Unit 2 Resources
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Centennial College *
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Dec 6, 2023
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Unit 2 Resources
Based on the data shown in the graph, which of
the following best describes how ecologists
could determine when this ecosystem is
approaching a climax community?
Record the number and type of producers
present every year after the eruption
Based on the data shown in the graph, when
would the species richness of the ecosystem
have been the lowest?
One to four years after the volcanic eruption
Which of the following claims is best supported
After the volcanic eruption, pioneer species
colonized the area and the ecosystem began to
undergo succession.
by the data in the graph?
The graphs above show the population size
and distribution of beak sizes in a finch
population on the island of Daphne Major in
the Galapagos in 1976 and 1978.
Smaller-beaked finches are better suited for
eating grasses and small seeds.
Larger-beaked finches are better suited for
cracking larger seeds and nuts. In 1977 a
drought took place and the vegetation of the
island was affected by the lack of rain.
Which of the following was the average beak
size of finches on the island of Daphne Major
in 1976?
9.5 mm
The graphs above show the population size and
distribution of beak sizes in a finch population
on the island of Daphne Major in the Galapagos
in 1976 and 1978. Smaller-beaked finches are
better suited for eating grasses and small
seeds. Larger-beaked finches are better suited
for cracking larger seeds and nuts. In 1977 a
drought took place and the vegetation of the
island was affected by the lack of rain.
Which of the following statements best
explains the changes in the size and
composition of the population of finches after
the drought?
The total number of finches in the population
decreased, and the larger-beaked finches were
more successful in the drier environment.
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The graphs above show the population size and
distribution of beak sizes in a finch population
on the island of Daphne Major in the Galapagos
in 1976 and 1978. Smaller-beaked finches are
better suited for eating grasses and small
seeds. Larger-beaked finches are better suited
for cracking larger seeds and nuts. In 1977 a
drought took place and the vegetation of the
island was affected by the lack of rain.
Which of the following was the number of
finches in the population with a beak size of
10.2 mm in 1978?
12
Study Finds Aardvarks Suffering as African
Climate Heats Up
Little is known about Africa’s elusive aardvarks,
but new research says they are vulnerable to
climate change like many other species.
Hotter temperatures are taking their toll on the
aardvark, whose diet of ants and termites is
becoming scarcer in some areas because of
reduced rainfall.
Drought in the Kalahari Desert killed five out of
six aardvarks that were being monitored for a
year, as well as 11 others in the area.
The aardvarks’ body temperatures plummeted
during the night because they were not getting
enough energy from diminished food sources.
They tried to conserve energy by looking for
insects during the warmer daytime, but their
efforts to adapt could not save them.
Researchers said some birds, reptiles and other
animals use aardvark burrows to escape
extreme temperatures, reproduce, and hide
from predators. They could have fewer refuges
available if aardvark populations shrink
because of rising temperatures, they said.
The aardvark, which lives in many parts of
sub-Saharan Africa, is identified as an animal of
“least concern” on an international “red list” of
threatened species. There are no indications
that the population is changing significantly in
southern Africa, though it is speculated that
numbers may be declining elsewhere because
of habitat destruction, the bushmeat trade and
other factors.
Which of the following best identifies the
author’s claim?
Aardvarks are a keystone species and their
decline could have a trophic cascade effect
on the ecosystem.
Estuary provides refuge after dam
removal for bull trout
Bull trout are unable to live in high sediment
Bull trout use a bewildering array of strategies
to aid in their survival, from remaining in
streams their whole lives, like rainbow trout,
to spending part of their lives in the ocean
before returning to streams to spawn, just as
salmon do.
Bull trout are present in only one of two
neighboring rivers in the Olympic peninsula,
Washington state, and in this one (the Elwha
River), where two large dams were removed.
Dam removal resulted in massive outflow of
sediments, reducing the clarity of the water
and also building up a large delta and
expanding the size of the estuary at the
mouth of the Elwha River.
Sampling for bull trout before, during, and
after dam removal was used to detect
whether bull trout changed their use of the
Elwha River estuary or moved into the
adjacent Salt Creek stream where they were
formerly absent. Sampling revealed no
movement into Salt Creek, but numbers of
bull trout in the Elwha River estuary
increased greatly during and immediately
after dam removal, coinciding with large
sediment outflow, before returning to their
original low levels. Thus, bull trout appear to
have used the enlarged estuary as a refuge
from the effects of dam removal, then
returning to the river when the river water
cleared up from the sediment.
Of additional interest is the long-term
response of bull trout to the additional habitat
opened up above the former dams.
Lincoln, A. E., J. A. Shaffer, and T. P. Quinn.
2018. Opportunistic use of estuarine habitat
by juvenile Bull Trout, Salvelinus confluentus,
from the Elwha River before, during, and after
dam removal. Environmental Biology of
Fishes 101:1559–1569
Which of the following best identifies the
author’s claim?
loaded waters and migrated to avoid the
conditions introduced during dam
deconstruction.
Very Large Dead Zone Forecast for the Gulf of
The increased rainfall events in the United
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Mexico
Which of the following best identifies the
author's claim?
States are decreasing the tolerance of fish and
other marine species in the Gulf of Mexico
because of a decreased concentration of
oxygen.
Which of the following would be categorized as
a cultural ecosystem service of forests?
Recreation and scenic areas for tourism
Which of the following would most likely result
from the deforestation of large areas of
tropical rain forests caused by slash-and-burn
agriculture?
Increased global temperature because of the
release of CO2.
Which of the following correctly describes the
disruption of an ecosystem service by an
anthropogenic activity?
Provisioning services are disrupted by
increased combustion of fossil fuels, which
leads to an increase in air pollution.
Which of the following is a measure of the
biodiversity of an ecosystem?
C. The total number of different plant species
Which of the following correctly identifies the
types of habitat change(s) shown within each
potential scenario in the diagram?
C. All scenarios experienced habitat loss, but
only Scenario 3 experienced habitat
fragmentation
Which of the following would be most likely to
occur in the scenarios that have experienced
habitat loss and/or fragmentation in the
diagram?
(C) Decrease in the number of specialist
species
Which of the following would be the most
likely explanation for the changes shown
in Scenario 3?
Roads and electric power lines subdivided
the landscape into smaller pieces and
decreased the amount of available habitat
Which of the following is a possible effect
of global climate change as illustrated in
Scenario 1?
(A) Increased sea level would reduce the size
of the habitat patches.
Which of the following best describes a
supporting ecological service provided by
wetlands?
(D) Wetlands provide a habitat for a wide
variety of organisms.
Which of the following is a potential
disadvantage of reintroducing wolves to
Yellowstone?
(B) Wolves leaving the park may prey on
livestock in grazing land outside the park.
Which of the following best identifies and
describes the process that is illustrated in the
diagram above?
B. Primary succession, because the process
in the diagram begins with bare rock.
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Based on the diagram above, in which stage
are
most species present considered pioneer
species?
II
Which of the following best describes the role
of
moss in the transition to stage III of the
process?
B. It breaks down rock and adds organic
nutrients to the soil.
A one-hectare pond is sampled in early
September. The sample yields 1 small
catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates
that represent 10 species.
If the pond is resampled a year later,
which of the following would best indicate
that the pond had been adversely
affected by adjacent development?
The biodiversity of the pond has
decreased.
A one-hectare pond is sampled in early
September. The sample yields 1 small
catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates
that represent 10 species.
Which of the following can be estimated
from the sample for the invertebrates in
the pond?
species richness
Estuary provides refuge after dam removal
for bull trout
Which of the following best identifies the
author's claim?
Bull trout are unable to live in high sediment
loaded waters and migrated to avoid the
conditions introduced during dam
deconstruction.
The Chatham Island robin is a small
endangered bird found in scrub forests off the
coast of New Zealand. The robin is preyed
upon by introduced species such as cats and
rats. In 1980, the population decreased to
only 5 individuals and every individual today
is a descendant of a single female. Which of
the following is best illustrated in the decline
of the Chatham Island robins?
Population bottleneck
Based on the data shown in the graph, which
of the following best describes how ecologists
could determine when this ecosystem is
approaching a climax community?
Record the number and type of producers
present every year after the eruption
Which of the following claims is best
supported by the data in the graph?
After the volcanic eruption, pioneer species
colonized the area and the ecosystem began
to undergo succession.
The Devils Hole pupfish is one of the world's
rarest fishes, spending most of its life in the
top few meters of very warm waters of a
cavern located in the middle of the Mojave
Desert.
Which of the following statements best
explains why the Devils Hole pupfish are able
to live in this environment?
The pupfish are well adapted to the habitat of
Devils Hole and can thrive in conditions that
are outside of the range of tolerance for most
other species.
A research team monitoring a local
freshwater ecosystem noticed that over
the past few years the otter population
had declined significantly, while the
populations of other species remained
fairly constant. After running tests, the
research team determined that mercury
levels in invertebrates and small fish in
the ecosystem were very high. In this
ecosystem, what role did the otters
occupy?
Indicator species
A student reads that nanosilver particles
are used in cosmetics to allow nutrients to
penetrate deeper into the skin. When the
When the concentration of nanosilver
particles in water is increased, the
population of Daphnia magna will
cosmetics are washed off, the nanosilver
particles can enter freshwater
ecosystems. These particles may
decrease survival in many aquatic
organisms. The student determines that
Daphnia magna, a tiny freshwater
crustacean widely found in North
America, might make a good test subject
for an experiment.
Which statement below is the most likely
testable hypothesis based on the
information provided?
decrease.
The data shown were collected in a
laboratory experiment in which the effect
of pH on the survival of water fleas
(Daphnia pulex) was examined. In each
trial, 40 live water fleas were added to a
solution with the pH as indicated. After
two hours, observations were made to
determine the number of fleas remaining
alive in the sample. Results are presented
in the table and in graphical form above.
How would including a control group be
useful in this experiment?
It would provide a reference for the
effects of random environmental factors.
The data shown were collected in a
laboratory experiment in which the effect
of pH on the survival of water fleas
(Daphnia pulex) was examined. In each
trial, 40 live water fleas were added to a
solution with the pH as indicated. After
two hours, observations were made to
determine the number of fleas remaining
alive in the sample. Results are presented
in the table and in graphical form above.
On the basis of the data, the best
prediction of the pH of the water in which
Daphnia normally are found in the wild is
7
The data shown were collected in a
laboratory experiment in which the effect
of pH on the survival of water fleas
(Daphnia pulex) was examined. In each
trial, 40 live water fleas were added to a
4.5
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solution with the pH as indicated. After
two hours, observations were made to
determine the number of fleas remaining
alive in the sample. Results are presented
in the table and in graphical form above.
The pH at which 50 percent of the
Daphnia survive after 2 hours of exposure
can be predicted from the data. This pH is
closest to
The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event
was caused when an asteroid impacted
Earth approximately 66 million years ago,
near what is now the Gulf of Mexico. The
indirect effects of the impact affected the
entire globe. The event resulted in the
extinction of nearly 75 percent of all plant
and animal species on Earth, including
the majority of dinosaur species.
Which of the following likely best
describes why most of these species
went extinct?
Rapid Climate and Habitat Change
The table below shows measurements of
the beak size of a sample of ten ground
finches on each of two islands in the
Galápagos archipelago. The two islands
are about ten kilometers apart, and all the
birds are the same species. Given that
beak size is genetically determined, which
of the following hypotheses is the most
likely explanation for the differences in
data between the islands?
The types of food found on the two
islands exert selective pressure on beak
size.
Based on the data shown in the graph,
which of the following events occurred
after the glacial retreat?
Primary Succession
Based on the data in the table, which
ecosystem is in the earliest stages of
succession?
Ecosystem B
A North Carolina timber company
proposes to clear-cut 45 hectares of
oak-hickory deciduous forest in the
Appalachian Mountains. The company
has said that the forest will regrow
naturally, and 50 years after the
clear-cutting the company plans to
harvest again, cutting all the oaks and
hickories that have at least a
40-centimeter diameter. A local citizens'
group claims that this is not a realistic
plan. Which of the following, if true, best
supports the claim of the citizens' group?
Oak and hickory are late-successional
species; pioneer species will dominate for
many decades before the oaks and
hickories are reestablished.
Which of the following statements about
levels of biodiversity is correct?
A population with high genetic biodiversity
is better able to respond to environmental
stressors.
Which of the following best explains how
environmental stressors, such as
wildfires, can affect biodiversity in an
ecosystem?
Ecosystems with more species diversity are
more likely to recover after a disturbance than
ecosystems with low species diversity.
Which of the following explanations is
best supported by the data shown in the
map above?
Animals migrate seasonally to mate and
to find food in different habitats.
Which of the following is most likely to be
the direct result of lack of genetic diversity
in a food crop such as corn?
Increased susceptibility on plant disease
Which of the following best shows the
process of evolution?
A population of mosquitoes develops
resistance to a pesticide.
In North America, native pollinators often
increase the quantity and quality of crops
of native plants that are insect pollinated
more effectively than European
honeybees do. The most likely reason for
the phenomenon is that native pollinators
have coevolved with native plant species
The diagrams above show the range of
tolerance for soil moisture content for two
different species of terrestrial
invertebrate: Species 1 and Species 2.
The ranges represented are for each
species where it occurs alone. Soil
moisture content is a limiting factor for
both species. If populations of both
species are placed together in a new
location, which of the following diagrams
represents the most likely actual
(realized) ranges of the species'
distribution of individuals with respect to
soil moisture content after five
generations?
D
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Which of the following can be used to
assess the biological diversity of an area?
Genetic variation within each species and
number of species present
In England approximately 250 years ago,
the peppered moth had light-colored wing
The moths adapted to the new
environment by changes in the genetics
patterns that camouflaged them against
the light-colored trees. Over time in urban
areas, the number of peppered moths
with dark-colored wings increased as
pollution from the Industrial Revolution
darkened the trees the moths rested on.
Which of the following statements best
describes how the moths adapted to the
new environment over time?
of the population.
Which of the following examples
illustrates the community with the highest
biodiversity?
D) 10 10 10 10 10
The graph below shows the change in
sea level from the Cambrian period to
today compared to today's sea level.
Which of the following statements
correctly describes the trends seen in the
data?
The lowest sea level occurred during the
Paleogene period.
Which of the following is the best example
of a keystone species?
Sea Otter
On the coast of Oregon, mussels cover
most of the rocky shoreline. Two mussel
predators include Pisaster (ochre stars)
and Nucella (whelks). A sixty-day removal
study was conducted, and the results are
presented in the graph. Which of the
following conclusions is best supported by
the data in the graph?
Pisaster is a keystone species, because
when Nucella was removed the
proportion of live mussels was similar to
the control.