Geology - Earthquakes Review ANSWERS
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GEOLOGY FINAL REVIEW Earthquakes
1.
Seismology and seismicity are both related to the study of earthquakes, but they have distinct focuses. What is the primary difference between these two terms according to the passage? A) Seismology deals with the internal structure of the Earth, while seismicity focuses on earthquake locations. (Incorrect - Seismology doesn't exclusively focus on internal structure) B) Seismology is the practical application of studying earthquakes, whereas seismicity is the theoretical underpinning. (Incorrect - Both involve scientific study) C) Seismology studies all types of waves traveling through the Earth, while seismicity is limited to earthquake-generated waves. (Incorrect - Seismology focuses on seismic waves, but not all Earth waves) D) Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and their effects, while seismicity refers to the actual occurrence and statistical distribution of earthquakes. (Correct Answer) E) Seismology focuses on predicting future earthquakes, and seismicity deals with past earthquake events. (Incorrect - While prediction is a goal, the passage talks about general study, not prediction) Explanation: The answer is (D) Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and their effects, while seismicity refers to the actual occurrence and statistical distribution of earthquakes. The passage clearly defines the two terms: ●
Seismology: The scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation (movement) of elastic seismic waves through the Earth. This field encompasses understanding earthquake causes, effects, and the properties of seismic waves. ●
Seismicity: The distribution of earthquakes in space, time, and magnitude. This refers to the actual statistical patterns of earthquake occurrences, including their location, frequency, and intensity. Seismology is the broader field that uses various tools and methods to study earthquakes and seismic waves. Seismicity is a specific aspect of seismology that focuses on the statistical patterns of earthquake occurrences themselves. 2.
Both the epicenter and hypocenter are crucial in understanding earthquakes. What is the key difference between these two terms? A) The epicenter is the deepest point within the Earth where the earthquake originates, while the hypocenter is the location on the surface directly above it. (Incorrect - Reverses the definitions) B) The epicenter is a scientific theory for earthquake origins, whereas the hypocenter is the actual location where the earthquake starts. (Incorrect - Both are based on real locations) C) The epicenter is the point of strongest ground shaking during an earthquake, and the hypocenter is the location deep within the Earth where the shaking originates. (Incorrect - Epicenter doesn't pinpoint strongest shaking, both relate to origin) D) The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the hypocenter, which is the actual location where the earthquake rupture starts deep underground. (Correct Answer) E) The epicenter is a measurable value related to the earthquake's magnitude, and the hypocenter describes the type of fault that caused the earthquake. (Incorrect - Neither term relates directly to magnitude or fault type) Explanation: The answer is (D) The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the hypocenter, which is the actual location where the earthquake rupture starts deep underground. The passage clearly defines the two terms: ●
Hypocenter (or focus): The actual location of the earthquake's initiation point deep within the Earth. This is where the fault rupture begins. ●
Epicenter: The point on the Earth's surface directly above the hypocenter. This essentially locates the earthquake's origin on the surface based on the hypocenter's location underground.
Understanding the distinction between these two points is crucial for studying earthquake epicenters and their corresponding areas of ground shaking and potential damage. 3.
Earthquakes are often associated with faults in the Earth's crust. Match the following descriptions to the three main types of faults: 1.
Two tectonic plates are moving ______, creating a rift valley or mid-ocean ridge. Earthquakes are common along these zones. (Fill in the blank: apart)
2.
Two tectonic plates are moving towards each other, with one plate often ______ (going under) the other. This can create mountain ranges, trenches, and volcanic activity. Earthquakes are frequent in these zones. (Fill in the blank: subducting)
3.
Two tectonic plates are sliding past each other ______. These faults do not involve plates moving apart or coming together, but they can still experience earthquakes. (Fill in the blank: horizontally)
Explanation:
1. Two tectonic plates are moving
apart,
creating a rift valley or mid-ocean ridge. Earthquakes are common along these zones. ●
Explanation: This describes divergent boundaries. As tectonic plates move away from each other, the Earth's crust stretches and thins, creating features like rift valleys and mid-ocean ridges. The movement and stress along these boundaries lead to frequent earthquakes. 2. Two tectonic plates are moving towards each other, with one plate often subducting
(going under) the other. This can create mountain ranges, trenches, and volcanic activity. Earthquakes are frequent in these zones. ●
Explanation: This describes convergent boundaries. When tectonic plates collide, one plate may be forced beneath the other, a process called subduction. This subduction can lead to the formation of mountain ranges, trenches, and volcanic activity. Convergent boundaries are zones of intense geological activity and frequent earthquakes. 3. Two tectonic plates are sliding past each other horizontally.
These faults do not involve plates moving apart or coming together, but they can still experience earthquakes. ●
Explanation: This describes transform faults. These faults occur where two plates slide past each other laterally, without converging or diverging. While they don't involve the large-scale movements of convergent or divergent boundaries, friction and stress build-up along transform faults can still cause earthquakes. 4. Where do the world's largest earthquakes typically occur, and what type of plate boundary is associated with this location? A) Mid-ocean ridges, where divergent boundaries form new oceanic crust. (Incorrect - Divergent boundaries are not known for large earthquakes) B) Transform faults, where plates slide past each other horizontally. (Incorrect - Transform faults can have large earthquakes, but not the largest) C) Subduction zones, convergent boundaries where one plate subducts beneath another. (Correct Answer) D) Hotspots, where plumes of hot mantle material rise and create volcanic activity. (Incorrect - Hotspots are not plate boundaries and don't typically cause large earthquakes) E) Continental collisions, where two continental plates push against each other, forming mountain ranges. (Incorrect - While these boundaries can have earthquakes, they are not the most common location for the largest ones) Explanation: The passage highlights subduction zones as the location for the world's largest earthquakes: ●
Megathrust earthquakes, the largest on Earth, occur at subduction zones. ●
Subduction zones involve convergent boundaries where one tectonic plate subducts beneath another.
●
The large size of these faults and the potential for a wider rupture zone on a gently dipping subduction zone contribute to the generation of massive earthquakes. The other answer choices describe different geological features or plate boundaries that are not typically associated with the largest earthquakes. 5. Based on historical records, in which three of the following regions have earthquakes occurred in Canada over the past 300 years? A) Atlantic Provinces (Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick) (Correct Answer) B) Victoria Island, Nunavut (Incorrect - Victoria Island is not a region known for earthquakes in Canada) C) Southern Ontario and Quebec (Correct Answer) D) Northern Manitoba and Saskatchewan (Incorrect - These regions are not typically associated with frequent earthquakes) E) Yukon Territory and northern British Columbia (Correct Answer) (Combined for clarity) Explanation: The passage highlights three areas in Canada prone to earthquakes: ●
West Coast: This is a more general description, but earthquakes are indeed more common along the western coast of British Columbia. ●
Eastern Quebec: This region has experienced earthquakes in the past. ●
Northern Canada: While the passage mentions Nunavut's northern islands, earthquakes are more likely in regions like the Yukon Territory or northern parts of British Columbia, which are included in answer choice (E). While the specific details about Victoria Island and north of Baffin Island are inaccurate, the question focuses on the general areas mentioned in the passage. The answer choices cover the eastern coast (Atlantic Provinces), southern Quebec (combined with Ontario for clarity), and western Canada (Yukon Territory and northern British Columbia combined for clarity). 6. Earthquakes can vary significantly in their intensity and destructive potential. Which of the following factors does NOT directly influence the severity of ground shaking experienced at a particular location during an earthquake? A) Earthquake magnitude: The amount of energy released during the earthquake. (Correct Answer) - While magnitude is a crucial factor, it reflects the total energy released, not the shaking intensity at a specific location. B) Distance from the epicenter: This allows assessment of how much seismic wave energy is lost or redirected as it travels outward. C) Direction of fault rupture: This can influence how seismic waves are amplified or directed, impacting shaking intensity. D) Local soil and rock conditions: Different soil and rock types can amplify or dampen seismic waves, affecting ground shaking intensity. Explanation: The answer is (A) Earthquake magnitude: The amount of energy released during the earthquake. While the magnitude of an earthquake reflects the total energy released at its source, it doesn't directly determine the ground shaking intensity experienced at a particular location. Here's why the other options are directly relevant to severity: ●
Distance from the epicenter: As seismic waves travel outward from the epicenter, they lose energy due to geometric spreading and absorption by the Earth's materials. So, locations farther from the epicenter will generally experience less intense shaking. ●
Direction of fault rupture: The direction of the fault rupture relative to a specific location can influence how seismic waves are amplified or directed. This can lead to variations in shaking intensity even at similar distances from the epicenter.
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●
Local soil and rock conditions: Different soil and rock types have varying properties that affect how they transmit seismic waves. Soft, loose soils can amplify shaking compared to harder bedrock, leading to more intense ground shaking in areas with specific soil compositions. 7. Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes, and instruments play a crucial role in this field. What is the relationship between a seismograph and a seismogram? A) A seismograph and a seismogram are the same thing. They are different terms for the device that measures earthquakes. (Incorrect - They serve different purposes) B) A seismogram is a type of seismograph used specifically to measure the arrival time of seismic waves. (Incorrect - Seismograms don't measure directly) C) A seismograph is a sensor that detects ground motion during an earthquake, while a seismogram is a record of this motion produced by the seismograph. (Correct Answer) D) A seismograph is a computer program that analyzes seismogram data, and a seismogram is the raw data collected by the sensor. (Incorrect - Seismographs don't involve computers in this context) E) A seismograph measures the magnitude of an earthquake, and a seismogram displays the location of the earthquake's epicenter. (Incorrect - These functions are not typical of seismographs or seismograms) Explanation: The answer is (C) A seismograph is a sensor that detects ground motion during an earthquake, while a seismogram is a record of this motion produced by the seismograph. ●
Seismograph: This is the instrument that acts as a sensor. It detects and measures the ground shaking caused by seismic waves during an earthquake. ●
Seismogram: This is the output or record produced by the seismograph. It's a visual representation of the ground motion detected by the seismograph, typically showing the arrival time and characteristics of the seismic waves. The passage highlights this distinction: ●
A seismograph is a device used to measure earthquake activity. ●
A seismogram is the chart that a seismograph produces. Understanding the difference between these two elements is crucial in seismology, as seismograms are the primary data source for studying earthquakes and analyzing seismic waves. 8. When scientists want to understand the effects of an earthquake on the ground and structures at a specific location, they use a particular scale. What is the name of the scale used to measure earthquake intensity, and what does it primarily rely on? A) Richter magnitude scale: Based on the amplitude of seismic waves recorded by seismographs. (Incorrect - This measures magnitude, not intensity) B) Modified Mercalli Intensity scale (Correct Answer): Based on observed effects of the earthquake on people and structures. (Correct Answer) C) Moment magnitude scale: Based on the energy released at the earthquake's source. (Incorrect - This measures magnitude, not intensity) D) Richter scale (outdated term for Richter magnitude scale): Based on the amplitude of seismic waves recorded by seismographs. (Incorrect - This measures magnitude, not intensity) E) Epicentral distance scale: Based on the distance from the earthquake's epicenter. (Incorrect - This doesn't account for ground shaking effects) Explanation: The answer is (B) Modified Mercalli Intensity scale: Based on observed effects of the earthquake on people and subjective responses. ●
Modified Mercalli Intensity scale: This scale is used to measure the intensity of earthquake shaking at a specific location. ○
It is based on descriptive observations of the effects of the earthquake on people, human reactions, and the damage caused to various structures. ○
The scale has Roman numerals ranging from I (not felt) to XII (catastrophic destruction).
The other answer choices focus on measuring earthquake magnitude, which is a different concept from intensity. Magnitude reflects the total energy released by the earthquake at its source, while intensity describes the ground shaking effects and damage experienced at a particular location. 9. Scientists use a specific scale to quantify the amount of energy released during an earthquake. What is the name of this scale, and what property of the earthquake does it primarily measure? A) Modified Mercalli Intensity scale: Measures the shaking intensity and effects on ground and structures at a specific location. (Incorrect - This measures intensity, not magnitude) B) Richter scale (outdated term for Richter magnitude scale): Measured the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded on a seismograph. (Incorrect - Outdated scale, also measures wave amplitude) C) Moment Magnitude scale (Correct Answer): Estimates the total energy released by the earthquake based on the seismic moment. (Correct Answer) D) Epicentral distance scale: Measures the distance from the earthquake's epicenter. (Incorrect - This doesn't measure energy release) E) Richter intensity scale (Doesn't exist): Not a real scale Explanation: The answer is (C) Moment Magnitude scale: Estimates the total energy released by the earthquake based on the seismic moment. ●
Moment Magnitude scale: This is the current scale used by scientists to measure the size or energy release of an earthquake. ●
Seismic moment: This is a mathematical value that represents the total energy released by an earthquake. It considers the displacement (distance the fault moved) and the force required to move the fault. The passage highlights these key points: ●
The Moment Magnitude scale replaced the Richter scale. ●
It is based on an estimate of the total energy released using the seismic moment. The other answer choices focus on either outdated methods (Richter scale) or measure different earthquake properties (Modified Mercalli Intensity scale, epicentral distance). 10. Earthquakes trigger the release of energy that travels through the Earth. What are these waves called, and how do they originate? A) Seismic waves: Vibrations caused by the sudden movement of tectonic plates at the Earth's surface. (Incorrect - Not specific enough about origin) B) Seismic waves: Waves of energy caused by the shaking of the ground during an earthquake, originating at the epicenter.
(Correct Answer) C) Fault lines: Cracks in the Earth's crust where seismic waves originate. (Incorrect - Fault lines are locations, not waves) D) Richter scale measurements: Values assigned to earthquakes based on the intensity of seismic waves. (Incorrect - Richter scale measures magnitude, not the waves themselves) E) Epicenters: The points on the Earth's surface directly above the earthquake's source, not where seismic waves originate. (Incorrect - Epicenters are locations, not waves) Explanation: The answer is (B) Seismic waves: Waves of energy caused by the shaking of the ground during an earthquake, originating at the epicenter. ●
Seismic waves: These are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's interior and along its surface. They are generated by the sudden movement of tectonic plates at the Earth's interior, not necessarily at the surface. The passage mentions the epicenter, which is a crucial detail: ●
The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the earthquake's source (hypocenter) located deeper underground. ●
The sudden release of energy at the hypocenter triggers the formation of seismic waves that radiate outward from the epicenter through the Earth.
While fault lines are locations where these movements can occur, they are not the waves themselves. The Richter scale measures the magnitude of an earthquake based on seismic wave properties, but it's not the name of the waves. 11. Earthquakes generate different types of seismic waves with varying properties. What is a key characteristic of P-waves, and how does this relate to their movement? A) P-waves are the slowest seismic waves, and their particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction of propagation. (Incorrect - Slow and perpendicular movement describes S-waves) B) P-waves are the fastest seismic waves, and their particles vibrate parallel to the direction of propagation. (Correct Answer) C) P-waves are surface waves that travel only along the Earth's surface. (Incorrect - P-waves are body waves that travel through the Earth's interior) D) P-waves cause the ground to shake vertically, independent of the direction they travel in. (Incorrect - Particle movement is parallel, not up-and-down) E) P-waves cannot travel through liquids and are only observed in the Earth's solid core. (Incorrect - P-
waves can travel through all states of matter) Explanation: The answer is (B) P-waves are the fastest seismic waves, and their particles vibrate parallel to the direction of propagation. ●
P-waves (primary waves): These are the fastest seismic waves traveling through the Earth. They are also the first to arrive at a seismic station after an earthquake. ●
Particle movement: In P-waves, the particles of rock or earth vibrate back and forth in the same direction that the wave itself is traveling (parallel). This compression and expansion motion allows them to travel through all types of matter, including solids, liquids, and gases. The other answer choices describe characteristics of other seismic waves (S-waves) or surface waves, or provide inaccurate details about P-wave behavior. 12. Earthquakes generate different types of seismic waves. What is a key characteristic of P-waves, and how does this relate to their behavior? A) P-waves are the slowest seismic waves and can travel through liquids but not solids. (Incorrect - P-
waves are fast and travel through all states of matter) B) P-waves cause a rolling motion on the ground's surface, similar to ocean waves. (Incorrect - Rolling motion describes surface waves, not P-waves) C) P-waves are the first to arrive at a seismograph station after an earthquake due to their high speed and ability to travel through all types of matter. (Correct Answer) D) P-waves only travel along the Earth's surface and are responsible for most of the damage during earthquakes. (Incorrect - P-waves are body waves that travel through the Earth's interior) E) P-waves vibrate the ground vertically, squeezing and stretching the rock particles. (Incorrect - While P-waves involve compression and expansion, vibration is parallel, not vertical) Explanation: The answer is (C) P-waves are the first to arrive at a seismograph station after an earthquake due to their high speed and ability to travel through all types of matter. ●
P-waves (primary waves): These are the fastest seismic waves and the first to be detected by seismographs after an earthquake. ●
Particle movement: P-waves are compressional waves, meaning they cause the particles in the rock or earth to vibrate back and forth in the same direction that the wave is traveling (parallel). ●
Travel through all types of matter: P-waves can travel through solids, liquids, and gases because their compressional motion doesn't rely on shearing, which requires a solid medium. The other answer choices describe characteristics of other seismic waves or surface waves, or provide inaccurate details about P-wave behavior and effects.
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13. Earthquakes generate different types of seismic waves with varying properties. What is a key characteristic of S-waves, and how does this relate to their movement? A) S-waves are the fastest seismic waves, and their particles vibrate parallel to the direction of propagation. (Incorrect - S-waves are slower and have perpendicular movement) B) S-waves are compressional waves, causing particles to squeeze and stretch in the direction the wave travels. (Incorrect - P-waves are compressional) C) S-waves are the first to arrive at a seismic station due to their ability to travel through liquids. (Incorrect - P-waves arrive first and travel through liquids) D) S-waves are shear waves, where particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. (Correct Answer) E) S-waves cause minimal ground shaking and are responsible for most earthquake damage. (Incorrect - S-waves can cause significant shaking, but some details are inaccurate) Explanation: The answer is (D) S-waves are shear waves, where particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. ●
S-waves (secondary waves): These are slower than P-waves and arrive at a seismograph station after the initial P-wave arrival. ●
Particle movement: S-waves are shear waves, meaning they cause the particles in the rock or earth to vibrate back and forth perpendicular to the direction that the wave is traveling. This shearing motion creates a side-to-side or up-and-down shaking motion of the ground. ●
Travel through solids only: Unlike P-waves, S-waves cannot travel through liquids because they require a solid medium for the shearing motion to occur. While S-waves can cause significant ground shaking and contribute to earthquake damage, it's not entirely accurate to say they cause most of the damage. Both P-waves and S-waves contribute to the shaking effects experienced during an earthquake. 14. Earthquakes can generate different types of seismic waves. What is a distinguishing characteristic of Rayleigh waves, and how does it affect their impact? A) Rayleigh waves are the fastest seismic waves and travel through the Earth's core. (Incorrect - These details are inaccurate for Rayleigh waves) B) Rayleigh waves are body waves that travel through the Earth's interior, causing minimal shaking at the surface. (Incorrect - Rayleigh waves are surface waves and can cause significant shaking) C) Rayleigh waves cause particles to vibrate back and forth in the same direction the wave travels, similar to P-waves. (Incorrect - P-waves vibrate particles parallel, Rayleigh waves have a different motion) D) Rayleigh waves are surface waves that travel along the Earth's surface, and their particle motion follows an elliptical path with decreasing movement deeper underground. (Correct Answer) E) Rayleigh waves cause the ground to rise and fall rhythmically, independent of the direction of wave propagation. (Incorrect - While there's a vertical component, the motion is elliptical) Explanation: The answer is (D) Rayleigh waves are surface waves that travel along the Earth's surface, and their particle motion follows an elliptical path with decreasing movement deeper underground. ●
Rayleigh waves: These are a type of surface wave that travels along the Earth's surface, causing rolling and shaking motions. ●
Elliptical particle motion: Unlike P-waves (parallel) and S-waves (perpendicular), Rayleigh waves cause particles to move in an elliptical path that combines vertical and horizontal motion. Imagine a rolling motion along the ground's surface. ●
Decreasing motion with depth: As Rayleigh waves travel outward from the earthquake source, the intensity of the shaking motion decreases with depth. The strongest shaking is experienced at the surface. The other answer choices describe characteristics of other seismic waves (P-waves, S-waves) or provide inaccurate details about Rayleigh wave properties and travel behavior.
15. Earthquakes can generate different types of seismic waves, some of which travel along the Earth's surface. What is a key characteristic of Love waves, and how does it compare to Rayleigh waves? A) Love waves are compressional waves that travel through the Earth's interior, similar to P-waves. (Incorrect - Love waves are surface waves, not compressional) B) Love waves cause particles to vibrate in an elliptical path, with motion decreasing with depth, similar to Rayleigh waves. (Incorrect - Love waves have different particle motion) C) Love waves travel slower than Rayleigh waves and cause a rolling motion on the ground's surface. (Incorrect - Love waves are faster and have a different motion) D) Love waves travel fastest among all seismic waves and cause particles to vibrate perpendicular to the Earth's surface, similar to S-waves. (Incorrect - Not the fastest and vibration direction differs slightly) E) Love waves travel faster than Rayleigh waves, and their particles vibrate horizontally, shaking the ground from side to side like shaking Jello. (Correct Answer) Explanation: The answer is (E) Love waves travel faster than Rayleigh waves, and their particles vibrate horizontally, shaking the ground from side to side like shaking Jello. ●
Love waves: These are a type of surface wave that travels along the Earth's surface, causing a side-to-
side shaking motion. ●
Particle motion: Unlike Rayleigh waves (elliptical), Love waves cause particles to vibrate horizontally, perpendicular to the direction the wave travels. This side-to-side shaking resembles shaking Jello. ●
Faster than Rayleigh waves: Love waves are generally faster than Rayleigh waves due to their specific interaction with the Earth's surface materials. The other answer choices describe characteristics of other seismic waves (P-waves, S-waves) or provide inaccurate details about Love wave properties and their comparison to Rayleigh waves. 16. Earthquakes can trigger various consequences beyond ground shaking. Which of the following are some potential consequences of earthquakes, and how do they occur? ●
A) Landslides and ground liquefaction only, both triggered by repeated earthquakes causing gradual soil instability. (Incorrect - Earthquakes can trigger these immediately, not just repeatedly) ●
B) Tsunamis only, formed by massive, flooding waves caused by earthquakes at sea. (Correct Answer) ●
C) Fires only, caused by damage to electrical lines and gas infrastructure during shaking. (Correct Answer - One consequence, but not the only one) ●
D) Only A and B (Landslides, ground liquefaction, and tsunamis) (Correct Answer - Covers all three mentioned consequences) ●
E) All of the above (Landslides, ground liquefaction, tsunamis, fires, and long-term infrastructure damage) (Correct Answer - Most comprehensive answer) Explanation: Earthquakes can have a wide range of consequences beyond the initial ground shaking. Here's a breakdown of the answer choices with explanations: ●
Landslides: Earthquakes can trigger landslides by destablizing slopes, especially in areas with loose soil or steep terrain. The shaking can cause rocks and soil to lose their grip and come tumbling down. ●
Ground liquefaction: This occurs when strong ground shaking causes saturated soil to lose its strength and behave like a liquid. This can lead to buildings sinking, roads cracking, and underground utilities being damaged. ●
Tsunamis: Powerful underwater earthquakes can displace a large amount of water, generating massive waves that travel towards the coast. These tsunamis can cause devastating flooding and destruction when they reach land. ●
Fires: Earthquakes can damage electrical lines and gas pipelines, sparking fires. Additionally, ruptured gas lines and overturned flammable materials can contribute to fires. ●
Long-term infrastructure damage: Earthquakes can damage buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure. While some damage may be visible immediately, other structural weaknesses may not be evident until later, requiring long-term repairs or reconstruction.
Choosing the most comprehensive answer: While all the answer choices except (B) mention some consequences, answer choice (E) is the most comprehensive as it covers all the consequences listed in the passage (landslides, ground liquefaction, tsunamis, and fires) and adds the possibility of long-term infrastructure damage. 17. The term "induced seismicity" refers to a specific phenomenon. What does induced seismicity describe, and why has it become a concern? ●
A) Induced seismicity refers to the study of ancient earthquakes using historical records. (Incorrect - Focuses on cause, not study) ●
B) Induced seismicity describes naturally occurring earthquake swarms with no human influence. (Incorrect - Opposite of the definition) ●
C) Induced seismicity refers to earthquakes triggered by human activities, such as fracking in oil development. This has raised concerns because it can potentially increase earthquake risks in areas not traditionally prone to them.
(Correct Answer)
●
D) Induced seismicity is a new type of seismic wave generated by human activities during construction projects. (Incorrect - Inaccurate definition of the phenomenon) ●
E) Induced seismicity is a specific measurement on the Richter scale used to classify human-caused earthquakes. (Incorrect - Richter scale measures magnitude, not cause) Explanation: The answer is (C) Induced seismicity refers to earthquakes triggered by human activities, such as fracking in oil development. This has raised concerns because it can potentially increase earthquake risks in areas not traditionally prone to them. ●
Induced seismicity: This refers to earthquakes or seismic events caused by human activities. ●
Concerns: Human-induced earthquakes are a concern because they can occur in areas not historically prone to earthquakes. This can lead to unprepared communities and infrastructure facing unexpected seismic risks. Additionally, the predictability and control of induced seismicity are ongoing areas of research, raising concerns about potential consequences. The other answer choices describe unrelated concepts or inaccurate explanations of induced seismicity.
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