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Climate Change
Define the terms weather and climate.:
Weather is the current condition of the atmosphere in a particular place, including temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, and other meteorological variables. It can change rapidly and varies greatly from one location to another. Climate, on the other hand, refers to the long-term patterns of weather that occur in a particular region. It is determined by the average temperature, humidity, and other meteorological variables over a period of several decades or longer. Climate is influenced by a variety of factors, including latitude, altitude, and proximity to the ocean, and it tends to be more stable than weather.
List the four main factors that affect climate in an area:
There are four main factors that affect climate in an area: latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, and air masses. Latitude determines the amount of solar radiation an area receives, with areas closer to the equator receiving more solar radiation and therefore experiencing warmer temperatures. Altitude also plays a role in temperature, with higher altitudes experiencing cooler temperatures due to the thinning of the atmosphere. Distance from the sea can also affect temperature, with areas closer to the sea experiencing more moderate temperatures due to the influence of ocean currents. Finally, air masses play a role in climate by bringing different types of weather to an area, such as warm and moist air leading to more precipitation or cold and dry air leading to less precipitation. All of these factors work together to create the unique climate of a particular area.
List 3 of the lives of Ontarians that are affected by climate and how:
Climate change has had a significant impact on the lives of Ontarians in three main areas: the environment, health, and the economy. In terms of the environment, climate change
has led to more frequent and severe natural disasters such as floods, droughts, and storms. This has had a direct impact on the natural habitats of various species and has led to the loss of biodiversity. To address this issue, the Ontario government has implemented policies such as the Climate Change Mitigation and Low-carbon Economy Act, which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to a low-carbon economy. Climate change has had a significant impact on the economy, particularly in the agriculture and tourism sectors. The changing climate has led to crop failures and the loss of tourist attractions due to natural disasters. To address these issues, the Ontario government has implemented programs such as
the Greenbelt Fund, which supports the development of sustainable agriculture practices and the promotion of eco-tourism.
Define solar radiation and thermal energy:
Solar radiation is the energy emitted by the sun in the form of electromagnetic waves. This energy travels through the vacuum of space and reaches the Earth's surface, where it is absorbed and reflects off various objects and surfaces. Thermal energy is the energy that is stored in the form of heat. When solar radiation is absorbed by an object, it causes the atoms and molecules in the object to vibrate, increasing the temperature and creating thermal energy. This energy can be used to heat water or air, power electrical systems, or produce mechanical work. Solar panels are designed to capture and convert solar radiation into electricity, while solar thermal systems use solar radiation to heat water or air for various purposes. Overall, solar radiation and thermal energy play important roles in the generation of
renewable energy and the reduction of our reliance on fossil fuels.
List and briefly describe the 4 main spheres of Earth:
The four spheres of Earth refer to the different parts of the planet that interact with each other to form a cohesive and dynamic system. The four spheres are the biosphere, the hydrosphere, the lithosphere, and the atmosphere. The biosphere refers to all living things on Earth, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. The hydrosphere includes all of the water on Earth, including oceans, lakes, rivers, and groundwater. The lithosphere is the solid outer layer of the Earth, including the crust and upper mantle, and is responsible for the formation of land masses and the movement of tectonic plates. The atmosphere is the layer of
gases surrounding the Earth, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapour, and plays a
crucial role in regulating temperature and weather patterns. Together, these four spheres work
together to support life on Earth and create a complex and interconnected environment.
List and briefly describe the 4 layers of the Earth’s atmosphere:
The Earth's atmosphere is divided into four main layers: the troposphere, stratosphere,
mesosphere, and thermosphere. The troposphere is the lowest layer and extends from the Earth's surface up to about 8-15 kilometers (5-9 miles). This is where weather occurs, and it is characterized by decreasing temperature with altitude. The stratosphere is located above the
troposphere and extends from about 15-50 kilometers (9-31 miles) above the Earth's surface. The ozone layer, which protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation, is located within
the stratosphere. The mesosphere is located above the stratosphere and extends from about 50-85 kilometers (31-53 miles) above the Earth's surface. The temperature in the mesosphere decreases with increasing altitude. The thermosphere is the highest layer of the Earth's atmosphere and extends from about 85 kilometers (53 miles) to the very edge of space. The temperature in the thermosphere increases with altitude due to the absorption of solar radiation by the upper atmosphere.
Define the term biome:
A biome is a large, distinct geographic region characterized by its unique climate, flora, and fauna. Biomes are often defined by their dominant vegetation and the typical animals that live within them, such as forests, grasslands, deserts, and tundra. The Earth's biomes are constantly changing and evolving as a result of natural processes and human activities, and they play a crucial role in supporting the diversity of life on our planet. Some examples of biomes include the tropical rainforest, savannah, coral reefs, and the Arctic tundra.
List and identify 3 defining features for each of the 6 terrestrial biomes of Canada;
The taiga biome is characterized by its long, cold winters and short, cool summers. It is found in the northern regions of Canada and is dominated by coniferous forests. One of its defining features is the presence of evergreen trees, such as spruce and pine, which are adapted to withstand the cold temperatures. Another defining feature is the presence of wetlands, such as bogs and swamps, which support a diverse range of plant and animal life. The taiga also has a low diversity of species, with few large mammals such as moose and caribou being common.
The temperate deciduous forest biome is found in the southern regions of Canada and is characterized by its mixed forests of deciduous and coniferous trees. One of its defining features is the presence of trees that lose their leaves in the fall, such as oak and maple. Another defining feature is the presence of a wide range of plant and animal species, including both deciduous and coniferous trees. The temperate deciduous forest also has a moderate climate, with cool winters and warm summers.
The grassland biome is found in the central regions of Canada and is characterized by its rolling hills and grassy plains. One of its defining features is the presence of grasses and other
herbaceous plants, which dominate the landscape. Another defining feature is the presence of large mammals such as bison and pronghorns, which are adapted to grazing on grasses. The grassland also has a moderate climate, with hot summers and cold winters.
The temperate coniferous forest is found in the southwestern regions of Canada and is characterized by its arid, dry climate. One of its defining features is the presence of xerophytic plants, which are adapted to survive in dry conditions. Another defining feature is the presence of a small number of species, which are adapted to the extreme conditions of the
desert. The desert also has hot, dry summers and cold winters.
The mountain biome is found in the western and eastern regions of Canada and is characterized by its rugged, mountainous terrain. One of its defining features is the presence of high altitude ecosystems, such as alpine meadows and glaciers. Another defining feature is the presence of a wide range of plant and animal species, which are adapted to the harsh
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conditions of the mountains. The mountain also has a variable climate, with cool summers and cold winters at high elevations and warm summers and mild winters at lower elevations.
The tundra biome is found in the northern regions of Canada and is characterized by its cold, harsh climate. One of its defining features is the presence of permafrost, which is a layer of permanently frozen ground. Another defining feature is the presence of tundra plants, such as lichens and mosses, which are adapted to survive in the extreme conditions of the tundra. The
tundra also has long, cold winters and short, cool summers.
Heat Transfer and The Natural Greenhouse Effect
Briefly describe the natural greenhouse effect. Identify 4 greenhouse gases;
The greenhouse effect is a phenomenon that occurs when gases in the Earth's atmosphere, known as greenhouse gases, trap heat from the sun. These gases, including carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour, and ozone, allow sunlight to pass through the atmosphere and reach the surface of the Earth. However, when the sunlight is absorbed by the
Earth's surface, it is re-emitted as infrared radiation. The greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb this radiation, trapping the heat and causing the Earth's temperature to rise. This process is essential for maintaining the Earth's temperature at a livable level, but an excess of greenhouse gases can lead to global warming.
There are four main greenhouse gases that contribute to the warming of our planet: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases. Carbon dioxide is emitted through the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and natural gas, and is also released through deforestation
and land use changes. Methane is produced through the decomposition of organic matter in landfills, animal agriculture, and natural gas production. Nitrous oxide is emitted through the use of fertilizers in agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels. Fluorinated gases, such as hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons, are man-made and used in refrigeration, air conditioning, and industrial processes. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute
to the warming of our planet, leading to negative impacts on the environment and human health.
Define the term net radiation budget:
The net radiation budget refers to the balance between the incoming solar radiation that reaches the Earth's surface and the outgoing thermal radiation that is emitted back into the atmosphere. This balance is important because it determines the amount of heat that is absorbed or released by the Earth's surface and atmosphere. If the incoming solar radiation is greater than the outgoing thermal radiation, then the Earth will warm up. Conversely, if the outgoing thermal radiation is greater than the incoming solar radiation, then the Earth will
cool down. The net radiation budget can be affected by various factors such as cloud cover, atmospheric gases, and surface reflectivity. Understanding the net radiation budget is crucial for predicting and understanding global climate patterns and changes.
List and briefly describe the 3 methods of thermal energy transfer:
There are three main methods of thermal energy transfer; conduction, convection, and
radiation. Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct contact between two objects. It occurs when two objects of different temperatures are in contact and heat is transferred from the hotter object to the cooler one. Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids, such as air or water. It occurs when heat is transferred from one place to another by the movement of the fluid. Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves. It occurs when heat is transferred through space, such as the sun radiating heat to the earth. All three methods of thermal energy transfer are important in the movement and transfer of heat in the environment and in various systems.
Sketch the diagram in figure 7.22 on page 281. Briefly describe how the convection currents between the equator and the poles form:
The convection currents between the equator and the poles form because air descends when it’s at the poles and rises when it’s at the equator.
Define the terms wind and coriolis effect:
Wind is the movement of air across the surface of the Earth, often caused by differences in temperature and pressure. It can vary in strength and direction and is an important factor in many weather phenomena. The Coriolis effect is the phenomenon whereby the movement of air or other objects appears to be deflected due to the rotation of the Earth. This effect is caused by the Earth's rotation and the fact that the Earth's surface is curved. It is most noticeable in the Northern Hemisphere, where objects moving northward tend to be deflected to the right, and those moving southward tend to be deflected to the left. The Coriolis effect influences the movement of air masses and the direction of wind patterns.
Sketch the diagram in figure 7.23 on page 282. Briefly describe why the wind patterns are deflected in each hemisphere:
The wind patterns are deflected because of the Earth's gravitational pull from all sides, this would make the wind travel in a different direction relative to you.
What is a jet stream? How do changes in jet streams affect weather patterns?:
A jet stream is a fast-flowing, narrow air current that is found in the Earth's upper atmosphere; they are seen on news forecasts and are used to predict the weather. Jet streams are typically found in the polar regions and are formed when the air in these areas becomes very cold and dense. Jet streams are typically around 3,000 to 7,000 meters above the Earth's
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surface and can reach speeds of up to 250 kilometers per hour. Changes in jet streams can greatly affect weather patterns. Jet streams are often associated with large-scale weather systems, such as highs and lows, and can help to steer these systems around the globe. When jet streams shift or become stronger or weaker, it can alter the path of these weather systems and lead to changes in temperature, humidity, and precipitation. For example, a strong jet stream can bring cold, dry air to an area, while a weaker jet stream can allow warmer, more moist air to move in. Changes in jet streams can also contribute to extreme weather events, such as storms, floods, and heatwaves.
Describe 2 ways in which the movement of thermal energy in ocean currents affects the climates of different regions on our planet:
Thermal energy in ocean currents plays a significant role in shaping the climates of different regions on our planet. Firstly, the movement of thermal energy in ocean currents affects the temperatures of coastal regions. As warm ocean currents flow towards the poles, they bring warm air with them, resulting in milder winters and cooler summers in these regions. On the other hand, cold ocean currents flowing towards the equator result in cooler temperatures in coastal regions. Secondly, the movement of thermal energy in ocean currents also affects the amount of rainfall that different regions receive. As warm ocean currents flow
towards the poles, they cause more evaporation, resulting in increased rainfall in these regions. Cold ocean currents, on the other hand, cause less evaporation, resulting in lower levels of rainfall in coastal regions. These two ways in which the movement of thermal energy in ocean currents affects the climates of different regions demonstrate the importance of these currents in shaping the Earth's climate.
The Anthropogenic Greenhouse
What is global warming potential?:
Global warming potential is a measure of the warming effect of a gas over a specified time period relative to the warming effect of a reference gas, such as carbon dioxide. It is used to compare the greenhouse gas emissions of different gases and their potential impact on
the Earth's climate. Global warming potential is often used to compare the climate impacts of different gases, such as methane and carbon dioxide, and to determine the greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets for countries and businesses.
List 3 greenhouse gases. Describe how the atmospheric concentration of these gases has
changed over the last 200 years:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas that is released into the atmosphere through natural processes such as respiration and volcanic eruptions, as well as human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. The atmospheric concentration of CO2 has increased significantly over the last 200 years due to the Industrial Revolution and the increasing use of fossil fuels. Methane (CH4) is another important greenhouse gas that is emitted into the atmosphere through natural processes such as the decomposition of organic matter, as well as human activities such as livestock farming and the use of natural gas. The atmospheric concentration of methane has also increased over the last 200 years due to human activities. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas that is released into the atmosphere through natural processes such as the decomposition of organic matter, as well as human activities such as the use of fertilizers in agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels. The atmospheric concentration of nitrous oxide has also increased over the last 200 years due to human activities.
What is the Greenland Ice Core Project? What type of information do scientists find when they analyze the ice cores?
The Greenland Ice Core Project is a research project focused on studying the history of the Earth's climate through the analysis of ice cores taken from the Greenland ice sheet. These ice cores contain a wealth of information about the Earth's past climate, including information about temperature, atmospheric composition, and even volcanic eruptions. When scientists analyze the ice cores, they are able to reconstruct a detailed record of the Earth's climate over the past several thousand years. This information helps scientists better understand how the Earth's climate has changed in the past and how it may change in the future. Additionally, the ice cores can provide insights into how human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels, may be impacting the Earth's climate. Overall, the Greenland Ice Core
Project is an important tool for understanding the complex processes that shape our planet's climate.
Define “carbon source” and “carbon sink.” Give 2 examples of each:
A carbon source refers to a location or process that releases carbon into the atmosphere, such as the burning of fossil fuels or deforestation. Carbon sinks, on the other hand, are locations or processes that absorb and store carbon, such as forests and oceans. Examples of carbon sources include power plants and vehicle emissions, while examples of carbon sinks include trees and phytoplankton.
List 3 human activities that contribute to climate change:
Three human activities that contribute to climate change are the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which trap heat and contribute to the warming of the Earth's surface. Deforestation, or the cutting down of trees, also contributes to climate change
by reducing the amount of carbon dioxide that is absorbed by plants. Finally, agriculture is a major contributor to climate change because the production of livestock and crops generates greenhouse gases, such as methane, and also requires the use of fossil fuels for transportation and processing.
Many trees are cut down for lumber and paper products. Describe in words how the forest’s role as a carbon sink or carbon source is affected:
When many trees are cut down, the forest can no longer function as effectively as a carbon sink. This is because trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as they grow and store it in their wood, leaves, and roots. When a tree is cut down, it releases this stored carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. In addition, the process of harvesting and transporting the wood and paper products also releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. As a result, the forest can become a carbon source rather than a sink, contributing to the overall levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and climate change.
People's lifestyles have changed a great deal since the Industrial Revolution
. Describe some of these changes and their impact on society and on the environment
:
During the Industrial Revolution, people's lifestyles underwent significant changes as the world became more industrialized and urbanized. One major change was the shift from a primarily agricultural and rural way of life to a more urban and industrial one. This meant that people moved from the countryside to cities in search of work, leading to a growth in population in urban areas. Another change was the rise of the factory system, which meant that people worked longer hours in often dangerous and unhealthy conditions. This led to a decline in traditional crafts and trades, as well as an increase in the division of labor. These changes had a significant impact on society and the environment. The growth of cities led to the development of new forms of transportation and infrastructure, such as railroads and roads, which facilitated the movement of goods and people. However, the rapid expansion of urban areas also led to pollution and overcrowding, as well as the destruction of natural habitats. The factory system also had a negative impact on the environment, as the increased demand for raw materials led to the exploitation of natural resources and the pollution of air and water. Overall, the Industrial Revolution had a significant impact on people's lifestyles and the way they lived their lives. It brought about significant changes in the way people
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worked and lived, and had a lasting impact on society and the environment.
What types of lifestyle change do you think would be most difficult for people to make in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions? Explain your answer:
One of the most difficult lifestyle changes for people to make in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions would be reducing their consumption of meat and dairy products. This is because many people have a strong cultural or personal attachment to these foods, and
they may feel that they are an essential part of their diet. Additionally, reducing meat and dairy consumption often requires a significant shift in eating habits and meal planning, which
can be challenging for people who are used to consuming these products regularly. Another difficult lifestyle change would be reducing the amount of driving and flying that people do, as transportation is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. This requires people to find alternative modes of transportation or to make more of an effort to walk or bike for short trips. Finally, reducing energy consumption by using energy-efficient appliances and turning off lights and electronics when not in use can also be difficult for people who are used to leaving things on or using more energy than necessary.
Physical Effects of Climate Change
Give an example of how extreme heat affects people in Ontario and in another part of the world:
Extreme heat can have serious effects on people's health, particularly for those who are vulnerable such as the elderly, young children, and people with preexisting medical conditions. In Ontario, Canada, extreme heat can lead to heat stroke, heat exhaustion, and dehydration, as well as worsen chronic conditions such as asthma. In other parts of the world,
extreme heat can have even more severe effects. For example, in countries near the equator, extreme heat can lead to crop failures, which can have serious consequences for food security
and the economy. Extreme heat can also increase water shortages, leading to public health crises.
Describe how drought has affected a local area, using specific examples:
Drought can have significant effects on a local area. It can lead to water shortages, crop failures, and economic difficulties for farmers and businesses. It can also increase the risk of wildfires and lead to other environmental problems. For example, if a local area is experiencing drought conditions, farmers may not be able to irrigate their crops, leading to
reduced yields or even crop failures. Drought can also increase the risk of wildfires, as dry conditions make it easier for fires to start and spread. This can lead to property damage and loss, as well as air quality issues and other environmental problems. State how increases in the occurrence of each of the following can be a consequence of climate change:
a)
Heat waves can lead to an increase of heatstroke and death among the population, mostly among the elderly. It can also cause wildfires as due to the hot dry air it can make it easier for fire to generate.
b)
Droughts can increase the risk of wildfires as it makes the air dry. They can also create problems with crop yields, given the lack of hydration for the plants.
c)
Wildfires can cause property damage and environmental damage which can cause problems with the air quality and increase the level of pollution.
d)
Melting ice can cause the rise of sea levels, for example Venice, Italy will be completely submerged within the next 100 years due to the exact reason stated. The melting ice can also kill many underwater organisms that live in saltwater.
How can increasing the severity of storms be attributed to climate change?:
Increasing the severity of storms can be attributed to climate change because it is linked to rising global temperatures. As temperatures increase, this can also lead to more intense and frequent rainfall events, due to more moisture in the atmosphere. This can cause severe storms such as hurricanes, typhoons, and thunderstorms.
List 5 consequences that melting ice can have on Earth:
If we as a human race continue our current pollutive habits, rising sea levels would cause mass homelessness for those who live in coastal cities due to having to have them displaced. Furthermore, many saltwater based underwater species would go extinct and so would the animals that use those animals as a food source. This would cause mass pollution around the world because of the destruction of habitats causing a lack of plant life.
Describe 4 reasons that warming the ocean temperatures might be of concern:
Warming ocean temperatures may be of concern for several reasons. First, higher ocean temperatures can lead to more frequent and intense storms and hurricanes, as warmer
waters provide more fuel for these events. Second, the warmer water can lead to bleaching and death of coral reefs, which are important habitats for many marine species. Third, warming waters can also lead to the expansion of harmful algal blooms, which can have negative impacts on marine life and the human population through seafood contamination. Finally, rising ocean temperatures can contribute to sea level rise, which can threaten coastal communities and infrastructure.
Why do changes in climate threaten species?:
Changes in climate can have a significant impact on the survival of species. Many species have evolved to thrive in specific environments with certain temperature and weather patterns. When the climate changes, these conditions can shift, making it difficult or impossible for certain species to adapt. For example, warmer temperatures can cause sea levels to rise, which can flood the habitats of coastal species or disrupt the migration patterns of animals that rely on specific weather patterns. Overall, climate change threatens species by
altering their environments and altering the conditions they need to survive.
Social and Economic Effects of Climate Change
Using table 8.4 on page 324 explain why the top 5 countries are in those positions:
The top 5 countries in these positions are Canada, Australia, United States, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait. Canada has high CO2 emissions per capita due to their high amount of land and relatively small population, along with its reliance on the burning of fossil fuels for things such as transportation. Australia also has high CO2 emissions per capita
due to its reliance on the burning of fossil fuels for energy. The United States also suffers the same problem as Canada and Australia, its reliance on the burning of fossil fuels for energy being its main downfall. The United Arab Emirates suffers this problem due to its growing population and economic development increasing the amount of fossil fuels burnt for energy for things like transportation. Kuwait is a major oil producer so they heavily rely on fossil fuels to power their industries so they can make money, this is what ultimately contributed to it ranking #1 on the list.
State key differences between the way people acquire goods now and how they acquired goods before the Industrial Revolution:
Before the Industrial Revolution, people acquired goods primarily through farming, small-scale craft production, and trading with other local communities. This meant that goods
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were generally produced by hand, in small amounts, and were often specific to a particular region or community. Fast forward to today, after the Industrial Revolution, goods began to be produced on a large scale using machinery and mass production techniques. This led to an increase in the availability and variety of goods. It made them more affordable and accessible
to a wider range of people. How is climate change more likely to affect the worldwide availability of drinkable water?:
Climate change is likely to affect the worldwide availability of drinkable water in a number of ways. Rising temperatures and more frequent and severe heat waves are expected to increase evaporation and lead to more water scarcity. As rainfall patterns change, some areas may experience more droughts and floods, making it harder to access clean and reliable water sources. Additionally, melting glaciers and ice caps can disrupt freshwater flows, and rising sea levels can contaminate freshwater with saltwater. All of these factors combined make it increasingly difficult to provide drinkable water for the growing global population.
Explain why businesses may manufacture their goods great distances from where they plan to
sell their goods?:
There are a number of reasons that could be why businesses could be selling their goods far from where they plan on selling them, though there are 2 main reasons as to why. The first reason why is because of accessibility, for example, if I wanted to sell Pakistani mangoes I’d have to grow them. The mangoes; however, would not survive in Canada’s climate because they have already adapted to Pakistan’s hot climate. Another reason why businesses manufacture their product far from where they want to sell them is different regulations. Many businesses unfortunately do manufacture their product in other countries so they can pay their workers much less. It is completely unethical but many businesses do this, they hire children and pay them as low as 10 cents a day.
Why will citizens of G8 countries be better able to cope with the effects and impacts of climate change?:
This is because of the fact that they are much more technologically advanced and have a lot of money and resources to repair most of the effects and impacts of climate change.
They also have a higher education so they are able to adapt better than other countries.
What implications would “eating locally” have on you and your family?:
My family already mostly eats locally as my dad gets certain groceries from farms or from cousins who have brought fresh fruit back from Pakistan. Eating locally leads to a
smaller carbon footprint, a carbon footprint is a measure on how much pollution you and possibly your family causes.
Climate Change Decision
Issue
As our understanding of climate change increases, we must consider the effects of climate change on our future lives. What are the potential effects of climate change on the environment, economy, and society of Ontario?
Background Information
Canada is a member of the G8 group, which means that our country offers a high standard of living to its citizens.Climate change may seem welcome if it means more moderate winters. However, because climate change is having global physical, environmental, and social effects. It could affect life in Ontario in ways that we do not yet know. A danger is that in times of economic uncertainty, climate-change factors could be ignored. Job losses and other economic difficulties could turn people’s attention to what concerns them individually instead
of the issues surrounding climate change.
Chapter 9.1 Key concept Read pages 336-335
Explain why research on climate change requires international collaboration:
Climate change is a global phenomenon that affects all countries and regions. It is caused by the release of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere, which trap heat and lead to a warming of the planet. To understand the causes and consequences of climate change and to develop effective solutions, research must be conducted on a global scale. This requires international collaboration among scientists, by working together, we can more effectively address the challenges posed by climate change.
Explain the function of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Why was its founding an important step in international action on climate change?:
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an international treaty created in 1992 to address the issue of global warming and climate change. Its main
function is to provide a framework for countries to work together to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and lower the impacts of climate change. The treaty also aims to support the development and transfer of technologies to help countries adapt to the changing climate. The
founding of it was an important step in international action on climate change because it brought countries together to address the issue collectively and established a common understanding of the problem and the need for action. Describe the Kyoto Protocol:
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that was adopted in 1997 to combat global warming and climate change. It aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from industrialized countries, primarily carbon dioxide. The Kyoto Protocol also encourages countries to invest in renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
Why is it important to consider the role aerosols play in masking the greenhouse effect?:
Aerosols are tiny particles suspended in the atmosphere that can reflect or absorb incoming solar radiation. They play a crucial role in masking the greenhouse effect because they can cool the planet by reflecting incoming solar radiation back into space. Without considering the role of aerosols, we would not have an accurate understanding of how much warming is caused by human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Understanding how aerosols interact with the atmosphere is important for predicting and lowering the effects of climate change.
Why do you think Canada is having difficulty meeting its Kyoto Protocol targets?:
I believe Canada is having difficulty meeting its Kyoto Protocol targets due to a combination of factors. Firstly, the country has a large and heavily industrialized economy, which results in high emissions from sectors such as transportation and energy production. Additionally, the country also has a vast landmass and a harsh climate, which leads to a high dependence on fossil fuels for heating and transportation. Furthermore, the country also has a large and expanding population, which results in an increase in energy consumption and emissions. Finally, the lack of adequate government policies and regulations to address these issues has also contributed to Canada's difficulty in meeting its targets under the Kyoto Protocol.
Do you think the fact that the United States has not ratified the Kyoto Protocol affects the usefulness of the protocol? Explain:
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The United States not ratifying the Kyoto Protocol affects the usefulness of the protocol. The United States is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases in the world and
their participation in the protocol is crucial for its success. Without the United States, the protocol lacks the necessary teeth to effectively reduce emissions on a global scale. Additionally, the lack of participation from a major world power sends a message to other countries that the protocol may not be taken seriously and could discourage other countries from taking part in it. Overall, the non-ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by the United States limits the effectiveness of the protocol and hinders progress in addressing global climate change.
What is Ontario’s Climate Change Action Plan? Do you think it will be effective?:
Ontario's Climate Change Action Plan is a set of initiatives and policies aimed at reducing the province's greenhouse gas emissions and addressing the impacts of climate change. The plan includes measures such as increasing the use of renewable energy sources and investing in public transit. The plan also includes targets for reducing emissions in various sectors such as transportation, buildings, and industry. In terms of effectiveness, it is difficult to say at this time. It is a step in the right direction and it is important that the province continues to take action to address climate change. Identify at least 3 human activities that add greenhouse gases to the environment:
One of the main human activities that contribute to the release of greenhouse gases into the environment is the burning of fossil fuels. This includes activities such as driving cars and operating power plants, both of which rely heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas. Another significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions is deforestation and land use changes, as trees and other vegetation absorb carbon dioxide and help regulate the Earth's climate. Additionally, industrial processes and agriculture also contribute to the release of greenhouse gases, such as methane produced by livestock and the use of chemical fertilizers.
List 3 different ways to generate renewable energy. Why is it called “renewable”?:
Three different ways to generate renewable energy include solar, wind, and hydro power. Solar energy is generated by harnessing the power of the sun through the use of solar panels. Wind energy is generated by using wind turbines to capture the kinetic energy of the wind. Hydro power is generated by using the energy of flowing water to turn a turbine and generate electricity. These energy sources are considered renewable because they can be replenished naturally and do not produce greenhouse gases or pollutants.
Describe 3 choices you could make to reduce your contribution to greenhouse gas emissions:
One choice I could make to reduce my contribution to greenhouse gas emissions is to reduce my consumption of meat and dairy products. This is because the production of these products generates large amounts of methane and nitrous oxide, which are powerful greenhouse gases. Instead, I could opt for plant-based alternatives or eat smaller amounts of meat and dairy. Another choice I could make is to reduce my use of single-use plastics, which
often end up in landfills and oceans, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions through the breakdown of plastic and the release of methane. I could do this by using reusable bags, water
bottles, and containers instead. Finally, I could choose to reduce my use of fossil fuels by biking or walking places instead of being driven there.
How does decreasing electricity use decrease greenhouse gas emissions?:
Decreasing electricity use decreases greenhouse gas emissions by reducing the amount of energy that needs to be produced. The majority of electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The less energy that is needed, the less fossil fuels that need to be burned, leading to a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions.
How does decreasing fossil fuel use decrease greenhouse gas emissions?:
Decreasing fossil fuel use decreases greenhouse gas emissions by reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other harmful gases released into the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are major sources of carbon dioxide, which is the leading contributor to climate change. When these fuels are burned, they release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which trap heat and contribute to global warming. By decreasing the use of fossil fuels, you can decrease the amount of greenhouse gases being released into the atmosphere, slowing down the rate of climate change and protecting our planet.
Describe each of the following terms, and give one example of each:
a)
Carbon offsets are a way for individuals and businesses to compensate for their greenhouse gas emissions by funding projects that reduce or remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. These projects can include things like planting trees, investing in renewable energy, and improving energy efficiency. For example, a company that produces a lot of pollution from its factories might purchase carbon offsets to fund a wind farm or solar power installation. b)
Emissions trading, also known as cap-and-trade, is a system where a government sets a limit or "cap" on the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by certain industries. Companies that emit less than their allotted amount can then sell or "trade" their unused allowances to other companies that emit more than their allotted amount. This creates
an economic incentive for companies to reduce their emissions, as they can profit from the sale of unused allowances. One example of a successful emissions trading program is the European Union Emissions Trading System, which began in 2005 and covers over 11,000 power plants and industrial facilities in 31 countries.
c)
A carbon tax is a policy that imposes a tax on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions
that are released into the atmosphere. The idea behind it is to create a financial incentive for individuals and companies to reduce their carbon footprint and invest in cleaner, more sustainable energy sources. One example of a carbon tax was in British Columbia, Canada. In
2008, the province implemented a revenue-neutral carbon tax on fossil fuels, which was designed to encourage individuals and businesses to reduce their carbon emissions and promote the use of cleaner energy sources. The revenue generated from the tax was then used
to offset taxes on personal and corporate income.
Issue Transportation Decisions Case Study Page 359 Background
Information You have many choices, and each has advantages and disadvantages. Conventional cars burn fossil fuels; larger cars tend to be less fuel efficient. Smaller cars are more fuel efficient but tend to hold fewer occupants Some hold only two with no back seat. This may be a problem if you are transporting more than two people. Hybrid vehicles possess a conventional fossil-
fuel burning engine along with a rechargeable energy storage system to improve fuel
economy. Hybrid vehicles tend to be more costly than equivalent conventional cars but can save money during operation. A bio-fuel vehicle uses fuel produced from recently grown plant material such as sugar cane. The car still releases carbon dioxide, but growing another crop of biofuel plants results in a smaller increase of carbon in the atmosphere. This fuel is not a "fossil" fuel. However, bio -fuels are not widely distributed, and using land to grow fuel instead of food is very controversial. To make an informed decision, research each type of vehicle (conventional, hybrid and bio-fuel) and come up with three to five positive and negative points for each one. In the chart summarize the positive and negative aspects of each type of vehicle.
Conventional Pros - Cheaper, Low Maintenance Cost and Faster
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Conventional Cons - Pollutive, Have Less Mileage and Expensive Gas
Hybrid Pros - Clean Energy, Higher Mileage and Cheaper Fuel
Hybrid Cons - Expensive, Less Powerful and Higher Maintenance Cost
Biofuel Pros - Less Pollutive, Cheaper and Can Withstand Harsh Conditions
Biofuel Cons - High Production Cost, Industrial Pollution and Water Use