Geography Lab 5

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Dec 6, 2023

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Thomas Marto Geography 101 Laura Pangallozzi 10/06/2023 Lab 5- The Demographic Transition,Population Pyramids, and Policies to Reduce Fertility 1. Explain the yellow area at link 5.1 on the graph labeled population growth. Your explanation should include discussion of stages of the transition (link 5.2), what they mean, what the ‘rate’ is on the Y-axis, and why the population is growing. The top of the purple line represents the birthrate and the bottom blue line represents the death rate in the population. The transition rate in stage 1 is more stable, stage 2 the transition state falls rapidly, at stage 3 the rat the population is falling is more stable, stage 4 begins to stabilize again, and stage 5 stable or slow increase. In 5.1, at stage 5 there is a decline in the population because the death rate is higher than the birth rate. 2. What does stage 5 on the graph represent? Name two countries considered to be in stage 5 today. Stage 5 represents a birth rate model of countries that go through stages 3 and 4 more rapidly. It's a hypothetical model of what would happen if countries stabilized after stage

4. Two countries that go through this are Japan and Russia. 3. In a paragraph, explain what the epidemiological transition is. Epidemiological transition can be described as the relationship between people living longer and the amount of illness in a population. It is divided into three stages. Stage 1 is the movement from underdeveloped hunter gatherer lifestyles, to an early agricultural urbanized society. Stage 2 is the receding of pandemics due to better hygiene and health care advantages. Lastly, stage 3 is where chronic diseases such as cancer and heart conditions are the main cause of death. 4. On the homepage, click on the links for ‘Western Africa’, and then for ‘Western Europe’. Describe their respective shapes. What do their shapes say about the differences between these areas? Western Africa’s shape curves into a very narrow tip near the top while its base is very wide. For Western Europe, it's more of an even distribution through the top of the graph getting slightly narrower. This shows that in terms of life expectancy, Western Europe has a leather one than Western Africa. 5. Select the country button. Now compare India and France. Describe their respective shapes. What do their shapes say about the difference between these areas? India has a lower average life expectancy than France does because their shape is not as evenly distributed. India has a large majority of its population from 15-34, and it's a dramatic drop off after that. While France's population is evenly distributed till 75 years

old. 6. Now compare Argentina and U.S. Describe their respective shapes. What do their shapes say about the differences between these areas? Argentina graph represents a younger population for their country as a bulk are up to the age of 45 years. After that the graph gets very narrow. In the U.S. it is a little more consistent up the graph for ages, showing that they have a higher life expectancy. 7. What are specific policies most often used to reduce fertility? Specific policies to reduce fertility are raising the legal age of marriage, including low cost and safe contraception, and improving female education and employment programs. 8. According to figure 1, are countries with the highest fertility rates most likely to have policies to lower fertility? The answer to this question is yes and no. In Africa there are many countries that have a very high fertility and elect to lower it, but there are also countries that have a lower fertility and still elect to lower it. This is similar in Asia as well. This could be due to large population problems that the country is struggling to support. 9. What are the specific policies most often used to increase fertility? Policies to increase fertility are baby bonuses, family allowances, and flexible work schedules.

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10. Do you think the demographic transition provides a sound basis for population policy? Or are the policies deriving from seemingly objective criteria subject to the same criticisms as the work of Ehrlich and others on population? Explain. Yes, demographic transition provides a sound basis for population policy because it depends on the country's ability to support their population. If a country is very populated to begin with and they are having trouble supporting a population they might instill policies to lower it.

Geography Lab 5

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