Earth_Science_Review_4_-_Modules_10-11_-_Earths_Crust-Geological_History

A) thinner and less dense B) thinner and more dense C) thicker and less dense D) thicker and more dense 5. The map below shows the continent of Australia. Letters A and B indicate locations on Earth's crustal surface. Compared to the crust at A , the crust at B is A) thicker, with a less dense granitic composition B) thicker, with a more dense basaltic composition C) thinner, with a less dense granitic composition D) thinner, with a more dense basaltic composition 6. Compared to the oceanic crust, the continental crust is usually Base your answers to questions 7 and 8 on the diagram below, which represents zones of Earth's interior, identified by letters A through E . The scale shows depths below Earth's surface, measured in kilometers. A) A B) B C) E D) D 7. The Moho is a boundary located in zone A) 650 km B) 1600 km C) 2250 km D) 2900 km 8. What is the approximate thickness of zone C ?

A) B) C) D) 14. Which table correctly matches the average density and composition of continental and oceanic crusts? A) 0.2 million atmosphere B) 1.5 million atmospheres C) 3.1 million atmospheres D) 3.6 million atmospheres 15. The pressure at the interface between Earth's outer core and inner core is inferred to be A) less dense and more mafic B) less dense and more felsic C) more dense and less mafic D) more dense and less felsic 16. Compared to the density and composition of the oceanic crust, the continental crust is A) less dense and more felsic B) less dense and more mafic C) more dense and more felsic D) more dense and more mafic 17. Compared to the average density and composition of oceanic crust, continental crust is A) 3.1 million atmospheres pressure and an interior temperature of 6300°C B) 3.1 million atmospheres pressure and an interior temperature of 6700°C C) 3.6 million atmospheres pressure and an interior temperature of 6300°C D) 3.6 million atmospheres pressure and an interior temperature of 6700°C 18. What are the inferred pressure and interior temperature at the boundary between Earth's outer core and inner core? A) asthenosphere B) stiffer mantle C) outer core D) inner core 19. Which layer of Earth's interior is inferred to be composed of solid iron and nickel?

A) uplift B) faulting C) metamorphism D) downwarping 27. The cross section below indicates the geologic ages of the bedrock beneath the state of Michigan. These rocks formed from sediments deposited in an ancient depositional basin. This region is called the Michigan Basin. Glacial deposits cover most of the surface. Which process most likely caused the formation of the Michigan Basin?

32. Base your answer to the following question on the contour map below. Points A , B , C , D , X , and Y are locations on the map. Elevations are expressed in feet. The maximum elevation of Basket Dome is indicated at point X . A) metamorphism from crustal plate collision B) uplift from crustal plate movement C) recent flooding from changes in worldwide sea level D) volcanism from seafloor spreading Fossils of trilobites and eurypterids found in the rock near the top of Basket Dome provide evidence that this map area has most likely undergone A) the cold water deep in the ocean kills shallow-water organisms B) sunlight once penetrated to the deepest parts of the ocean C) organisms that live in deep water evolved from species that once lived in shallow water D) sections of the Earth's crust have changed their elevations relative to sea level 33. Fossils of organisms that lived in shallow water can be found in horizontal sedimentary rock layers at great ocean depths. This fact is generally interpreted by most Earth scientists as evidence that A) zones of igneous activity at mid-ocean ridges B) heat-flow measurements on coastal plains C) marine fossiIs on mountaintops D) shallow-water fossils beneath the deep ocean 34. Evidence of crustal subsidence (sinking) is provided by

39. Base your answer to the following question on the map below which shows part of the earthquake damage field that resulted from the earthquake that occurred in Northridge, in southern California, in January 1994. Several sites associated with the earthquake and earthquake damage are shown. A) the regional seismograph stations were closest to zone IX B) of local conditions at zone IX C) zone IX was reached first by earthquake waves D) zone IX was at the epicenter of the earthquake The greatest surface damage occurred in zone IX because A) arrival time of the first P -wave B) difference in arrival times between P- and S -waves C) distance to the epicenter D) energy released by an earthquake 40. The magnitude of an earthquake is a number that represents the A) S -waves travel slower than P -waves. B) S -waves travel faster than P -waves. C) Earth's inner core absorbs S -waves. D) Earth's outer core absorbs S -waves. 41. Why are P -waves received, but S -waves are not received by seismic stations located on the opposite side of Earth from an earthquake epicenter?

Base your answers to questions 48 and 49 on the map and table below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows the zones of observed effects reported after a 1944 earthquake that occurred near Massena, New York. The isolines on the map are boundaries between zones of observed effects described in the Modified Mercalli Scale table. Four cities are labeled on the map.

A) hard igneous rock B) sedimentary rock C) coarse sediments D) silt and mud 52. The diagram below represents the intensity of the shaking that occurs on different Earth surfaces during the same earthquake. The greatest earthquake hazard to homes exists when they are built on

53. Base your answer to the following question on the map and the modified Mercalli scale shown below. The map shows the intensities of the earthquake that occurred slightly southwest of New Madrid, Missouri, on December 16, 1811. The epicenter of this earthquake is represented by *. The Roman numerals on the mapshow zones of earthquake intensities determined by using the modified Mercalli scale. A) the arrival time of the first P -wave recorded at each city B) the recorded time difference in the arrival of the first P -wave and S -wave at each city C) observations made at different locations during and after the earthquake D) observations made only at the earthquake epicenter The intensity numbers shown on the map were determined by

A) some parts of the core are liquid B) S -waves travel too slowly C) the distance to seismic station A is too great D) seismic station A is located on glacial ice 54. The cross section of Earth below shows a P -wave moving away from an earthquake epicenter to seismic station A . No S -waves arrive directly at seismic station A because A) 8 minutes 50 seconds B) 10 minutes 00 seconds C) 12 minutes 00 seconds D) 12 minutes 50 seconds 55. The first S -wave reaches a seismic station 22 minutes after an earthquake occurred. How long did it take the first P -wave to reach the same seismic station? A) 10:03:00 a.m. B) 10:03:40 a.m. C) 10:09:40 a.m. D) 10:10:20 a.m. 56. The epicenter of an earthquake was located 1800 kilometers from a seismic recording station. If the S -wave arrived at the seismic station at 10:06:40 a.m., at what time did the P -wave arrive at the same seismic station? A) 1000 km B) 2000 km C) 2600 km D) 5600 km 57. An earthquake occurs at 10:05 a.m. At 10:09 a.m., the first P -wave from this earthquake is detected at a seismic station. Approximately how many kilometers (km) from the epicenter is this seismic station located? A) 15 minutes B) 12 minutes C) 9 minutes D) 4 minutes 58. If it takes a P -wave five minutes to travel from the epicenter of an earthquake to a seismic station, approximately how long will it take an S -wave to travel that same distance?

59. Base your answer to the following question on the seismogram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. A) The time difference between the arrival of the first P -wave and S -wave would be less than 4 minutes. B) The time difference between the arrival of the first P -wave and S -wave would be greater than 4 minutes. C) P -waves would be recorded, but no S -waves would arrive. D) S -waves would be recorded, but no P -waves would arrive. Which statement best describes the arrival of P -waves and S -waves recorded at a station located closer to the epicenter of this same earthquake? A) 7:03:00 p.m., and the S -wave arrived at this station at 7:12:40 p.m. B) 7:03:00 p.m., and the S -wave arrived at this station at 7:15:40 p.m. C) 7:17:00 p.m., and the S -wave arrived at this station at 7:12:40 p.m. D) 7:17:00 p.m., and the S -wave arrived at this station at 7:15:40 p.m. 60. A seismic recording station located 4000 kilometers from the epicenter of an earthquake received the first P -wave at 7:10:00 p.m. (h:min:s). Other information that could be determined from this recording was that the earthquake occurred at approximately A) 9:49 a.m. B) 9:56 a.m. C) 10:02 a.m. D) 10:14 a.m. 61. The first P -wave of an earthquake travels 5600 kilometers from the epicenter and arrives at a seismic station at 10:05 a.m. At what time did this earthquake occur? A) 7:20 p.m. B) 7:25 p.m. C) 7:32 p.m. D) 7:39 p.m. 62. A seismograph station recorded the arrival of the first P-wave at 7:32 p.m. from an earthquake that occurred 4000 kilometers away. What time was it at the station when the earthquake occurred?

63. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows models of two types of earthquake waves. A) amount of damage caused by an earthquake B) intensity of an earthquake C) distance to the epicenter of an earthquake D) time of occurrence of the next earthquake The difference in seismic station arrival times of the two waves represented by the models helps scientists determine the 64. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents seismic stations A , B , and C . The distance from each station to an earthquake’s epicenter is plotted. A) 1:24:45 a.m. B) 5:21:05 a.m. C) 5:28:45 a.m. D) 9:24:05 a.m. The P -wave of an earthquake originating 2,600 kilometers from seismic station A arrived at 5:24:45 a.m. What was the arrival time of the S -wave from the same earthquake? A) transform plate boundary B) divergent plate boundary C) convergent plate boundary D) complex plate boundary 65. The photograph below shows a portion of the San Andreas Fault in the western United States. The San Andreas Fault is an example of a

A) Antarctic Plate and Indian–Australian Plate B) Philippine Plate and Eurasian Plate C) African Plate and North American Plate D) Scotia Plate and South American Plate 66. The block diagram below represents the formation of an island arc near a plate boundary. An island arc is located near the boundary between which two tectonic plates? Base your answers to questions 67 through 69 on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Island Arcs Island arcs are long, curved chains of oceanic islands associated with seismic activity and mountain-building processes at certain plate boundaries. They occur where oceanic tectonic plates collide. Along one side of these island arcs, there is usually a long, narrow deep-sea trench. At island arcs, the denser plate is subducted and is forced into the partially molten mantle under the less dense plate. The islands are composed of the extrusive igneous rocks basalt and andesite. The basalt originates most likely from the plastic mantle. The andesite originates most likely from the melting of parts of the descending plate and sediments that had accumulated on its surface. A) crust B) rigid mantle C) asthenosphere D) stiffer mantle 67. Most of the basalt that forms island arcs comes from the A) biotite, plagioclase feldspar, amphibole B) biotite, amphibole, plagioclase feldspar C) plagioclase feldspar, biotite, amphibole D) plagioclase feldspar, amphibole, biotite 68. Which list identifies minerals present in andesite from the greatest percentage by volume to the least percentage by volume? A) East Pacific Ridge B) Iceland Hot Spot C) Aleutian Trench D) Peru-Chile Trench 69. An island arc is found along the

A) A B) B C) C D) D 70. The map below shows some tectonic plate boundaries near South America and Africa. Letters A,B,C, and D represent locations on Earth's surface. Which location most likely has the youngest bedrock? A) 10 million years B) 8 million years C) 6 million years D) 4 million years 71. The cross section below represents the boundaries of the Pacific Plate, the Juan de Fuca Plate, and the North American Plate. The numbers show the age of the sea floor, in millions of years, at locations on the Pacific Plate. Letter X represents a location on the ocean floor surface. What is the most probable age of the ocean floor at location X , if the Pacific Plate and the Juan de Fuca Plate are moving at the same rate?

A) convergent plate boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate B) convergent plate boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Juan de Fuca Plate C) divergent plate boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate D) divergent plate boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Juan de Fuca Plate 72. Oceanic crust is sliding beneath the Aleutian Islands in the North Pacific Ocean, forming the Aleutian Trench at a A) B) C) D) 73. The cross section below represents a pattern of magnetic field reversals preserved in the igneous bedrock of the oceanic crust east of the Mid-Atlantic ridge. Which cross section best represents the magnetic field pattern west of the Mid-Atlantic ridge?

74. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below. Crustal Activity at Mid-Ocean Ridges Mid-ocean ridges are found at one type of tectonic plate boundary. These ridges consist of extensive underwater mountain ranges split by rift valleys. The rift valleys mark places where two crustal plates are pulling apart, widening the ocean basins, and allowing magma from the asthenosphere to move upward. In some cases, mid-ocean ridges have migrated toward nearby mantle hot spots. This explains why mid-ocean ridges and mantle hot spots are found together at several locations. A) A B) B C) C D) D The map below shows a part of Earth's surface. Points A through D are locations on the ocean floor. At which location is the temperature of the ocean floor bedrock most likely highest? A) India B) Antarctica C) North America D) South America 75. Which landmass is moving northward with Australia as part of the same tectonic plate'? A) away from the Philippine Plate B) away from the Fiji Plate C) toward the Pacific Plate D) toward the Antarctic Plate 76. The Indian-Australian tectonic plate is moving

A) B) C) D) 77. Which map best indicates the probable locations of continents 100 million years from now if tectonic plate movement continues at its present rate and direction?

78. Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows Earth's Southern Hemisphere and the inferred tectonic movement of the continent of Australia over geologic time. The arrows between the dots show the relative movement of the center of the continent of Australia. The parallels of latitude from 0° to 90° south are labeled. A) Cambrian B) Carboniferous C) Late Permian D) Eocene During which geologic time interval did Australia most likely have a warm, tropical climate because of its location? A) northwest B) southwest C) southeast D) northeast 79. Based on the theory of plate tectonics, it is inferred that over the past 250 million years North America has moved toward the

80. Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows the tectonic plate boundaries near the East African Rift. Arrows show relative tectonic plate movement. A region of Africa is crosshatched. A) B) C) D) Which diagram best represents the polarity of the magnetic field preserved in the ocean-floor bedrock found on both sides of the Mid-Indian Ridge?

A) plus = older age; minus = younger age B) plus = younger age; minus = older age C) plus = reversed magnetic polarity; minus = normal magnetic polarity D) plus = normal magnetic polarity; minus = reversed magnetic polarity 81. The block diagram below represents the present ocean floor. The white arrows show the movement of the ocean floor and the black arrows show the movement of the asthenosphere. Which characteristic of the ocean-floor bedrock is best described by the plus and minus symbols in the diagram? A) Mid-Atlantic Ridge B) Yellowstone Hot Spot C) San Andreas Fault D) Peru-Chile Trench 82. Alternating parallel bands of normal and reversed magnetic polarity are found in the basaltic bedrock on either side of the

83. Base your answer to the following question on cross section below, which shows an underwater mountain range in the Atlantic Ocean. The oceanic bedrock is composed mainly of basalt. Points X and Y are locations in the bedrock that have been diverging at the same rate. The movement of the North American Plate and Eurasian Plate is shown by the two arrows. A) The basalt at location X is younger than the basalt at location Y . Both locations have the same magnetic orientation. B) The basalts at locations X and Y are the same age. Both locations have the same magnetic orientation. C) The basalts at locations X and Y are the same age. Location X has normal magnetic orientation and location Y has reversed magnetic orientation. D) The basalt at location X is older than the basalt at location Y . Location X has reversed magnetic orientation and location Y has normal magnetic orientation. Which statements best describe the age and magnetic orientation of the basalts found at locations X and Y ?

A) B) C) D) 84. The diagram below represents the pattern of normal and reversed magnetic polarity and the relative age of the igneous bedrock composing the ocean floor on the east side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The magnetic polarity of the bedrock on the west side of the ridge has been deliberately left blank. Which diagram best shows the magnetic pattern and relative age of the igneous bedrock on the west side of the ridge? A) Cambrian B) Ordovician C) Silurian D) Devonian 85. During which geologic period did plants and animals first appear in land environments?

A) 270 mya B) 300 mya C) 340 mya D) 450 mya 86. Labeled lines on the map below show the inferred location of Earth's equator during the middle of several geologic periods. Approximately how many million years ago (mya) was the region around current day Watertown, New York, located the nearest to the equator? A) A B) B C) C D) D 87. The map below shows the present-day positions of the continents. Points A through D represent locations on Earth's surface. The location of New York State on the North American continent is indicated. Which letter best represents the inferred position of the New York State region on Earth at the end of the Devonian Period? A) less than 1 % B) 1.8% C) 11.8% D) more than 25% 88. What is the approximate percentage of geologic time that humans have existed on Earth since its origin?

A) type of rock deposited at different times throughout history B) half-life of radioactive isotopes found in rocks C) inferred movements of Earth's landmasses D) fossil evidence found in bedrock 89. Geologic history is divided into eras, periods, and epochs based on the A) B) C) D) 90. The graph below shows the rate of decay of a radioactive isotope through two half-lives. Each box shows the ratio of atoms of the radioactive isotope to atoms of the disintegration product. The box at two half-lives has been left blank. Which box best represents the ratio of these atoms at two half-lives? A) 25.0% B) 12.5% C) 6.25% D) 3.125% 91. The graph below shows the radioactive decay of rubidium-87. What percentage of rubidium-87 atoms will be left after four half lives?

Base your answers to questions 92 and 93 on the graph below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The graph shows the number of radioactive Isotope X atoms present as a sample of the isotope undergoes radioactive decay. A) 90 B) 115 C) 155 D) 200 92. Based on the graph, what is the approximate number of radioactive atoms of Isotope X that are present when 8 hours of decay has occurred? A) 6 h B) 9 h C) 3 h D) 12 h 93. Based on the graph, the half-life of this radioactive isotope is

94. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The graph shows the percentages of the radioactive isotope carbon-14 ( 14 C) and its disintegration product produced during four half-lives of radioactive decay. A) B) C) D) The age of which index fossil could be determined by using carbon-14? A) Eurypterus and Cooksonia B) Aneurophyton and Naples Tree C) mastodont and Beluga whale D) Coelophysis and Elliptocephala 95. Which organisms were alive when New York State was last covered by a continental ice sheet? A) dinosaurs B) trilobites C) ammonoids D) placoderm fish 96. Which life-form existed on Earth for the shortest period of time? A) cyanobacteria in Earth's oceans B) volcanic activity along plate boundaries C) the absorption of sunlight by plants D) evaporation of ocean water 97. Oxygen in Earth's early atmosphere was first produced during the Precambrian from A) a large energy surge from the surface of the Sun B) the occurrence of a major ice age C) an impact event occurring on Earth's surface D) earthquakes occurring along crustal plate boundaries 98. The mass extinction of the dinosaurs, approximately 65.5 million years ago, is inferred by most scientists to have been caused by

99. Base your answer to the following question on the passage and map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows the location of the epicenter of a major earthquake that occurred about 1700 years ago. Point A represents a location on a tectonic plate boundary. Plates X and Y represent major tectonic plates. The island of Crete; the Anatolian Plate, which is a minor tectonic plate; and the Hellenic Trench have been labeled. Arrows indicate the relative directions of plate motion. Crete Earthquake Scientists have located the geological fault, off the coast of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea, that likely shifted, causing a huge earthquake in the year 365 that devastated life and property on Crete. The southwestern coastal region of Crete was uplifted, as evidenced by remains of corals and other sea life now found on land 10 meters above sea level. Scientists measured the age of these corals to verify when this event occurred. This earthquake caused a tsunami that devastated the southern and eastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. It is estimated that earthquakes along the fault, associated with the Hellenic Trench, may occur about every 800 years. A) Eucalyptocrinus and Ctenocrinus B) Elliptocephala and Phacops C) Maclurites and Platyceras D) Lichenaria and Pleurodictyum Which two New York State index fossils are most closely related to the corals that were radioactively dated in this study? A) extinction B) evolution C) dynamic equilibrium D) original horizontally 100. The change in life-forms in the fossil record from less complex organisms to more complex organisms over time is best explained by A) studying the life spans of present-day animals B) radioactive dating of metamorphic rock C) correlating widespread igneous ash deposits D) examining fossils preserved in the rock record 101. Much of the evidence for the evolution of lifeforms on Earth has been obtained by

A) oxygen B) nitrogen C) helium D) hydrogen 102. Which gas became part of Earth's atmosphere mainly as a result of the evolution of life-forms? A) addition of free oxygen to Earth's atmosphere B) formation of clastic sedimentary rocks C) movement of tectonic plates D) filling of the oceans by precipitation 103. Which event in Earth's history was dependent on the development of a certain type of life-form? A) fish amphibians mammals soft-bodied organisms B) fish soft-bodied organisms mammals amphibians C) soft-bodied organisms amphibians fish mammals D) soft-bodied organisms fish amphibians mammals 104. According to the fossil record, which sequence correctly represents the evolution of life on Earth? A) 119 mya B) 232 mya C) 359 mya D) 458 mya 105. Approximately how many million years ago (mya) was the amount of Earth's total landmass located south of the equator the greatest? A) right, because water temperatures were cool B) right, because water temperatures were warm C) left, because water temperatures were cool D) left, because water temperatures were warm 106. While studying sediments deposited during and after the last ice age, scientists discovered that foraminiferid shells coil in different directions when they grow under different temperature conditions, as shown in the diagram below. Foraminiferid shells found in layer X most likely coiled to the

A) at the same time as the intrusion of magma B) at the same time as the crystallization of magma C) before the formation of sandstone D) before the formation of limestone 107. The geologic cross section below represents a portion of Earth's crust. The rock layers have not been overturned. The inclusions were most likely broken off from their original rock layers A) Humans have existed for a longer period of time than dinosaurs. B) Complex land organisms have been replaced by simpler marine forms. C) Many species have existed in the past, and most have become extinct. D) Few life forms existed before the late Cretaceous period. 108. Which conclusion can be drawn from the pattern of fossils found in Earth's rock record? A) Volcanic eruptions contain large amounts of water vapor B) Coral reefs formed, in the past, along the edges of many continents. C) Seafloor spreading has pulled landmasses apart and pushed them together. D) Sedimentary bedrock of marine origin covers large areas of Earth's continents. 109. Which statement best supports the inference that most of Earth's present-day land surfaces have, at one time, been covered by water? A) is deposited rapidly over a large area B) represents a buried erosional surface C) forms intrusive igneous rock D) cuts across rock layers 110. Volcanic ash can be used as a time marker to correlate rock layers because the ash

Base your answers to questions 111 through 114 on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross sections represent three widely spaced rock outcrops labeled A , B , and C . Line XY represents a fault. Overturning has not occurred. A) The ash was deposited over a large geographic area. B) The ash layer varies in thickness. C) Carbon-14 can be used to determine the age of the ash. D) Igneous rock particles are found in the ash. 111. Which characteristic of the volcanic ash layer is most useful for correlating rock layers in outcrops A , B , and C ? A) black shale B) brown sandstone C) tan siltstone D) conglomerate 112. What is the youngest sedimentary rock layer represented in these cross sections? A) folding, faulting, and tilting B) uplift, erosion, and deposition C) weathering, abrasion, and igneous intrusion D) melting, contact metamorphism, and solidification 113. Which processes formed the unconformities shown in outcrops B and C ? A) unconformity igneous intrusion fault X – Y red sandstone B) red sandstone unconformity igneous intrusion fault X – Y C) fault X – Y unconformity red sandstone igneous intrusion D) igneous intrusion fault X – Y red sandstone unconformity 114. Which sequence shows the relative ages of the igneous intrusion, fault X – Y , unconformity, and red sandstone, from oldest to youngest, in outcrop C ?

Base your answers to questions 115 through 117 on the three bedrock outcrops below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The outcrops, labeled I, II, and III, are located within 15 kilometers of each other. Lines AB and CD represent unconformities. Line XY represents a fault. No overturning of the layers has occurred. A) cooling and solidification of mafic lava at Earth's surface B) cooling and solidification of felsic magma deep within Earth C) compaction and cementation of rock fragments ranging in size from 0.006 to 0.2 centimeter in diameter D) compaction and cementation of rock fragments ranging in size from 0.0004 to 0.006 centimeter in diameter 115. Which processes produced the brown siltstone layer in outcrops I and II? A) tan conglomerate B) black shale C) brown siltstone D) white limestone 116. Based on evidence shown in the diagram, which rock layer is older than fault XY ? A) uplift and erosion, followed by subsidence and deposition B) movement along a crack between two rock layers C) contact metamorphism between two sedimentary layers D) regional metamorphism of deeply buried sedimentary rocks 117. The unconformities at AB and CD resulted from

118. Base your answer to the following question on the newspaper article shown below. Fossilized Jellyfish Found in Wisconsin Fossil hunters have unearthed the largest collection of fossilized jellyfish ever discovered, including the largest fossilized jellyfish ever found. The remains of soft-bodied animals such as jellyfish are relatively rare because they don't have bones, fossil dealer Dan Damrow, James W. Hagadorn of the California Institute of Technology and Robert H. Dott Jr. of the University of Wisconsin at Madison noted in describing the find in the journal Geology. About a half-billion years ago, during the Cambrian period, the quarry in Mosinee, Wis., where the deposits were found was a small lagoon. The jellyfish apparently died when they were washed up by a freak tide or storm, the researchers said. The jellyfish remains were probably preserved because of a lack of erosion from sea water and wind, and a lack of scavengers, the researchers concluded. "It is very rare to discover a deposit which contains an entire stranding event of jellyfish," Hagadorn said. "These jellyfish are not just large for the Cambrian, but are the largest jellyfish in the entire fossil record." Washington Post, January 2002 A) Primitive life existed on land 500 million years ago. B) The rock containing the jellyfish fossils has distorted crystal structure. C) Treeroot fossils appear to have been pitted and folded. D) Large ripple marks were found in the fossil-containing rock layers. Which evidence would lead scientists to suspect that a tide or storm had washed up these jellyfish on a beach? A) slate B) marble C) unconformity D) shale 119. The geologic cross section below shows rock layers that have not been overturned. The fault is older than the A) Mt. Marcy and Slide Mt. B) Buffalo and Rochester C) Old Forge and Niagara Falls D) Watertown and Albany 120. Which two New York State locations have surface bedrock of similar ages?

A) Ithaca and Jamestown B) Utica and Syracuse C) Oswego and Old Forge D) Albany and Massena 121. Sedimentary rock layers that were deposited between 488 million and 444 million years ago are found on the surface at which two New York State locations? A) high elevation and deformed bedrock B) low elevation and deformed bedrock C) high elevation and horizontal bedrock D) low elevation and horizontal bedrock 122. The Tug Hill region of New York State is geologically classified as a plateau because this region has relatively A) Pangea began to break up. B) The Iapetus Ocean began to open. C) The Catskill Delta formed. D) The Taconic Mountains were eroded. 123. Which important geologic event in New York State occurred just after the Grenville Mountains were starting to erode? A) Cretaceous and Quaternary Periods B) Paleogene and Neogene Periods C) Triassic and Jurassic Periods D) Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Periods 124. In the New York State rock record, there is no bedrock from the Permian Period. Which two other entire geologic periods have no sediment or bedrock in the New York State rock record?