
(2007): 121-135.
Zachos, James, et al. "Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate
65 Ma to present." science 292.5517 (2001): 686-693.
Quiz Score: 12.06
out of 14
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help