Lab 8

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Georgia State University *

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1112

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Geography

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Apr 3, 2024

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Lab 8 Q1: For approximately how many thousands of years has the Earth been in the peak of an interglacial period within the present ice age? About 15,000 and 10,000 years (app 10,000-11,000) Q2: How much higher has the average temperature during the peak of the interglacial period been compared to the average temperature during the last glacial maximum? 7 degrees higher than the last glacial maximum. Q3: In which hemisphere do you think this temperature reconstruction was based? It was based in the Northern Hemisphere. Q 4: Why do you think most tree-ring sites are located in the middle and high latitudes and not in the tropics? Because the middle and high latitudes have growing and dormant seasons, The alteration of the seasons is necessary for tree rings to form. A tree ring is produced under the bark during the growing season. Q5: Based on all the reconstructed temperatures (i.e., all those lines you see in the graph above), what 150-yr period appears to be about as warm as 1950-2000? The period between 950-1100 Q6: Approximately how much warmer (e.g., 0.5° C, 1° C, 1.5° C, etc.) was the warmest 50-yr period than the coldest 50-yr period?

Coldest (-.05) Warmest (0.5) The coldest 50-yr period was 1degree warmer than the coldest. Q7: What do you think was the main factor that caused the temperature differences between the warmest and coldest 50-yr periods? The change in human population. Q8: Based on the reconstructed total solar irradiance from the six studies, would you rate the research community’s confidence in the past TSI as low, medium, or high? From the data of the six study, I would probably rate the research community’s confidence as High. Q9: What century had much higher CO 2 concentrations than the other centuries and why? The 20 th century 1900-2000. Because of increasing human population, anthropogenic carbon emissions, and industrialization. Q10: During what century do you think anthropogenic sulphate aerosols scattered and reflected the most incoming solar radiation? 20 th Century Q11: Based on the reconstructed temperatures you saw and changes in solar irradiance and CO 2 concentrations over the past millennium, what century do you expect to have the largest simulated temperatures from the GCMs?

The 21 st Century Q12: What are two possible reasons for why the 20 th century was the warmest century over the past millennium? Industrialization, fossil fuel combustion, and increased human population. Q13: If the 20 th century did not have such high amounts of SO 2 emissions, how do you think the simulated temperatures would have differed from the temperatures in the above figure? The temperatures probably would’ve been lower. Q14: During what two long periods (i.e., decades) did temperatures increase? During 1990-2000 and 1930-1940 Q15: During what long period did temperatures not increase? During 1900-1910 Q16: Two most plausible reasons for why 1980-2000 a warmer period was than 1900-1920? Because of increased SO2 emissions and CO2 concentrations from increased fossil fuel combustion. Q17: Why do you think there was not any global warming for approximately four decades (i.e., 1940 to 1980)? Because of the increased SO2 emissions, a cooling effect that were soon diminished by the warming effects of CO2.

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Q18: What is one way that sulphate aerosols increase Earth’s albedo? Because aerosols are reflective in the atmosphere. Q19: Which hemisphere had a substantially larger increase in SO 2 emissions from 1947 to 1976? The Northern Hemisphere. Q20: Based on the above findings for SO 2 emissions and the resulting concentrations of sulphate aerosols, which hemisphere is most likely to have not experienced warming from 1947-1976? The Southern Hemisphere. Q21: How did the two hemispheres differ with respect to changes in temperature from 1947-1976? The hemispheres differ with respect to changes in temperature from 1947-1976. Q22: Do you think the increase in concentrations of sulphate aerosols from 1947-1976 is a valid reason for the lack of global warming over that period? Explain why. Yes! Q23: What environmental situation that was discussed in the Air Pollution lab resulted in a decrease in SO 2 emissions, and thus concentrations of sulphate aerosols, in the 1980s and 1990s? Feel free to search the Web.

The Passage of Clean Air Act Q24: What do you think was the primary cause of the increase in temperature from 1750 to 2011? CO2 emissions, human population growth, and Industrialization. Q25: What gas was the largest contributor to total radiative forcing from 1750 to 2011? CO2 Q26: What do you remember from Lab 2 (Stratospheric Ozone) about the effects of CFCs and HCFCs on the ozone layer? HCFCs and CFCs caused the Antarctic hole in the ozone layer. Q27: Why do black carbon and the direct effect of sulphate aerosols have opposite radiative forcings? They reduce albedo and reflect more insolation than they absorb. Q28: What four greenhouse gases had the largest positive radiative forcings among all the forcing agents? N2O, CO2, CH4, and CFCS Changing solar output is probably responsible for high Northern hemisphere temperatures. Temperatures were much hotter than the previous centuries. Discounts reflected in the prices below

What evidence exists for carbon dioxide as the main cause of global warming from the pre-industrial times to the present?

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Lab 8

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