Prelim 1 Review

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Apr 3, 2024

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Prelim 1 Review Quiz Questions 1. The age of the earth is about: a. 4,540,000,000 years 2. Which of the following is the most accurate description of the world’s population? a. It is currently increasing with time but at a slowing rate 3. The Earth’s outer core is thought to be: a. Fluid b. Composed primarily of iron and nickel c. The primary source of earth’s magnetic field 4. What type of fault is portrayed in the picture a. b. Normal fault 5. The San Andreas fault is a a. Right-lateral strike slip fault 6. The weak rock layer upon which the crust and upper mantle “float” is called the: a. Asthenosphere 7. The location within the earth where rupture first starts in an earthquake is called the: a. Hypocenter 8. As the confining pressure on a rock increases, the strength of the rock: a. Increases 9. The boundary between the crust and the mantle is called: a. The moho 10. The number of natural disasters associated with earthquakes appears to be: a. Staying about the same 11. Continental crust is generated in: a. Subduction zones 12. Oceanic crust is generated in: a. Ocean spreading centers 13. Which of the following is characteristic of convergent plate boundaries: a. Deep earthquakes b. Large-scale thrust faulting
c. Volcanism 14. The thickness of the lithosphere: a. Increases with increasing distance from a mid-ocean ridge 15. The fault indicated by the red line is a: a. b. Thrust fault 16. The topography shown here is indicative of: a. b. Normal faulting c. A continental hot spot d. A triple junction 17. Which of the following is NOT associated with a mantle hot spot a. Andes 18. The location of the earth’s surface directly above where the rupture first starts in an earthquake is called: a. Epicenter 19. As the temperature of a rock increases, the strength of the rock: a. Decreases 20. The fault indicated below can be described as:
a. b. Left lateral strike slip fault 21. Which of the following is NOT a major contribution of seismology to the development of plate tectonic theory: a. The observation of magnetic stripes on the seafloor Types of faults 1. Dip-slip fault movements i. Identify the hanging wall by placing a finger on the fault and moving up. That would be the hanging wall. b. Normal fault i. When the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall 1. Tension (Rocks move apart or diverge) c. Reverse fault i. When the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall 1. Compression (rocks move towards each other or converge) 2. Strike-slip fault movements a. Rocks move horizontally b. Usually found at transform plate boundaries i. Left lateral strike slip fault 1. If you straddle the fault the left side is closest to you ii. Right lateral strike slip fault 1. If you straddle the fault the right side is closest to you 3. Thrust faults a. Same movement as a reverse fault but it is a low dip angle. Potential Prelim Questions 1. The presence of water a. Tends to weaken a fault 2. Hawaii DOES NOT lie on: a. A divergent plate or a convergent plate or a transform fault (It lies on a hot spot) 3. The Afar region of NE Africa is an example of tectonic plate triple junction where: a. Three plate boundaries converge
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b. A hot spot is deforming the continental lithosphere c. Demonstrate how East Africa is beginning to split away from Central Africa. 4. A richter magnitude 8 earthquake causes ground motion that is how many times larger than that caused by a richter magnitude 5 earthquake: a. 1000 times (x10 per each magnitude point) 5. The destruction associated within the 1906 San Francisco earthquake was mostly due to: a. The fire 6. Paleoseismology refers to the study of: a. Prehistoric earthquakes b. Fault offsets left by ancient earthquakes c. History of fault movement over geologic time scales 7. The New Madrid, Missouri earthquakes of 1811-1812 are thought by many to be related to: a. A buried rift associated with a failed arm of ancient triple junction 8. Intraplate earthquakes like the Charleston earthquake of 1886 are problematic because: a. They are not clearly associated with modern plate boundary processes 9. Which of the following is NOT a general characteristic of convergent plate margin: a. Hot spot volcanism 10. Great earthquakes occur primarily at subduction zones because: a. The low dip of the top of the subduction zone places a larger fault area in seismogenic conditions. 11. Which of the following is NOT a major factor in determining earthquake intensity a. Time of occurrence of the associated earthquake 12. Over the past 60 years the number of great natural disasters seems to have a. Increased for climate related hazards 13. Which of the following is NOT an important source of energy for driving deep earth processes a. Combustion of fossil fuels 14. The fastest type of seismic wave is the: a. P wave (primary wave) 15. Reverse faults indicate that the direction of maximum compression stress is a. Horizontal 16. Seismic intensity depends upon: a. Earthquake magnitude b. Distance to earthquake c. Local geology 17. Which of the following is NOT an explicit factor affecting the strength of rocks: a. Age of the rock 18. Distance to an earthquake usually determined by: a. Difference in arrival times of P and S waves
19. The Hawaiian Islands represent: a. A hot spot track 20. Which of the following measures of earthquake size is explicitly related to the physics of the earthquake: a. Moment magnitude 21. The US state that is most likely to host a M-9.0 earthquake is: a. Alaska 22. Which of the following is NOT a required component of a credible earthquake prediction: a. Intensity 23. The correct sequence, downward from the surface of earth’s mechanically defined layers is: a. Lithosphere, asthenosphere, outer core, inner core. 24. The lack of ___ waves propagating through the outer core indicates that it is liquid rather than solid a. S (secondary waves) i. Secondary waves only travel through solids (S for Solid) 25. An earthquake of magnitude 7.0 in the eastern United States is more likely to cause severe damage over a larger area than the same size earthquake in the western United States because: a. Energy propagation is more efficient in the eastern US 26. Which of the following is evidence from seismology that supports plate tectonics theory? a. Deep earthquakes 27. The oldest rocks in a modern ocean basin are a. 200 million years old (since different recycling processes do not allow rocks older than this to be found) 28. Dilatancy is a theory that associates earthquake prediction with a. Microcracking of rock grains just prior to failure 29. The footwall of a fault corresponds to: a. The rock below a dipping fault zone 30. Island arcs get their shape from: a. Subduction on a spherical earth 31. How are Icelandic type volcanoes formed: a. Seafloor spreading 32. Where do the deepest and largest earthquakes occur: a. Subduction zones, Pacific rim, convergent plate boundaries 33. What are the two controls on rock strength a. Temperature b. Pressure 34. What are 3 ways a rock can melt
a. Addition of water b. Lowering pressure c. Increasing temperature 35. The outermost layer of the Earth is called the: a. Crust 36. The breakup of continental plates is often associated with: a. Mantle hot spots b. Plate boundary triple junctions c. Extensive normal faulting 37. The San Andreas fault is a. A transform fault b. A right-lateral strike slip fault c. Host of a Mw - 7.8 earthquake in 1906 d. Active fault 38. If the ground motion measured by a particular seismograph for a Mw = 5.0 earthquake is 5mm, how large would you expect the ground motion to be for a Mw = 7.0 earthquake at the same location with the same focal mechanism? a. 500mm 39. A key lesson from the 2010 Hawaii earthquake was that: a. Proper engineering would have prevented many deaths b. The risk of a future deadly earthquake in Hawaii was decreased by this event c. Building codes should be voluntary 40. What does the elastic rebound theory attempt to explain? a. How energy is spread during earthquakes 41. What is the 1906 San Francisco earthquake known as? a. The first photogenic disaster 42. What were the 3 results of the 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake? a. Liquification b. Tsunami c. Ground uplift 43. Why was the shaking more dramatic in Oklohoma’s earthquake? a. Because the ground there was not already broken up by earthquakes 44. What does the seismic moment equation encompass: a. Shear modulus b. Fault area c. Fault slip i. Shear modulus x fault area x fault slip = seismic moment 45. What is the most dangerous phenomenon in earthquake damage a. Soil liquefaction (ex: Loma Prieta, 1989 and Mexico City 1985) 46. What was the biggest earthquake in the world
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a. Chile 1960 47. What was the biggest earthquake in the US a. Alaska in 1964 9.2M 48. Out of all states which state has had the most earthquakes and why a. Oklahoma because of Waste Water Injection 49. What is the deadliest earthquake? a. Shaanxi China 1556 (intraplate earthquake on a reverse fault) 50. What is the seismic gap theory? a. A theory that posits that where earthquakes have not occurred in a while are more likely to have an earthquake in the future 51. Why are all the really big earthquakes located around the Pacific Ocean? a. Convergent margins include thrust faults with dipping geometry