exam 1 dino
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Eastern Florida State College *
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Course
1255
Subject
Geology
Date
Feb 20, 2024
Type
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37
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GLY 1102 Exam 1
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1.
The short half-life of carbon-14 limits the use of this technique to generally dating materials less than ____ years old.
50,000-60,000
2.
Radiometric age dating techniques were used to es-
tablish the relative geologic time scale.
false
3.
_____ refers to the number of protons of an atom
atomic number
4.
The _____ is a product of placing rocks in their proper sequence of formation to create a composite record of geological events.
relative geologic time scale
5.
The principle which states that "strata extend in all directions until they thin against the edges of the basins they accumulated in" is the principle of _____.
original lateral continuity
6.
The basic rock unit defined on the basis of distinctive and easily recognized characteristics is a _____.
formation
7.
The original continuity of strata in a basin can be bro-
ken. A river can carve a canyon into a basin leaving once continuous layers stranded on opposite sides of the canyon. According to the principle of lateral continuity, these opposite sides of the valley were once laterally continuous.
true
8.
Radiometric age dating, the basis of the establish-
ment of the absolute geologic time scale, was not possible until after the discovery of radioactivity in the 20th century.
false
9.
_____ is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom.
atomic mass
10.
Disturbed rocks or strata are _____ those rocks that disturb them or cut through them.
older than
11.
An isotope is a species of the same element with the same mass and different atomic number.
false
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12.
Which of the following is not a geological period in the Mesozoic Era?
Cambrian
13.
The principle which states that "disturbed rocks or strata are older than those rocks that cut or disturb them" is the principle of _____.
cross-cutting rela-
tionships
14.
The principle which states that "in layered rocks (or strata) the oldest rocks are at the bottom and the younger layers are on top" is the principle of _____.
superposition
15.
Particles that settle under the influence of gravity settle to more nearly vertical layers.
false
16.
Based upon physical characteristics alone (not fossil characteristics), which type of hiatus would be most difficult to identify?
disconformity
17.
Radioactive decay is the spontaneous nuclear disin-
tegration of isotopes at _____ rates.
constant
18.
In a succession of strata, fossil species succeed one another in a definite and recognizable order.
true
19.
History is a sequence of events placed in proper chronological order.
true
20.
Which of the following is the oldest?
Lower Cretaceous
21.
Which of the following is not a type of unconformity?
superconformity
22.
A horizon between rocks or sediments with distinctly different ages is called a _____.
hiatus
23.
In a succession of strata, fossil species succeed one another in a definite and recognizable order. This or-
der of appearances and disappearances is largely the consequence of _____.
all of these (the appearance of new species, oranic evoluton, 2 / 37
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the extinction of other species)
24.
This type of unconformity separates horizontal sedi-
mentary rocks above and below the unconformity.
disconformity
25.
Water expands by 25% when it freezes.
false
26.
_____ weathering processes are those physical processes that cause rock to break or disintegrate into smaller and smaller fragments.
mechanical
27.
Chemical weathering produces clay minerals, various ions in solutions, and soluble compounds.
true
28.
Acids produced by decaying plant material and the organisms feeding on it help dissolve cements and rocks (e.g., limestone)
true
29.
Oxidation refers to reactions with _____ that form oxides.
oxygen
30.
The process by which rocks and minerals at the sur-
face of the Earth are broken down into smaller rocks and eventually into soils is collectively referred to as the processes of _____.
weathering
31.
Most rocks exhibit systems of joints which run per-
pendicular to bedding planes or the surface
true
32.
Calcite, the major constituent of limestone, is soluble in acidic water.
true
33.
Running water, wind, and glaciers transport weath-
ered products elsewhere, where they are deposited to form sediments and later become _____ as sedi-
mentary rocks.
lithified
34.
Weathering and erosion produce sediments that later form _____ sedimentary rocks.
detrital or terrige-
nous
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35.
Mechanical weathering dominates over chemical weathering in warm climates.
false
36.
Slabs of rock, slip, slide, or break off large rock mass-
es along concentric joints in a process called _____.
exfoliation
37.
_____ is the reaction between hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions of water and a mineral's ions.
hydrolysis
38.
Clay and quartz are common products of long-term weathering.
true
39.
Hydrolysis is the major agent of weathering in cool climates.
false
40.
Oxidation of iron in soils and rocks causes an in-
crease in reddish color.
true
41.
The concentration of _____ ions in a solution de-
termines the acidity so the greater concentration of these ions, the greater the acidity.
hydrogen
42.
Solution is a major chemical weathering process in regions with large exposures of _____.
limestones
43.
Which of the following is not a cause of mechanical weathering?
oxidation
44.
Joints are always pathways for mechanical and chemical weathering and over time can even deter-
mine the location of river and drainage systems.
true
45.
_____ sedimentary rocks are formed from the ac-
cumulation of minerals and rock fragments eroded from pre-existing rocks (metamorphic, sedimentary, or igneous) or their weathered by-products.
detrital or terrige-
nous
46.
Peat is brownish, soft, spongy and is composed al-
most entirely of recognizable peat remains. Burial true
4 / 37
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of peat decreases its water content and gradually changes it to coal.
47.
Lithostatic pressure is the pressure resulting from the weight of the overlying rocks.
true
48.
_____ is a biochemical sedimentary rock composed of combustible material derived from the partial de-
composition of plants.
coal
49.
Which of the following is a poorly-sorted detrital sed-
imentary rock?
a conglomerate
50.
A _____ limestone is composed to a large extent by the skeletal remains of invertebrate fossils (corals, sponges, bryozoans, pelecypods, echinoids, etc.)
bioclastic
51.
Most checmical sedimentary rocks form from pre-
cipitation from solution in fresh water (lakes, rivers, caves, springs) or in the sea.
true
52.
Sorting refers to the range of _____ in a clastic sedi-
ment or sedimentary rock.
particle size sepa-
ration
53.
Chert has a _____ fracture pattern, making it easy to work into tools and projectiles (arrowheads, scrap-
ers, etc.)
concoidal
54.
_____ is a soft chemical sedimentary rock com-
posed almost entirely of the calcium carbonate skele-
tons of microscopic marine phytoplankton (coccol-
ithophores).
chalk
55.
_____ is an important process in lithification causing a reduction in the pore spaces between unconsoli-
dated grains in the sediment.
compaction
56.
_____ is a detrital sedimentary rock formed by ce-
mentation of individual grains ranging in size from 1/16 to 2 mm.
siltstone
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57.
The White Cliffs of Dover are composed of this type of sedimentary rock made up of the calcium carbonate skeletal remains of microscopic marine algae.
chalk
58.
_____ are sedimentary rocks formed of minerals that were precipitated from solution with evaporation of the liquid they were dissolved in.
evaporites
59.
This process is important in lithification causing a reduction in the pore space between unconsolidated grains in the sediment.
compaction
60.
The most commonly used grain size scale in use is the _____ Scale that divides particle size (e.g. clay, silt, sand, gravel) by a specific size range in millime-
ters (e.g. clay is less than 1/256 mm).
Wentworth
61.
A conglomerate is composed predominantly of rounded to subrounded clasts, a significant propor-
tion being gravel size (>2mm)
true
62.
Claystones do not exhibit fissility but break into blocky masses.
true
63.
The _____ of a particle is the degree to which the shape of the particle approaches the form of a sphere.
sphericity
64.
Conglomerates and breccias are distinguished from each other on the basis of _____ their coarse frag-
ments are.
how rounded or angular
65.
Sedimentary rocks have two types of texture: clastic (or detrital) and non-clastic (crystalline).
true
66.
The degree of sorting reflects: the degree of mechani-
cal and chemical weathering producing the sediment, the transportation process, and post-depositional processes that may alter the sediment grain-size dis-
tribution.
true
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67.
Which of the following is a common cementing mate-
rial in sedimentary rocks?
all of these (cal-
cite, iron oxide, sil-
ica)
68.
Some sedimentary rocks begin as the weathered products of existing rocks.
true
69.
A _____ is a coarse-grained limestone composed of poorly-cemented shells and shell fragments (often of near-shore species).
coquina
70.
Unconsolidated sediments (e.g. mud) are turned into sedimentary rocks (e.g. shale) by a process called _____.
lithification
71.
_____ sedimentary rocks form from the organic or inorganic precipitation of minerals from an aqueous solution or the accumulation of organic matter.
chemical
72.
_____ is the most common chemical sedimentary rock.
limestone
73.
The two principle types of sedimentary rocks are _____ and _____.
detrital and chem-
ical
74.
_____ differs from limestone in that some of the cal-
cium has been replaced by magnesium changing it to magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2.
dolomite
75.
Shale differs from mudstone by breaking into small pieces along bedding planes. This breakage charac-
teristic is called _____.
fissility
76.
The process of binding sediment grains together is _____ where minerals are precipitated in the pore spaces.
cementation
77.
What percent of sediments are converted to sedimen-
tary rocks and account for the exposed rocks on the Earth's surface?
75
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78.
Fossils are usually preserved in what kinds of rocks.
sedimentary
79.
Marine vertebrate fossils in Mesozoic sedimentary rocks include _____. They were nektonic (free swim-
ming) and had a global distribution.
all of these (mosasaurs, fish, plesiosaurs, tur-
tles)
80.
Spores and and pollen can be found in the fossil excrement of dinosaurs (called coprolites).
true
81.
Current ripples are symmetrical with gentle slopes in the upwind or upstream direction and steeper down-
wind or downstream slopes.
false
82.
Hematite can produce sediment shades of yellow and brown.
false
83.
Correlations of ancient or fossil tracks, trails, and burrows with those in modern environments have allowed scientists to use these trace fossils to inter-
pret such ancient environmental factors as diverse as water and sediment oxygen levels.
true
84.
_____ is a clay formed by the alteration of volcanic ash.
bentonite
85.
Leaf characteristics of fossilized plants are very in-
dicative of:
all of these (tem-
perature range, climate zones, rainfall amounts)
86.
_____ describes beds at an inclination to the horizon-
tal.
cross-bedding
87.
Sediments accumulating in an aquatic environment, low in oxygen content, are usually this color.
dark gray or black
88.
Dinosaur remains are usually found in _____ rocks.
sedimentary
89.
mud cracks
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_____ are sub-polygonal shrinkage cracks produced by the drying of clay-rich sediment.
90.
Iron can cause green, purple, and black color in rocks.
true
91.
Sedimentary rocks formed in _____ environments have produced the greatest number of dinosaur re-
mains.
fluvial or river
92.
Microscopic fossils of algal plants and protozoans can be used to estimate parameters such as
all of these (water clarity, sea surface temperature, wa-
ter depth, ocean salinity)
93.
_____ occur on the base of beds (usually a siltstone or sandstone) and represent a filling of a groove, track, or depression of the underlying bed.
sole marks
94.
Eolian sediments are usually composed of
sand
95.
Dinosaurs remains are rarely found in _____ sedi-
mentary rocks.
eolian
96.
_____ occur where there is an even back-and-forth motion of water or air, as offshore just outside the surf zone.
oscillation ripples
97.
_____ are finely-bedded sedimentary rocks (usual-
ly claystone to siltstones) often alternating between carbon-rich and carbon-poor beds.
varves
98.
_____ sediments are usually fine-grained and con-
verted into shales and siltstones, sandstones, and coal.
deltaic
99.
When particles in a sedimentary bed change from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top, bedding is defined as
graded
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100.
_____ refers to the accumulation of deposits that exhibits specific characteristics, reflecting a specific environment, and grading into other sedimentary ac-
cumulations formed at the same time but with differ-
ent characteristics.
a sedimentary fa-
cies
101.
Tracks and trails of organisms can be preserved in sediment and are considered a type of _____.
trace fossil
102.
Which of the following can provide information about the environment sediments were deposited in?
all of these (sed-
imentary struc-
tures, grain size and character-
istics, sediment lithology or type, fossils within the sediment)
103.
_____ beds are usually mixed or contorted in some manner. They indicate proximity to unstable sediment sources or disturbances by earthquakes and volca-
noes.
disturbed
104.
Each of the following are factors that inhibit preser-
vation except _____.
anaerobic activity
105.
Permineralization makes fossil bone denser than liv-
ing bone.
true
106.
If a leaf falls into wet concrete and leaves an impres-
sion, this impression would be an example of a _____.
external mold
107.
The most common fossils preserved in peat are _____.
plants
108.
_____ are tracks, trails, and burrows of organisms that live on the surface (epifaunal) or beneath the sediment surface (infaunal).
trace fossils
109.
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Pleistocene vertebrates have been recovered from a tar pit at this site
Rancho la Brea of Los Angeles
110.
If a shell of an invertebrate is filled with sediment and the shell later dissolves, the sediment filling the shell can produce a _____.
internal mold
111.
An external mold is formed by dissolution of the shell and filling of the former interior and shell area with sediment or minerals.
false
112.
Pyritization is the process where the original material of the skeleton or sometimes soft tissue becomes replaced or coated with pyrite during fossilization.
true
113.
_____ are the fossilized solid excretory products of animals.
coprolites
114.
Permineralized or petrified wood is most common in sediments also containing _____.
volcanic ash
115.
_____ are stomach stones swallowed by animals to aid in digestion.
gastroliths
116.
During recrystallization, the external form is un-
changed but internal microstructures are obscured or destroyed.
true
117.
Vertebrate fossils are never found in peat.
false
118.
Leaves, crustaceans, fish, and insects are often car-
bonzied.
true
119.
An impression of the exterior of a shell or bone is a _____.
external mold
120.
Mummification or dessication might occur in an arid environment by the burial of an animal in hot sand shortly after death.
true
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121.
Some marine and fresh water sponges secrete _____.
siliceous spicules
122.
A fossil is any evidence, direct or indirect, of the existence of organisms in prehistoric time.
true
123.
Teeth are commonly made of _____ and are often preserved in their unaltered mineralogy.
calcium phos-
phate
124.
Most marine invertebrates have hard parts or skele-
tons made of calcite or _____ (a less stable form of calcite).
aragonite
125.
Most dinosaur bones are _____.
permineralized
126.
_____ or dessication of fossils results from drying out of tissues prior to complete decomposition.
mummification
127.
Most _____ is the hardened resin of conifer trees.
amber
128.
Common microfossils made of silica are _____.
diatoms and radio-
larians
129.
Dinosaur footprints are not considered fossils.
false
130.
Silica replacement of marine fossils is relatively un-
common.
false
131.
An internal mold is an impression of the outside of the shell or fossil showing only the external detail of the fossil.
false
132.
Hillsides are good for fossil collecting, particularly where there is erosion.
true
133.
The fossilization process by which porous spaces in the shell, wood, or bones are filled with minerals is called _____.
permineralization
134.
In the process of replacement, the original mi-
crostructure is usually destroyed.
false
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135.
_____ are the most common fossils in amber.
insects
136.
Fossil frozen mammoths and rhinoceroses have been found in this country.
Russia
137.
Peat forms in _____ deprived and acidic waters.
oxygen
138.
_____ is a viscous (thick) hydrocarbon that escapes through fractures or faults from underground hydro-
carbon sources.
tar
139.
_____ is the process of removal of the original skele-
ton material and simultaneous atom-by-atom sec-
ondary replacement by another mineral.
replacement
140.
Each of the following are factors that enhance preser-
vation except _____.
high acid content
141.
_____ is the process by which the soft tissue is preserved as a carbon film by volatilization of the hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
carbonization
142.
Although insects are 75 percent of all living species, they are far fewer than 1 percent of described fossil species.
true
143.
A _____ is a boundary between two plates that are moving toward one another.
convergent plate boundary
144.
Which of the following present continents was not a part of Gondwanaland
Europe
145.
_____ is the study of the Earth's magnetic history.
paleomagnetism
146.
J. Tuzo Wilson hypothesized that the Pacific Plate was moving over a stationary _____ in the mantle where there was a localized source of heat energy (thermal or mantle plume).
hot spot
147.
true
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The frequent reversals of the magnetic field have left an alternating signature of normal and reversed polarity crust on the ridge flanks as they spread away from the ridge crest.
148.
Ice sheets deposit unique deposits of unsorted rocks called _____.
glacial till
149.
Deep-sea trenches are long, narrow, and deep ba-
thymetric depressions associated with volcanic arcs that together mark a collisional zone where one _____ plate is subducted under another.
lithospheric
150.
Major zones of earthquakes occur near trenches where a zone of dipping shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes defines a _____ of seismicity.
Benioff zone
151.
_____ refers to the force imparted on a plate by the gravity-driven subduction of a cold, dense slab of lithosphere surrounded by a warmer asthenosphere, thus pulling the rest of the plate along as it descends into the asthenosphere.
slab-pull
152.
Zones of ocean crust with normal polarity produce positive magnetic anomalies, and zones with re-
versed polarity produce negative anomalies.
true
153.
Ocean crustal ages are youngest near ridges and progressively older away from them.
true
154.
Modern reefs are generally restricted between 30 de-
grees north and south latitude in waters warmer than 70 degrees Fahrenheit.
true
155.
Sediment thickness decreases away from the Mid-At-
lantic Ridge and reaches minimum thickness along the adjacent continental margins.
false
156.
ring of fire
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The greatest global concentration of volcanoes is around the rim of the Pacific where their concentra-
tion is referred to as the ____.
157.
The _____ is the rigid outer layer of the earth's sur-
face down to the asthenosphere.
lithosphere
158.
Heat-driven convection in the asthenosphere, or the entire mantle, is a fundamental cause of plate motion.
true
159.
_____ was a synapsid plant-eater and is found in Per-
mian rocks of Africa, Madagascar, India, and Antarc-
tica.
Lystrosaurus
160.
Oceanic _____ are the deepest regions of the oceanic basins.
trenches
161.
Which of the following island(s) is a volcanic center of the mid-Atlantic ridge
Iceland
162.
A _____ boundary is the zone which plates slide past one another and crust is neither produced nor de-
stroyed.
transform-fault plate
163.
After the disappearance of the late Palezoic ice sheets in the Southern Hemisphere, an assemblage of seed ferns spread throughout the portions of South America, South Africa, Australia, India, and Antarctica. This flora is known as the _____ flora.
glossopteris
164.
The location of _____ is marked by linear distribu-
tions of shallow earthquakes.
transform-faults
165.
_____ is viewed as the developer of the theory of continental drift.
Wegener
166.
A _____ is on the trailing edge of a continental plate and away from plate margins.
passive continen-
tal margin
167.
true
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Fracture zones on the seafloor are parallel to the direction of plate motion.
168.
The direction of plate motion is parallel to the ridge crests generating the plate.
false
169.
Coal and oil deposits form from terrestrial and ocean-
ic organic carbon deposits.
true
170.
Oceanic _____ are the largest bathymetric features in the ocena basins.
ridges
171.
When magma cools to form a volcanic rock, it ac-
quires the magnetic signature of the current magnet-
ic field of today. The magnetic field of today has _____ polarity.
normal
172.
Positive magnetic anomalies are places where the magnetic field is lowest.
false
173.
_____ were carnivorous mammal-like reptiles that fist appeared in the Late Permian.
cynodonts
174.
A _____ is where new crust is created as plates move apart.
divergent plate boundary
175.
Dead coral reefs on guyots (flat-topped volcanic seamounts believed to be wave-cut) occur well below present sea level.
true
176.
_____ is the name of the supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic, comprising all of the present continents.
Pangaea
177.
The oldest marine sediments in the Atlantic occur along the margins of the basins while the youngest are on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
true
178.
_____ are minerals that form from the evaporation of water, generally seawater.
evaporites
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179.
When lithosphere with oceanic crust meets lithos-
phere with continental crust, a trench forms and the denser oceanic lithosphere is subducted.
true
180.
_____ was a small freshwater reptile from the Early Permian of coastal Brazil and West Africa.
mesosaurus
181.
Zones of similar geologic history and age occur on opposite margins of the Atlantic in conjugate posi-
tions.
true
182.
The concept of _____ was introduced to account for the origin and pattern of magnetic anomalies.
seafloor spread-
ing
183.
An east-west indentation into low latitude Pangaea, called the _____ began to form during the Early Trias-
sic.
Tethys Sea
184.
During the Cretaceous, North America was still con-
nected to Europe and Asia.
true
185.
During the _____, Atlantic Ocean widened rapidly.
Cretaceous
186.
Late Cretaceous rifting and seafloor spreading also began to separate Greenland from North America by formation of the _____.
Labrador Sea
187.
During the Early Jurassic, Europe separated from Greenland.
false
188.
During the Late Triassic, _____ began to split portions of Pangaea apart.
rifting
189.
_____ was comprised of South America, Africa, Mada-
gascar, India, Australia, and Antarctica.
Gondwana
190.
During the Late Cretaceous, South America was still connected to Antarctica as a large continent.
true
191.
Indonesia
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The Australian plate still moves northward today. This northward motion is being accommodated by sub-
duction under _____, causing the mountainous ter-
rain, high seismicity, and volcanism.
192.
By the Late Jurassic, the Atlantic had not yet formed north of Spain.
true
193.
When dinosaurs, Pangaea was still intact.
true
194.
During the Late Cretaceous, Antarctica began sepa-
rating from Australia.
true
195.
The large Pangaean supercontinent, with only a few stray landmasses unassembled, extended from pole to pole.
true
196.
By the end of the Triassic Period, Pangaea began to rift apart in some places but largely remained intact until the _____ Period.
Jurassic
197.
_____ are failed rifts.
aulacogens
198.
The dinosaurs evolved during the _____ Period.
Late Triassic
199.
During the Mesozoic, North America was near the equator.
true
200.
At the beginning of the _____ Period (245 million years ago), all landmasses were assembled into a single continent called Pangaea.
Triassic
201.
During the Late Jurassic, North America separated from South America as the _____ began forming.
Gulf of Mexico
202.
_____ was comprised of Europe, part of Asia, Green-
land, and North America.
Laurasia
203.
By the _____ a narrow central Atlantic Ocean formed, separating Africa from eastern North America.
Late Jurassic
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204.
Most of Australia's separation from Antarctica oc-
curred during the _____.
Cenozoic
205.
Enormous rift systems began splitting up some of the Pangaean supercontinent late in the _____ period.
Triassic
206.
Europe separated from Greenland before or after the age of dinosaurs
after
207.
The _____ Period ended about 65 million years ago with the mass extinction that ended the reign of di-
nosaurs.
Cretaceous
208.
The _____ Era includes that interval of time since the extinctions that ended the Mesozoic Era.
Cenozoic
209.
During the Cretaceous Period, India separated from Madagascar and began moving north (from Antarc-
tica) to collide with Asia after the extinction of di-
nosaurs.
true
210.
Pangaea was surrounded by the _____ Ocean.
Panthalassa
211.
During the Triassic, Gondwana was north of the equa-
tor.
false
212.
The three geological periods of the Mesozoic are, from oldest to youngest, _____.
Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous
213.
At their maximum, Cretaceous seas covered approx-
imately half of the present land area of the earth.
false
214.
During the Late Cretaceous, forests grow in coastal Antarctica and in Canada as far north as 85 degrees N latitude.
true
215.
By the Middle Jurassic, sea level began to rise again, continuing to a high level in the _____.
Late Cretaceous
216.
true
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During the Early Cretaceous, conifers became domi-
nant over cycads.
217.
During the Jurassic, western North America was cov-
ered by expansive eolian sands.
true
218.
The continued warm climate of the Late Cretaceous, combined with higher than average seafloor spread-
ing rates, resulted in the highest sea level of the Mesozoic.
true
219.
Plate tectonic events inhibited early dinosaur disper-
sal.
false
220.
Flowering trees and grasses evolved in the Middle Triassic.
false
221.
Higher Late Jurassic sea level flooded the low-lying portions of continents creating _____ sea.
an epicontinental
222.
Higher average temperatures cause some expansion of ocean waters and raise sea level.
true
223.
The rise of Late Jurassic sea level continued into the Cretaceous.
true
224.
The Late Jurassic partial breakup of Pangaea and higher sea level increased the proximity of large land areas to the moisture of the ocean; as a result, climate became more continental (warmer with less season-
ality) and drier.
false
225.
Closer towards the margins of Pangaea, _____ cli-
mates of alternating wet and dry seasons were com-
mon.
monsoonal
226.
The lack of global glaciation would case sea level to be
higher than today
227.
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Most sea level change during more recent (last 2 million years) geologic time has been the result of
changes in glacial ice volume
228.
If the average rate of seafloor spreading increases on a global basis, ridge volume decreases.
false
229.
During the Cretaceous, cool temperate forests cov-
ered the polar regions where there was seasonal snowfall and thick ice sheets.
false
230.
For most of the Mesozoic, _____ occurred along the western margin of North America causing the forma-
tion of volcanic arcs and numerous collisional events of volcanic arcs and microcontinents.
subduction
231.
Monsoons are caused by seasonal differences in temperatures and atmospheric pressure between oceans and continents.
true
232.
The average elevation of physiographic regions of the ocean basins can change over time, as a conse-
quence of changes in the rates of _____.
seafloor spread-
ing
233.
If the average rates of seafloor spreading increases on a global basis, ridge volume decreases.
false
234.
At the peak of the Mesozoic warmth, in the Creta-
ceous, the pole-to-equator temperature gradient was probably no more than _____ degrees Celsius.
20
235.
At their maximum, Cretaceous seas covered approx-
imately half of the present land area of Earth.
false
236.
Dry and hot desert conditions persisted in many in-
terior continental areas of Pangaea during the Early and Middle Jurassic.
true
237.
During the Late Jurassic, an interior seaway called the _____ Sea formed in North America, extending from the Arctic almost to the Gulf of Mexico.
Sundance
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238.
The Tethys Sea dividied Africa from Europe in the Middle Jurassic, separating African dinosaurs from their cousins to the North.
true
239.
Rocks of the upper Jurassic contain more diverse and abundant dinosaur fossils than those of the ear-
lier Jurassic.
true
240.
Although Pangaea was beginning to rift apart in the _____, the still-connected continents facilitated wide-
spread dispersal of the dinosaurs.
Triassic
241.
Rocks of the Upper Jurassic contain more diverse and abundant dinosaur fossils than those of the ear-
lier Jurassic.
true
242.
Late Cretaceous sea level was so high that if flooded the entire Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains of the Unit-
ed States.
true
243.
The Connecticut River Valley was a Mesozoic ____ containing abundant dinosaur footprints.
rift basin
244.
This group of plants that was extinct except in Asia but later reintroduced to the rest of the world by man
ginkgoes
245.
An ancient group of conifers is the family _____ that still grows today in the Southern Hemisphere.
araucariaceae
246.
Simple non-vascular plants like _____ were among the earliest land plants.
bryophytes
247.
All the modern conifer families were already mem-
bers of the early Mesozoic landscape.
true
248.
_____ are seedless, spore-producing, vascular plants whose reproductive system ties them to moist envi-
ronments.
ferns
249.
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_____ grow in wet or damp areas often carpeting rocks and decaying wood on the forest floor.
sphagnum moss-
es
250.
The elevation above which trees cannot grow be-
cause of snow and very cold temperatures is known as the _____.
tree line
251.
Fossil fruit has never been in Mesozoic sedimentary rocks.
false
252.
For most of Earth history, the land has been virtually void of all plant life.
true
253.
During the _____, angiosperms began overcoming non-flowering plants as the dominant land plants.
Cretaceous Peri-
od
254.
Ferns are ancient plants dating back long before di-
nosaurs.
true
255.
Seedless vascular plants were the earliest land plants.
false
256.
Our solar system is about _____ years old.
4.6 billion
257.
The Late Triassic decline in the distribution and abun-
dance of these plants may be the result of increased grazing by dinosaur herbivores.
seed ferns
258.
The angiosperm reproductive system is enhanced by insect pollination.
true
259.
_____ are seed-producing plants where the seed is not exposed (not enclosed, e.g. woody scales of pinecones)
gymnosperms
260.
High-browsing _____ declined markedly between the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous.
sauropods
261.
Seed ferns are among the earliest seed-producing plants.
true
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262.
The first large forests of vascular plants filled wet-
lands during the _____ Period.
Devonian
263.
Sphagnum or peat moss is an example of a _____.
bryophyte
264.
The earlist vascular plants date back to the _____ Period.
Silurian
265.
_____ plants are those lacking specialized cells for the movement of nutrients and water.
non-vascular
266.
Spores are produced in structures called _____ (e.g. the prominent brown spots on the underside of fern fronds).
sporangia
267.
A modern statistical technique to determine phyloge-
ny is called _____.
cladistic analysis
268.
DNA is located in the cell nucleus and is composed of two helical spiral strands known as _____.
double helix
269.
The natural variability of inherited characteristics of a species is known as its
phenotypyic varia-
tion
270.
Both sympatric and allopathic speciation are consid-
ered to be forms of phyletic gradualism because they would produce in the fossil record a full range of inter-
mediate forms between the ancestor and descendant species.
true
271.
An Essay on the Principles of Population by _____ in 1798 stated that populations increase geometrically while food increases arithmetically, and there is a continuous struggle for food.
Thomas Malthus
272.
Each nucleus contains protein strands of nucleic ma-
terial called chromosomes that have paired strands of large molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid known by the abbreviation _____.
DNA
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273.
_____ makes species better suited to their environ-
ment and prevents less adapted members from repro-
ducing.
natural selection
274.
Charles Darwin discovered the basic laws of heredity.
false
275.
In the 1970s, a form of speciation was proposed called _____.
punctuated equi-
librium
276.
The first part of a species name includes the _____ the species belongs to.
genus
277.
Darwin noted that in the struggle for life, not all off-
spring survive; in fact, there is a high mortality rate and only those that are the _____ survive.
fittest
278.
When dealing with extinct groups of organisms, what constitutes a new species is based on anatomical or morphological differences.
true
279.
If paleontologists interpretation of the evolutionary history of a group of organisms is correct, its phy-
logeny is _____, containing a group of organisms with a single ancestor and containing all the descen-
dants of the ancestor.
monophyletic
280.
Mendel suggested that flowers have two possible ge-
netic factors with a dominant _____ and a recessive _____ and that the color of the offspring's flower could be predicted mathematically based upon the possible combinations of recessive and dominant genes.
allele
281.
A section of Darwin's evidence regarding evolution entitled "Rudimentary, atrophied, or aborted organs" referred to remnants or vestiges of features no longer used.
true
282.
A system of biological classification was established by _____ in the 18th century.
Carolus Linnaeus
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283.
During replication of DNA, the two strands of the DNA double helix separate along the bases, producing a single-stranded near replica of itself, RNA, which the genetic code messenger to the _____.
ribosome
284.
Stratophenic techniques have replaced cladistic analysis in modern studies of dinosaur phylogeny.
false
285.
Prior to Charles Darwin's famous book, another natu-
ralist had already begun the discussion on the nature of origin of the new species.
true
286.
Sympatric and allopatric speciation are forms of _____.
phyletic gradual-
ism
287.
Which of the following is an amniotic tetrapod
a dinosaur
288.
The dinosaurs arose from the Amniota clade which divided into two major clades, the
synapsida and reptilia
289.
The Reptilia include two important clades, the Anap-
sida and the Diapsida, and all their descendants.
true
290.
The ancestry of dinosaurs has the Tetrapoda divided into two major groups, the non-amniotes and the am-
niotes.
true
291.
In the Ornithischia, the pelvis (ischia) is like that of birds (ornithos), and at least a part of the pevlis runs posteriorly.
true
292.
Human beings, hummingbirds, crocodiles, and whales are all
amniotes
293.
These marine reptile groups are diapsids
ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs
294.
This synapsid is a pelycosaur with a large, nar-
row head bearing dagger-like teeth and long neural Dimetrodon
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spines on the vertebrate, giving the back a sail-like appearance.
295.
The term "Dinosauria" was coined by this man to refer to a group of distinct archosaurian reptiles with upright posture.
Sir Richard Owens
296.
Dimetrodon was one of the first big land carnivores able to kill large prey.
true
297.
The _____ gave rise to the Lepidosauromorpha, Ar-
chosauria, Dinosauria, and Pterosauria.
diapsida
298.
This order of Dinosauria has "the pubis directed for-
ward...and no posterior limb of the bone (pubis) is developed." To put it in other words, the pubis is directed forward (anteriorly) and slightly downward and ischium points back.
Saurishia
299.
Modern and fossil turtles are anapsids and _____.
lack skull fenestra
300.
Synapsids are very diverse and underwent evolution-
ary radiation (diversification) during the
late paleozoic era
301.
All mammals are synapsids.
true
302.
Amniotes are all vertebrates that posses an extra embryonic layer called an
amnion
303.
Living groups of non-amniotic tetratpods, or the mod-
ern Amphibia are now placed in the Lissamphibia.
true
304.
Non-amniotic tetrapods have a reproductive link to water because they lay unprotected eggs which quickly dessicate out of water.
true
305.
Harry Seely divided dinosaurs into two distinct or-
ders based upon the characteristics of the _____.
pelvis
306.
Tetrapods include all four-legged vertebrates.
true
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307.
Heavy equipment (backhoes, bulldozers, etc.) is nev-
er used to removed thick sequences of overburden covering dinosaur bones.
false
308.
Topographic maps do not provide information about
the age of surface rocks
309.
Dinosaur bones with numerous fractures are stabi-
lized prior to removal from the excavation site by _____.
brushing a syn-
thetic glue on them
310.
Most museums no longer mount the original di-
nosaur bones but make casts in fiberglass or other resins.
true
311.
By downloading a topographic map to a GPS unit you can plot your route and position on a topographic map in real time.
true
312.
Park visitors are allowed to collect fossils and rocks in some of the National Parks System.
false
313.
At modern dinosaur excavation sites, the area being excavated is divided into a measured grid so the location and position of all bones can be recorded.
true
314.
_____ are used to assist in looking for fossils in the overburden.
sieves
315.
Licenses are often required for import and export of equipment and fossils.
true
316.
Dinosaur remains are typically found
on slopes where there is no active erosion
317.
_____ is the mass of sediment sitting atop the di-
nosaur skeleton.
overburden
318.
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Which of the following tools are used to remove sed-
imentary rock from around dinosaur bones
all of these (chis-
els, screwdrivers, scrappers, and icepicks)
319.
The process of dinosaur excavation begins by mark-
ing out the site to be excavated.
true
320.
Geological maps are useful in identifying rocks of Mesozoic age for examination of dinosaur remains.
true
321.
In the field, jacketed bones are isolated on a pedestal to _____.
facilitate turning them over
322.
The outer layers of a plaster jacket can be removed with a chisel and hammer, but the inside layers must be removed using more precise tools such as a _____.
dental cutting wheel
323.
The Mygatt-Moore Quarry shown in the video is locat-
ed _____.
on the Utah-Col-
orado border
324.
Regions of topographic maps with contours close together represent
steeper topogra-
phy than regions where they are widely spaced
325.
United States scientists obtain most of their funding from which one of the following sources
National Science Foundation
326.
Topographic maps reveal changes in elevation, roads, trails, structures, political boundaries, springs, wells, etc.
true
327.
In the years _____, large-scale discoveries of di-
nosaurs in Europe and the United States offered the first large-scale glimpse of whole dinosaurs.
1877 and 1878
328.
The term "dinosaur" derives from the Greek word "dinosaurian" which means fighting lizard.
false
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329.
The first relatively complete dinosaur skeleton was completed in 1883.
true
330.
Numerous dinosaurs were found in 1877 in a Bernissart, Belgium _____.
coal mine
331.
The prominent place of dinosaurs in our museums today is a legacy of Cope and Marsh, two men who brought natural history into the lives of every child of generations to come.
true
332.
This individual described the first relatively complete North American dinosaur and later became the presi-
dent of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia.
Joseph Leidy
333.
Mosasaurus means _____.
Meuse lizard
334.
The journal of this famous expedition suggests it may have discovered dinosaur bones though none were collected or sketched.
Louis and Clark
335.
Fossil dinosaurs found in the Canadian province of Alberta are what age
Cretaceous
336.
The first credited publication of dinosaur remains was by _____ in 1824.
William Buckland
337.
Between 1910 and 1917, a great Canadian dinosaur rush began where
the Red Deer Riv-
er valley
338.
Edward Hitchcock, a president and professor at Amherst College, described, illlustrated, and collect-
ed dinosaur footprints from
the Connecticut Valley
339.
The most prolific finds of dinosaur remains in the United States, during the late 1800s to early 1900s, came from this region.
the West
340.
East Africa
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The first great international expedition to hunt di-
nosaur remains was by the Germans (1907-1912) to
341.
Othniel Charles Marsh (1831-1899) was a professor of paleontology at the Peabody Museum of this Unvier-
sity.
Yale
342.
The American Museum of Natural History expeditions to Asia, led by Roy Chapman Andrews, collected in ______.
the Gobi Desert of China and Mongo-
lia
343.
In 1858, the first relatively complete dinosaur to be found in the United States was found in this eastern state.
New Jersey
344.
Thousands of dinosaur bones were sent back to east-
ern museums from Como Bluffs by way of _____
train
345.
The Cope and Marsh dinosaur discoveries in Col-
orado and Wyoming were from the Triassic.
false
346.
_____ are paired bones that make up the rear dorsal surface of the dinosaur skull.
parietal bones
347.
_____ refers to the opening of the temporal region of the skull.
supratemporal fenestra
348.
The metacarpals are the bones between the carpals and phalanges.
true
349.
The shoulder girdle of dinosaurs consists of the
scapula and smaller coracoid
350.
_____ are paired bones at the posterior of the skull.
squamosals
351.
A spool-shaped structure in the ventral side of a vertebra, which connects to the same structure of adjacent vertebrae, is called a _____.
centrum
352.
chevron
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Many caudal vertebrae have an arch-like structure called a _____ ventral to the centrum.
353.
_____ vertebrae are those of the tail
caudal
354.
The average dinosaur skeleton contains approxi-
mately 300 bones.
true
355.
The scapula bone is the largest bone at shoulder girdle.
true
356.
_____ means pertaining toward the rear end of the dinosaur.
posterior
357.
The _____ connects the pelvis with the sacral verte-
brae along the medial surface.
ilium
358.
The _____ is the larger of the two forearm/forelegs.
ulna
359.
_____ refers to the back side of the dinosaur.
dorsal
360.
The three main bones of the hind limb are the
femur, fibula, tibia
361.
_____ refers to the belly side of the dinosaur.
ventral
362.
_____ vertebrae are those of the neck, located be-
tween the head and the back.
cervical
363.
Bipedal dinosaurs habitually walked on their hind limbs, always having longer front limbs.
false
364.
Individual vertebrae have a spool-shaped structure on their ventral side called the _____.
centrum
365.
Some dinosaurs had numerous teeth cemented to-
gether to form an extensive shearing and grinding surface called _____.
dental batteries
366.
The metatarsals are the bones between tarsals and phalanges.
true
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367.
_____ refers to the lower opening of temporal region of the skull.
inferior or lateral temporal fenestra
368.
_____ vertebrae are those of the hip region.
sacral
369.
_____ are small bones in front of the eye socket.
lachrymals
370.
_____ are the main bones of the upper jaw joints at the posterior of the skull.
quadrates
371.
_____ means pertaining toward the head end of the dinosaur.
anterior
372.
The _____ is the smaller of the two lower leg bones which is attached to the tibia.
fibula
373.
The _____ is the bony knob connecting the skull to the backbone.
occipital condyle
374.
The _____ is the axis aligned along head-neck-body-tail, an imaginary plane dividing the dinosaur into two equal bilateral parts.
midline
375.
The _____ is the upper forearm or foreleg that con-
nects to the scapula at the shoulder.
humerus
376.
The most common dinosaur skin texture illustrated in the text resembles the surface texture of a _____.
football or basket-
ball
377.
All feathers of feathered dinosaurs are of the downy type.
false
378.
Dinosaur skin pigments have been discovered and are of many colors.
false
379.
Sinornithosaurus millenii has long arms, long, curved claws, and possess a boomerang-shaped fur-
cula or wishbone.
true
380.
true
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Feathers appear to have evolved in dinosaurs for insulation.
381.
In 1884, Wortzman discovered a skin cast of an iguan-
odont called _____.
Trachodon (now Edmontosaurus)
382.
Some of the skin pavement tubercles illustrated by Osborn (1912) are arranged into cluter areas.
true
383.
Most soft tissue is fossilized as a mold or cast.
true
384.
Archaeoraptor liaoningensis, a new species of di-
nosaur first described in National Geographic, con-
clusively established a link between birds and di-
nosaurs.
false
385.
No modern reptiles have skin pigmentation or texture skin.
false
386.
Stomach stones, known as _____, were found in the stomach region of Caudipteryx.
gastroliths
387.
The remarkable mummified dinosaur described by Oscborn (1912) has large unbroken regions of fos-
silized skin of what type of dinosaur.
a hadrosaur
388.
A small oviraptosaur was found in Mongolia with an early evolutionary type of tailbone, the _____.
pygostyle
389.
Textured skin decreases the surface area of a di-
nosaur's skin more so than if it was smooth.
false
390.
Casts and molds of dinosaur skin reveal that most consists of _____.
rounded tuber-
cules
391.
Most dinosaur egg shells are the size of a shot put or softball and are spherical to slightly prolate.
true
392.
Some hatchlings weighing less than 1 kilogram are estimated to have increased their body weight as true
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adults by 400 to over 2000 times their hatchling weight.
393.
An assemblage of fossil dinosaur eggs in close prox-
imity to one another is referred to as a clutch.
true
394.
More egg sites occur in South America than on any other continent.
false
395.
The external texture, internal structure, and composi-
tion of dinosaur eggs is vastly different from that of modern egg-layers.
false
396.
Most dinosaur eggs no longer have anything organic in them.
true
397.
The majority of dinosaur eggs have embryos in them.
false
398.
The relative size of dinosaur bones with respect to each other in a single individual stayed the same during all stages of growth from a juvenile to an adult.
false
399.
The intial definitive discoveries of dinosaur eggs was made in 1922 by an expedition of the American Muse-
um of Natural History to Mongolia.
true
400.
Dinosaur egg-shells have conductance values less than that of bird (avian) egg shells.
false
401.
Dinosaur egg porosity influences the surface texture of dinosaur eggs.
true
402.
Generally the rates of determinate growth in mam-
mals and birds is greater than in reptiles.
true
403.
One of the largest and most spectacular dinosaur rookery sites in the world was recently discov-
ered near Tremp, Spain (web), containing more than 300,000 eggs.
true
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404.
The largest single clutch of dinosaur eggs contains _____.
more than ten eggs
405.
Estimation of dinosaur growth rates depends upon knowing the size of hatchinglings, the full size adult of the same species, and their type of metabolism (warm- or cold-blooded)
true
406.
Monsoons occur where large atmospheric pressure gradients occur between a landmass and the ad-
jacent ocean. Winds off the ocean bring rainfall to the adjacent landmass when atmospheric pressures over the landmass are _____ than over the ocean
lower
407.
During most of the Mesozoic, most of the region oc-
cupied today by California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia was
a volcanic high-
land
408.
The round drum-like portion of this dorsal vertebrae is called the _____.
centrum
409.
The developmental changes in a single individual are known as its _____
ontogenic changes
410.
Mesozoic global climate was _____ than today and _____ weathering processes dominated the weather-
ing of rocks:
warmer, chemical
411.
The earliest forests on earth were what type of plants?
spore-producing plants that lived in wet lowlands
412.
This seed producing tree was once thought to be extinct by westerners but was rediscovered in China where it was nurtured and protected because of its medicinal value.
the ginkgo
413.
During the Jurassic and Cretaceous, a large interior seaway developed in the western interior of the North America between:
Alberta (Canada) and west Texas
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414.
Middle or Late Cretaceous over-browsing of plants by herbaceous dinosaurs aided these new types of plats in colonizing newly grazed areas:
angiosperms
415.
Land plants first appeared
more than a hun-
dred million years before dinosaurs
416.
During the Mesozoic these plants would have domi-
nated dry, cool regions with poor soils
conifers
417.
A greater extent of semi-arid to arid climate existed in the interior of land masses during which of these geological periods
Triassic
418.
The Jurassic Period is sometimes referred to as the Age of _____.
cycads
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