Lab 10 Part 2 online
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Oklahoma State University *
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1213
Subject
Geography
Date
Dec 6, 2023
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Pages
8
Uploaded by ChefStrawMole303
Name: ___Emily Rodriguez _____
Spring 2023
Laboratory Investigation 10
Surface waters, streams, and fluvial landforms
PART 2
3.
QUESTIONS
3.1
(L1)
What parameters do you need to calculate stream discharge?
(0.5 pt)
Velocity times channel area
3.2
(L1)
What government organization is in charge of measuring streamflow data in the
U.S?
(0.5 pt)
National water informational system
3.3
(L1)
What is the
base flow
in a hydrograph?
(0.5 pt)
The median flow for that particular day in the years the gage has been in use
3.4
(L1)
Explain what the 100-year flood area means in flood risk maps.
(1 pt)
The area within 100-year flood territory has a 1% chance of being flooded every year
3.5
(L2)
According to the typical stream gradient (Fig. 2.1.5) and Hjülström curve diagram
(Fig. 2.1.6), what sediment size could you expect to find in streams in the Rocky
Mountains?
(0.5
pt)
Larger particles like pebbles, gravel, and cobbles
3.6
(L2)
The figure below is a cross-section of a stream channel.
What letter marks the
part of the channel where water moves the fastest?
(1 pt)
A
GEOG 1114 Lab
Lab 10. Surface waters, streams, and fluvial landforms
2
GEOG 1114 Lab
Lab 10. Surface waters, streams, and fluvial landforms
4.
PRACTICE AND APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Stream orders
4.1
(L1)
Determine the orders of the streams indicated by the letters a, b, and c in the
map fluvial network of Figure 4.1.1
(1.5 pts)
Figure 4.1.1 Stream network
4.2
(L2)
Which of the three streams indicated on the map is expected to have the highest
channel gradient?
(1 pt)
A stream
Stream
Order
A
Low
B
Low
C
High
3
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GEOG 1114 Lab
Lab 10. Surface waters, streams, and fluvial landforms
Calculate stream gradient
4.3
(L4)
Open Google Earth Pro and follow the next steps:
In Options, set the measurements in miles and feet.
Search and find Perkins, Oklahoma.
Move south to the bridge across the Cimarron River (Highway 177) and mark the center
of the channel just east of the bridge.
Take the elevation.
Then, follow the river downstream and find the first bridge (Highway 33) downstream.
Place a mark just west of this bridge in the center of the channel.
Take the elevation.
Now go back to the Perkins bridge, and using the Path tool, mark the path following the
river channel downstream until you reach the second point.
When you reach the bridge
downstream, stop and, in Measurement, check the distance or your path.
Now, obtain the stream channel gradient using the formula you learned in part 1 (Fig.
2.1.4).
Try to get to 1 ft or 2 ft if possible.
You can round up your answer to one
decimal.
Provide your answer and show how you obtained it.
(2 pts)
Stream gradient (ft/mi):
1.3 ft per 1 mil
Distance of path: 6.15 mi
Mark 1= 851 elev
6.15 mi/851 - 843 = 1.3
mark 2= 843 elev
Channel sediments
4.4
(L4)
A random sample from the channel provided the particle size distribution plotted
in Figure 4.4.1.
4
GEOG 1114 Lab
Lab 10. Surface waters, streams, and fluvial landforms
Figure 4.4.1 Particle size distribution from a sample from the Cimarron River near Perkins, OK.
Now, using your knowledge of sediments and the Hjülström curve, answer the following
question.
Why is there almost no clay in this sample of the channel?
(1 pt)
Clay is a big particle, so the stream flow is slow and the stream velocity is low.
Streamflow, discharge, and hydrograph
Gage stations measure discharge in rivers.
Practically all major rivers in Oklahoma
have data measured at stations managed by the United States Geological Service
USGS.
In this exercise, we will look at data generated in one of them.
Using Google Earth, go to Pawnee, Oklahoma.
Observe the creek that runs around
town on the north.
That is Bear Creek, a stream much smaller than the Cimarron River.
See its location in Oklahoma (Fig. 4.2.1).
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Gravel
Coarse sand
Medium sand
Fine sand
Silt
Clay
Channel sediment sample: Particle size percent
5
GEOG 1114 Lab
Lab 10. Surface waters, streams, and fluvial landforms
Figure 4.2.2 Location of Black Bear Creek, OK.
There is a gauge station at Pawnee that has measured streamflow data for years.
From
the NWIS website, we obtained for you the hydrograph from the gaging station at this
location for the period 1/1/2018 to 12/31/2020 (Figure 4.2.1).
Note that the graph of the
discharge is on a logarithmic scale.
Figure 4.2.2 shows the peak discharges and the base flow, similar to figure 2.3.4 in Part
1.
Base flow is the median statistic discharge for 76 years.
The peak discharges are
the highest river discharges measured during the two-year period.
6
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GEOG 1114 Lab
Lab 10. Surface waters, streams, and fluvial landforms
Figure 4.2.2 Streamflow discharge for the period 1/1/2018-12/31/2020 measured at a gage
station on Bear Creek at Pawnee, OK
.
4.11
(L3)
Discharges and base flow are in function of how much it rains in the catchment
of this stream.
Based on the data you see on the graph, which would be the rainiest
months in this part of Oklahoma?
(1 pt)
July and January
4.12
(L4)
Based on the discharge graphs in Figure 4.2.2, when did Pawnee, OK,
experience the most severe flooding event?
(1 pt)
July 2019
Flood risk
Go to the FEMA portal
https://msc.fema.gov/portal/home
and type in
Ripley, OK
in Search.
7
GEOG 1114 Lab
Lab 10. Surface waters, streams, and fluvial landforms
The BFE (Base Flow Elevation) equals the limit of the 100-year flood area.
Now with
the aid of Google Earth, answer the following questions:
4.13
(L2)
At what elevation is the 100-year flood here?
(0.5 pt)
In the 800’s
4.14
(L2)
What types of land use do you see in the region within the 100-year flood area?
(0.5 pt)
Floodplains and forests
4.15
(L2)
Go to Monster Music & Movies
,
an entertainment store in the West Ashley
district of Charleston, South Carolina.
This part of the city is built on a
floodplain, and the channel of the Stono River almost completely surrounds it.
According to the FEMA map, what is the flood risk of the land around this district
of Charleston?
(1 pt)
A high risk
8