Finding Evidence in Literature

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Dec 6, 2023

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Exploring Primary Literature for the Flood Mitigation Issue 20 completion points, due October 13 th Names: Elsie Woerner EEPA Assignment Group: Zoo Crew Date: 10-13-23 The goal of this exercise is to help you understand and discuss how information from given articles is relevant in helping you explain how choosing to enact one of the Alternatives may or may not meet an Objective, and to learn more about the evidence for flood mitigation alternatives to prepare for the LEAP assignment. Examine two articles from the list on the second page. For each article, answer the following questions: Paper 1 1. What is the article about? Write a short description (3-5 sentences) summarizing what the article is about. I read the article “Residential Perspectives: The Value of Floodplain- Buyout Open Space” by Elyse Zavar. This article talks about the impact of a buyout on reducing flood damage to cities. Elyse proposes the idea of the Federal Emergency Management Agency providing funds to local governments with properties in flood plains. These governments will then use the funds to buy properties in the flood plain, preventing flood damage in communities. The land that was once a home or rental property would then be turned into a community space such as a park or walking trail, both of which would sustain minimal damage when flooded. 2. How is the information relevant to one of the Objectives (helping you explain how or by how much the Alternative meets the Objective)? Write a short description (3-5 sentences) how the information is relevant to the Objective. (If the information is not relevant, write a short description as to why the information is not relevant.) This article relates to objective B, which talks about using government funds to buy out properties that are located in floodplains. It shows how government funding would be used to prevent flood damage by outlining where the funding would be coming from, who would be spending the money, and what the land would then be used for. There is no measurement of how much this method would reduce objective B, but it does talk about how. FEMA would fund local governments to buy properties located in flood plains, which the governments would turn into park spaces that would have minimal damage when a flood comes in comparison to a house, which would have thousands of dollars in damage after being flooded (Zavar 2015). 3. What kind of study is in the article you read? Correlation, experiment, model, observational, meta-analysis or something else? What are the strengths and limitations of this kind of a study? In the article, Zavar surveys former residents whose neighborhoods were bought-out to reduce the damage that floods cause. Surveys have strengths in finding how people feel about a new decision that has been made. This survey was able to figure out how previous residents of the neighborhood felt about the buyout process, which is a great way to determine how the public feels about a new or proposed law. Surveys can also have their weaknesses. Although the survey shows how the public viewed the buyout, it can also show the implicit biases of those who were surveyed. Some of the people who were surveyed may be biased on the matter which can affect the overall integrity of the study. Paper 2

1. What is the article about? Write a short description (3-5 sentences) summarizing what the article is about. Paine writes the article “Who Lives in Nebraska Floodplains” to inform the public about what specific groups are being affected by flooding in Nebraska. The article states that most who are affected in Nebraska floodplains are those who live in rental properties, those who are minorities, and those without flood insurance. In Nebraska, only 39% of the population who live in non-floodplains rent their property, versus 51% of people who live in floodplains do not own their property (Paine 2016). Hispanics are another group that is largely affected by floods in Nebraska, with a staggering 18% of the people living in floodplains being of Hispanic origins, versus only 9% of the population located in a non-floodplain being Hispanic (Paine 2016). 2. How is the information relevant to one of the Objectives (helping you explain how or by how much the Alternative meets the Objective)? Write a short description (3-5 sentences) how the information is relevant to the Objective. (If the information is not relevant, write a short description as to why the information is not relevant.) This article shows how the implementation of Objective B would work. It clearly outlines the groups that would be affected if Objective B was put into place by stating which groups make up a majority of those who reside in floodplains. A majority of those who live in floodplains are renters, minorities, and those without flood insurance (Paine 2016). If objective B were implemented, the article shows how it would affect the population by outlining who currently lives in these floodplains. 3. What kind of study is in the article you read? Correlation, experiment, model, observational, meta-analysis or something else? What are the strengths and limitations of this kind of a study? A study that was done in the article was a data collection of who makes up the population of a floodplain. This type of study’s strength is eliminating personal bias. A data collection cannot discriminate against others or show their bias and only collects numbers that can be viewed on a solely quantitative basis. A limitation of this study is that nothing can come out of it except for data. The data does not show how certain people in this area would be affected if something such as a buyout was implemented, but only who would be affected. Sometimes personal opinions are okay in research about certain socioscientific issues because they help us better understand how people feel if certain decisions were made, but data collection does not give us the opinions of those who would be affected. Reminder: For the EEPA assignment, you will need to find at least two additional papers that help you understand if choosing and implementing the Alternative will result in the Objectives being achieved. You may start your research now to find articles for the EEPA. The papers or articles you read for this assignment may cite other relevant papers. Or, you could look one of the papers up on Google Scholar and click on “related articles.” Also feel free to check out the additional resources posted on Canvas under the Flood Module Readings.

Papers for during Recitation Week 7 & 8 These papers can be found here: Flooding Resources for Students Or on Canvas under Module 2 – Flooding Module Readings page 1. Elliott, J. R., Brown, P. L., & Loughran, K. (2020). Racial Inequities in the Federal Buyout of Flood- Prone Homes: A Nationwide Assessment of Environmental Adaptation. Socius. https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023120905439 2. Haer et al 2016, The effectiveness of flood risk communication strategies and the influence of social networks — insights from an agent-based model. Environ Sci Policy 60:44:52 3. Hemmati, M., Mahmoud, H. N., Ellingwood, B. R., & Crooks, A. T. (2021). Unraveling the complexity of human behavior and urbanization on community vulnerability to floods . Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 10.1038/s41598-021-99587-0 4. Jones, H. P., Hole, D. G., & Zavaleta, E. S. (2012). Harnessing nature to help people adapt to climate change. Nature climate change , 2 (7), 504-509. 5. Nelson, K. S., & Camp, J. (2020). Quantifying the Benefits of Home Buyouts for Mitigating Flood Damages. Anthropocene, 31 , 100246. 10.1016/j.ancene.2020.100246 6. Paine, Mitch (2016) Who lives in Nebraska Floodplains? Floodplain Management Today (Nebraska Department of Natural Resources); December 2016. https://dnr.nebraska.gov/sites/dnr.nebraska.gov/files/doc/floodplain/newsletters/Floodplain_Mana gement_Today_December_2016.pdf 7. SAMHSA Disaster Technical Assistance Center Supplemental Research Bulletin Greater Impact: How Disasters Affect People of Low Socioeconomic Status (2017). 8. Wenger, C. Better use and management of levees: reducing flood risk in a changing climate. Environmental Reviews . 23 (2): 240-255. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2014-0060 9. Zavar, E., 2015. Residential perspectives: the value of Floodplain-buyout open space. Geographical Review 105 (1), 78–95. 10. Zavar, E. (2019). An analysis of floodplain buyout memorials: four examples from central US floods of 1993–1998. GeoJournal , 84 (1), 135-146.

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