Earth Science and Art History
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Bahria University, Islamabad *
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Geology
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Nov 24, 2024
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Running Head: ESSAY
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Question Responses Earth Science and Art History
Name
Class
Subject
Date
ESSAY
2
Question Responses Earth Science and Art History
Q1
Normal fault
One in which the blocks above and below a dip-slip fault move in opposite directions over the
course of the fault. This type of faulting is brought on by expansion. As a direct consequence of a
movement in the "hanging wall" in comparison to the "foot wall,"
Reserve fault
The dip-slip fault happens when the higher block slides over the lower block and into its
position. Reverse faulting can be found all over the place in regions of compression. When the
dip angle is shallow, a thrust fault is often referred to as a reversal fault. This is because the thrust
direction is reversed. The "foot wall" is either pushed up against or overcome by the "hanging
wall."
Strike-slip fault
A gaping hole that may be seen between the two sections of land. When considering the San
Andreas Fault, a right-lateral fault is appropriate.
If you were to stand on this particular type of strike-slip fault, the block on the left would move
toward you, while the block on the right would move away from you.
These kinds of fault lines are referred to as strike-slip faults because the block on the right moves
in your direction while the block on the left travels away from you.
ESSAY
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Q2
Alpine orogeny
During the Alpine orogeny, mountain ranges in Europe and Asia's west were built (sometimes
called Alpide orogeny). It was during the late Mesozoic epoch when mountains began to form.
When Eurasia and Africa met, they were both migrating north along with a few other smaller
plates. There are still dinosaurs around today, thousands of years after the Mesozoic era ended.
The chalk hills of southern England and northern France are part of the 'Weald–Artois Anticline,'
a product of the Alpine orogeny. Southern England's North and South Downs provide
archaeological evidence for this. In Alum Bay and Whitecliff Bay on the Isle of Wight, and near
Lulworth Cove in Dorset, chalk and the overlying Eocene strata exhibit signs of its effect.
Appalachian Mountains
The Appalachian Mountains are one of the most significant mountain ranges in eastern and
northern North America. As far back as the Ordovician Period, the Appalachians were formed.
The Alps and the Rockies used to be higher than these peaks, but nature has worn them to
nothingness. The Appalachian Mountains, with their alternating ridgelines and valleys, act as a
traffic barrier between east and west, blocking most roads and train tracks in their path.
lvar Néstor Cabeza, a member of the Narváez expedition, discovered an indigenous settlement in
what is now Tallahassee, Florida in 1528 and named it Apalchen or Apalachen for the expedition
members. The Spanish dubbed the Apalachee tribe and territory "Apalachee" as a result of this
name change. Pánfilo de Narváez's voyage first discovered and called Apalachee country on June
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ESSAY
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15, 1528. "Appalachian" is the fourth-oldest place name in Europe currently in use in the United
States.
Q3
This led in the creation of a core that was rich in iron and nickel as a result of the minerals
sinking. Mineral-rich magma that was less dense than the rest of the magma made it to the
surface. Iron, magnesium, and calcium-rich silicate minerals make up the bulk of the Earth's
mantle. In between the Earth's core and the magma layer, the Earth's mantle exists.
When our solar system was forming, Earth was one of the first planets to emerge. This date is
based on meteorites and moon rocks. Over a span of several hundred million years, it is possible
that the Earth's surface was remelted numerous times by the impacts of extremely huge asteroids.
Over 3.8 billion years elapsed during this first onslaught.
It was at this time that the Earth's strata began to diversify and the planet began to cool. A core
rich in iron and nickel was formed as a result of the sinking of dense minerals. a silicate-rich
magma, which was less dense and more buoyant than the surrounding magma, reached the top of
the volcano. Iron, magnesium, and calcium-rich silicate minerals are concentrated in Earth's
mantle, which is the planet's lowest layer. It is also the closest layer to the core.
Eventually, as the lava cooled, it solidified into a crust rich in silica and aluminium. A thick layer
of basalt and gabbro lies embedded deep within the ocean's crust. The granitic nature of the less
dense continental crust is evident in its composition.
Q4
ESSAY
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Failure of structures and quaking of the ground
The shaking of the ground that occurs during an earthquake is referred to by its technical name,
ground vibration. The earthquake increases the risk of a number of hazards, including
liquefaction and landslides, amongst others. The majority of earthquake damage is caused by
seismic waves that move beneath things including houses, roads, and other built environments.
Rupture of the surface and displacement of the ground
The most dangerous effect of earthquakes is the rupture of the surface. Movement in either the
vertical or horizontal planes may be the culprit on either side of a ruptured fault. Large-scale
ground upheaval has the potential to cause serious damage to a variety of infrastructure,
including buildings, roadways, railroads, and pipelines.
Landslides
Earthquakes have the potential to set off landslides and mudslides, in particular in locations
where the soil is saturated with water. A landslide can cause severe injuries or even death to a
wide variety of living things, including people, trees, animals, buildings, and automobiles. In
addition, they are capable of causing gridlock and power disruptions.
Q5
1.
Steps such as diverting the flow, cooling the oncoming front, or detonating explosives in
front of the lava flow can theoretically be taken to prevent it from advancing. Precautions
of this nature, however, are rarely very effective. Volcanic lava rises to the surface of an
ESSAY
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active vent in a slow-moving mass of highly viscous material. The frequent collapse of
such domes might generate contaminated ash and obstruct flows. This is not a good thing.
2.
Even after an eruption, harmful or even dangerous gases can be released from a volcano.
The gases are conveyed away from the vent in the form of acid aerosols, chemicals
absorbed on tephra, and microscopic salt particles. The eyes, skin and respiratory systems
of animals can be harmed even in low concentrations of sulphur compounds, chlorine and
fluorine. Many individuals are killed by volcanic gases, even though they smell bad and
are highly hazardous. When there is an early warning, it's crucial to conduct more
thorough research and keep a close eye on the area where it occurs.
3.
Volcanic ashfalls offer little immediate hazard to human life, other from the collapse of
roofs and structures due to the weight of ash. There can be substantial damage to
agriculture and industry even at great distances from a vent. Preparation and thought
ahead can help reduce the risks of tephra falls. Remove tephra from roofs, build steeply
sloped walls and floors to catch the rainwater runoff, design machine filter systems to
catch the runoff, and put on respirators or wet towels over your mouth and nose are all
part of the answer.
4.
These eruptions, which produce pyroclastic flows and low-dense surges, pose the greatest
threat. A pyroclastic flow is a mixture of volcanic gases and ash that is released into the
atmosphere after a volcanic eruption. A few can reach 900°C and travel at speeds of up to
several hundred metres per second. Early warning is nearly difficult for this volcanic
eruption. If the snow or glacier covering the volcano melts, pyroclastic flows can form,
which can be exceedingly dangerous. Only by evacuating areas at risk of being affected
by pyroclastic flows can the danger be reduced.
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ESSAY
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Q6
While no two volcanoes are exactly alike, there are a few characteristics that are present in all of
them. Magma chambers, where liquified rock as well as gases build up pressure, are involved in
the creation of volcanoes. A volcanic pipe eventually allows the gas and magma to escape the
Earth's crust. An eruption occurs when the pressure in the pipe reaches a level that causes a
breach in the crust. When magma is ejected from a volcano, lava is generated.
Volcanoes can form when the Earth's crustal plates, known as tectonic plates, crack. When
moving, they might bump against one another and slide above or below one another along the
borders. They can also separate, leaving a void where they once were. Magnum rises from the
crust without the need for a vent or volcanic conduit to form. As a result of a crack or fissure in
the Earth's crust, these eruptions are known as fissure-related eruptions.
After an eruption, a crater might form on a volcano's top. On the surface of volcanic craters,
there is a depression known as a rim. Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980, creating a mile-wide
crater in the earth.
When a volcanic explosion completely empties a magma chamber, an implosion occurs. Because
of the Earth's crust collapsing, a caldera is a large, deep pit. The name is derived from the Latin
word for cauldron or boiling pot. Volcanic eruptions at Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming,
more than two million years ago, formed multiple large calderas. Yellowstone Lake, which
covers an area of around 130 square miles, was formed over one of these calderas. Volcanic hot
springs in Yellowstone are hypothesised to be the result of an on-site magma spring. The Mount
St. Helens crater is another example of a caldera.
ESSAY
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Q7
Plate tectonics are a common cause of volcanic activity. As the tectonic plates separate, many
new volcanoes emerge along the boundary of the plates, whether on land or at sea.
Vulcanic activity occurs when two tectonic plates slide beneath each other at subduction zones.
This is the place where. In subduction, one plate of the oceanic lithosphere slides beneath
another plate of continental lithosphere. Subduction releases ocean plate fluids locked beneath
the Earth's crust when it enters the Earth's mantle, which is a hotter layer than the crust. Water
and carbon dioxide from the ocean can reach the higher plate, partially melting the upper crust
and creating lava. It's natural to associate the word "magma" with the natural phenomenon that is
the eruption of volcanoes. The Andes and the Peru Trench were formed by the subduction of the
Nazca Plate under South America, and the Juan de Fuca Plate was subducted under North
America, illustrating the link between subduction zones and volcanoes.
Oceanic tectonic plate convergence and divergence are common occurrences ( diverge). Plate
tectonics causes an upheaval of the ocean floor, giving rise to the mid-ocean ridge where
volcanoes can form. Hence Magma from the Earth's upper mantle fills these cracks. Fresh crust
forms around cracks as the lava cools. The mid-ocean ridges are made up of a vast network of
undersea volcanoes.
Q8
Dike
ESSAY
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This type of rock sheet originates when an existing rock mass cracks, hence the name "dike" or
"dyke." Magma or sediment can result in the formation of dikes. Open fractures allow magma to
enter and produce a sheet intrusion that can break through layers of rock or a single bulk. A
clastic dike is constructed by depositing sediment into an existing crack.
Sill
A sill is a tabular sheet intrusion that has been placed between previous sedimentary rock layers,
volcanic rock lava (or tuff) beds, or along the foliation direction of metamorphic rock. It is a type
of sill. A sill, as opposed to a slab, is an intrusive sheet that conforms to the existing rock strata.
A large magma chamber is constructed by piling sills on top of one another to accommodate the
increased flow of magma. Rather than cutting through older rocks, this sort of intrusive sheet is
discordant.
Batholith
More than 40 square miles of cooled magma constitutes an immense amount of intrusive rock
known as the batholith (also known as plutonic rock). Common batholithic rock types such as
granite, quartz monzonite, or diorite all contain felsic or intermediate rock types (see also granite
dome).
Stock
This type of geological feature is known as a stock when it occupies less than 100 square
kilometres (40 square miles). There is an imbalance in the way a stock interacts with the rocks it
comes into contact with. Several stocks have batholiths hidden within them.
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ESSAY
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Q9
The Realist movement in French painting spanned roughly from 1840 until the turn of the
twentieth century, and its goal was to reflect modern life as accurately and objectively as
possible. Its own popularity didomed this endeavour to modify pictorial art in the long run.
When it came to commissioned oil paintings, many North American industrialists in the late
1800s favoured the French Realists over the Impressionists.
One of the main characteristics of the American Realism movement was how it depicted ordinary
people's everyday routines in relation to contemporary socioeconomic realities through art,
music, and literature. After beginning in literature, the movement swiftly expanded to visual art
in the early twentieth century, where it became a major trend. American Realism was created to
challenge and reject Romanticism's emphasis on emotion, imagination, and the individual.
However, it was not until after the Civil War that the movement gained notoriety and power,
despite its origins dating back to the 1830s. Both American Realism and French Realism are very
similar in terms of their aesthetics and purposes. American Realism's significance may be even
higher when the country's acclaim is taken into consideration. All realists have played an
important role in moulding our art history, but one specific group holds an unique place in the
hearts of Americans.
Q10
A painting by Titian, "Venus of Urbino," influences Manet's "Olympia," a work that breaks its
own rules. Both bear an uncanny likeness, and it's tough to ignore it. Because her left hand
covers her genitals, Olympia's right arm bends in the same way as Titian's Venus's. The public
ESSAY
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was incensed by Manet's Olympia, which critics dubbed a "unfinished, slapdash conclusion" and
which the Parisian populace deemed "shameful and vulgar.". Titian painted Venus of Urbino in
the midst of his productive career, when he was already known for his meticulous brushstrokes.
His work was mostly commissioned by nobles and religious figures of great wealth. His birth in
1855 marked the beginning of impressionism's development. From 1855 to 1881, he had a
successful career.
To see the difference between the rough and uneven strokes of Manet against the smooth and
even strokes of Titian, use the cushion. As a result of Manet's significant use of tenebrism and the
elimination of half tones, the paleness of Olympia's exposed skin stood out against the dark
background. With the addition of two white-clad women, the harsh contrast between the naked
and white-clad women is softened. There are considerably more clothed people in the photo than
naked people, thus this contrast is critical. As a result, Manet advises viewers to ignore the
painting's apparent realism and instead focus on the sensual appeal of the subject. A striking
white-and-black contrast characterises the image of "Olympia". The "Venus of Urbino" by Titian
lacks delicate shadows that indicate depth. When it comes to this, "Olympia" fails badly, unable
to transport the viewer into a tan-perfect Olympic nudity's utopia. The ideal nudity of real
sexuality does not require precise categorization.
Q11
To create impressionism, artists from a variety of fields joined together in France. The use of
light and colour was a key theme throughout the exhibition. The impressionists influenced
Georges Seurat, but he also developed his own distinctive style during this time period.
Impressionistic art can be seen in the artwork A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande
ESSAY
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Jatte. The colour palette and style of this piece have been influenced by impressionism. The
painting's primary goal is to capture the essence of the moment through the use of
impressionism. A certain quality of this picture invites a variety of readings and interpretations.
Claude Monet's paintings, in particular, were a key influence on the composition's visual and
emotional sense. In this painting, Seurat used a large canvas to establish a historical style of
painting. Using light and colour were two further components of impressionism that Seurat
incorporated into his own style. Seurat's work was influenced greatly by Puvis, a fellow artist.
This picture has a classical style that resembles that of Puvis. There was little movement, and the
geometric structure was sparse, yet the focus was placed on harmony. However, Seurat started a
new trend called Chromoluminarism that was completely different from anything that had come
before in these areas. Using this process, a wider range of vibrant and eye-catching hues was
achieved. Divisionism, a technique evolved from impressionism, had a whole new approach to
colour. At times, he used figures that were both unusual and realistic. Georges Seurat was the
driving force behind the Neo-Impressionist movement thanks to a crucial breakthrough he made.
He became a great impact in painting as a result of Seurat's new colour system, which was
copied by many artists of the time. One of the most important influences on this artwork was
impressionism, which was current and focused on a specific subject area. Size, colour, and
illumination of the canvas In terms of harmony, the geometric design, and absence of movement,
are all important aspects. Realism was evident in his depiction of figures, his use of colour
innovation, and other aspects of his work.
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ESSAY
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References
Segall, P. (2010). Earthquake and volcano deformation. In
Earthquake and Volcano Deformation
.
Princeton University Press.
McCaffrey, R. (2009). The tectonic framework of the Sumatran subduction zone.
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of Earth and Planetary Sciences
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(1), 345-366.
Marques, F. O., Catalão, J., Hildenbrand, A., Costa, A. C. G., & Dias, N. A. (2014). The 1998
Faial earthquake, Azores: Evidence for a transform fault associated with the Nubia–Eurasia
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