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Dec 6, 2023
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SYD 3020
Quiz 7
Key terms and concepts: Urban Transition
As I noted in my introduction to this module, the demographic transition and urbanization are
closely related: as populations move through their demographic transitions, they tend to
become increasingly urbanized. Chapter 7 of the Weeks text looks at what Weeks terms the
urban transition, the transition from an agricultural economy and rural living to an economy in
which agriculture plays a small (but vital) part and urban living predominates. You’ll find the
definitions for the key concepts listed below and answers to
most
of the questions in Chapter 7
of the Weeks text. The answers to some of the questions, however, are in Lecture 1 (the only
lecture for the module) and the short PBS feature on mega-cities.
Basic definitions
Urban transition
Urbanization
Urban gradient
Urban place
o
What two factors are used to define urban places in the United States?
What is rural (U.S.)?
What is urban (U.S.)?
o
What is the third “essential ingredient” of urban-ness that is not captured by these
two factors?
Urbanization without growth
Urban fragility
Historical and contemporary patterns of urbanization
What does Weeks mean when he says that early cities were not “demographically self-
sustaining”? How did they continue to exist?
Although cities have existed for thousands of years, in what century did urbanization “take
off”?
o
What two factors were responsible? Industrialization, mortality decline
o
About what percentage of the human population lived in cities in 1800? At the start of
the 20th century? Today?
o
In what country did urbanization occur earliest?
In what parts of the world are many countries not yet urban-majority?
o
What world region was the least urbanized in 2020?
o
What world region was the most urbanized in 2020?
Urbanization today:
o
In what global regions are cities growing most rapidly?
o
What is the world’s fastest growing city?
o
What city does the UN expect to be the world’s largest by 2030?
Proximate Determinants of the Urban Transition
Weeks relies on both historical records and data from contemporary low- and middle-income
countries (LMICs) to describe the role of each of the proximate determinants (a.k.a., drivers) of
the urban transition.
Internal rural-to-urban migration
o
Importance of rural-to-urban migration in today’s high-income (a.k.a., developed)
countries? What happened to population of agricultural areas?
o
Is rural-to-urban migration playing a similar role in LMICs?
Natural increase (difference between rates of births and deaths)
o
Historically, were death rates in cities higher or lower than in rural areas? Is this the
same for today’s LMICs?
o
Do urban areas have higher or lower fertility than rural areas?
o
Weeks uses data from the DHS to describe urban-rural fertility differences in LMIC. In
which world region is this difference smallest? Largest?
International migration: does it increase or decrease urbanization
o
In LMICs?
o
In high-income countries like the U.S.?
Reclassification
What does the case of Tzintzuntzan in Mexico tell us about the relationships between
urbanization, natural increase, and migration?
Urban Hierarchy
Definitions:
o
Urban agglomerations and mega-cities
o
Metropolitan versus non-metropolitan areas
Metropolitan Statistical Area or MSA (United States)
o
Primate city
How is the development of a primate city explained by the core-periphery model?
According to world system’s theory, why are the economies of core countries and periphery
countries so different?
Quiz 7: Urban transition
Page 2
Urban evolution
As Weeks points out, what cities look like and what urban life “feels” like is constantly evolving
in response to technological, economic, and demographic change.
Urban crowding:
o
How is it measured?
o
What are the consequences of increasing population density for humans?
Slums:
o
What are their defining features, according to the United Nations?
o
Where are most slums located today?
o
Roughly how many people are estimated by the UN to live in slums?
Suburbanization:
o
When did the process of suburbanization take place in the U.S.?
o
What technology helped drive U.S. suburbanization?
Urban sprawl:
o
What is it?
o
What two aspects of American public policy have contributed to urban sprawl?
Racial differences in the urban transition in the United States
What is the relationship between the Great Northern Migration and the urbanization of the
African American population?
How did the share of the Black population living in cities change between 1910 and the start
of World War II?
What share of the Black population living outside the Southern region of the U.S. was urban
by 1960? What share living in the South was urban?
What was happening to the White population as the Black population urbanized?
How is the trend toward desegregation linked to INA and the changing nature of
immigration?
Which racial group was, until the 1970s, the primary driver in suburbanizing the U.S.?
Quiz 7: Urban transition
Page 3
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