Lab 1 Latitude Longitude and Time

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Kent State University *

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Oct 30, 2023

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Lab 1: Latitude, Longitude, and Time Instructions Watch the lectures on latitude, longitude, and Google Earth, important parallels, and time in this module. Also, watch the videos on latitude and longitude, time zones, and the Google Earth guide and introduction. To complete this lab, make sure you have Google Earth downloaded on your computer. The link to download the program is: • https://www.google.com/earth/versions/#earth-pro • Choose "Google Earth Pro on Desktop". After you have reviewed the lectures, notes, and the videos, use this document to work through your lab. Once you have finished answering all questions in this lab, submit your answers online in the link titled “Lab 1 – Latitude, Longitude, & Time Assessment”. After the due date, you will be able to review your lab and answers. When you first submit your lab, your score may appear low. Keep in mind for this lab and all others this semester that your lab instructor will need to grade your lab, especially the written responses. The computer can automatically grade and score multiple choice, matching, and true/false questions. Any written or essay responses will need to be graded by your instructor. Once your lab instructor grades those questions, your lab grade will be updated to the correct grade. Goals o Identify and correctly write latitude and longitude coordinates o Identify locations given latitude and longitude coordinates o Identify time zones for geographic locations. o Become familiar with Google Earth and use this program to locate places. Key Terms / Concepts Latitude Longitude Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Equator Prime Meridian Central Meridian International Date Line (IDL) Google Earth Once you have completed the questions below, fill in your answers in the assessment link online in module 1 titled “ Lab 1 - Latitude, Longitude, & Time Assessment”.

Introduction Where are you located? What continent are you visiting? What country are you visiting? Where is John Tannery Park located in Kent, Ohio? When you think of these questions, this makes us think of the concept of location. Features on the Earth such as cities and mountains are located by two methods; relative location and absolute location (Petersen et al. 2015). A relative location indicates or approximates distance and direction of where a feature such as a city exists in relation to another city. For example, the city of Akron, Ohio is located north of Canton, Ohio. We could also say that Akron, Ohio is approximately 21 miles north of Canton, Ohio. An absolute location is based on mathematical coordinates on an Earth grid (Petersen et al. 2015). A coordinate system can be defined as intersecting lines used to describe locations, and to locate a point on the globe, the Earth is divided into a geographic grid. This grid is made up with a set of circles called parallels , which are lines of latitude , and meridians , which are lines of longitude . These lines are measured as angles from the center of the Earth. Coordinates are measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds. One degree can be divided into 60’ minutes and one minute can be divided further to 60” seconds. Latitude Lines of latitude are called parallels and measure distances north and south of the equator. The location of the equator is zero (0) degrees latitude and is the boundary between the northern and southern hemispheres ( Figure 1 ). The areas north of the equator in the northern hemisphere will be indicated as North (N) latitudes, and the areas south of the equator in the southern hemisphere will be indicated as South (S) latitudes. Figure 1: Northern and Southern Hemispheres Because the Earth is a sphere, these parallels do not cross each other and are complete circles with no beginning or end. They are measured from 0° (the equator) to 90° north (North Pole) and 0° to 90° south (South Pole). The number of latitude degrees will be larger the further away from the equator the place is located, all the way up to 90 degrees latitude at the poles. Figures 2 and 3 label lines of latitude at 30- degree intervals. The degree(s) of latitude is equivalent to ground distance in units such as kilometers (km) and miles (mi). One degree of latitude is equivalent to 111 km (69

mi) ( Figure 4 ). As mentioned above, one degree can be divided into 60’ minutes and one minute can be divided further to 60” seconds. The latitude of Kent, Ohio is located at 40° 09’ 13”. This translates to 40 degrees, 09 minutes, 13 seconds North latitude. A minute of latitude equals approximately 1.85 km (1.15 mi), and a second is approximately 31 meters (102 ft). Figure 2: Lines of Latitude Every 30 Degrees Figure 3: Lines of Latitude (Parallels) Source: www.geographyalltheway.com Figure 4: Degrees of Latitude to Ground Distance

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Longitude Lines of longitude (meridians) measure distances east and west of the Prime Meridian and run from the north pole to the south pole as illustrated in Figure 5 with blue and red lines. The Prime Meridian is the starting point for longitude and passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich England, near London. The location of the Prime Meridian is zero (0º) degrees longitude and is the boundary between the western (W) and eastern (E) hemispheres ( Figure 6 ). Lines of longitude connect the poles, and measure distances east and west of the prime meridian. The prime meridian has a longitude of zero (0º) degrees and as you migrate along this line of longitude around the globe, you will come to 180 degrees on the opposite side of the globe, which is known as the International Date Line (IDL). In sum, longitude ranges from zero to 180 east and west of the prime meridian. The areas west of the Prime Meridian are known as West (W) longitude, and areas east of the Prime Meridian are known as east (E) longitude. Figure 5: Lines of Longitude (meridians). Figure 6: Eastern and Western Hemispheres Source: www.geographyalltheway.com

Google Earth Program Upon downloading, installing, and opening Google Earth, you will see the default view of North America (Figure 7). The interface of this program has four main panels: search, places, layers, and the 3D viewer of the globe (Figure 7). Figure 8 illustrates a few of the features available in the main interface of the program. For more information on how to navigate and use the program, go to the Google Earth user guide at: https://earth.google.com/intl/ar/userguide/v4/index.htm A few of the program features are described in Table 1 on the following page. Figure 7: Google Earth Tools Image Source: https://www.google.com/earth/versions/#earth-pro Image Source:https://www.google.com/earth/versions/#earth-pro Figure 8: Google Earth Tools

Google Earth allows you to view true-color images placed over topography for most of the globe. You can view the images at a range of resolutions depending on the “eye altitude” of the browser. This is your height above the ground. When you first open Google Earth, you will see the default view as a top-down view. You can navigate around the globe by either clicking or dragging your field of view with your mouse, by using the arrow keys on your keyboard, or by the navigation controls at the top right corner of the browser window. You can zoom into or out of the field of view using the slider control in the top right corner of the browser or use the mouse wheel (on a PC) or control-clicking and dragging (on a Mac) ( Figure 9). You can also rotate wheel at the upper right corner. One of the best places to test your skills in navigating Google Earth is to “fly” to Kent State University. On the left-hand side of your viewer, you will see the Search, Places, and Layers windows. In the Search window you can type in the place name, or type in latitude and longitude coordinates in decimal degree format. In your Search window, type in Kent State University and then click the search button. You will immediately be taken to the Kent State University area in Ohio. Image Source https://d32ogoqmya1dw8.cloudfront.net/images/sp/library/google_earth/navigation_controls.jpg Table 1: Google Earth Tool Description Figure 9: Navigation Tools Image Source https://d32ogoqmya1dw8.cloudfront.net/images/sp/library/google_earth/navigation_controls.jpg

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Using Google Earth, answer the following questions . 1. Using Google Earth, identify the major city located at 48°N, 122°W. _________________________ ( 0.5 point ) 2. Using Google Earth, identify the major city located at 33°N, 97°W. _________________________ ( 0.5 point) 3. Using Google Earth, identify the major city located at 40°N, 75°W. _________________________ ( 0.5 point) 4. Using Google Earth, identify the major city located at 19°N, 99°W. (0.5 point) 5. Using Google Earth, identify the major city located at 49°N, 2°E. (0.5 point) 6. Using Google Earth, what is the latitude and longitude using decimal degrees with two decimal places (ex: 41.89° N) of Cape Town, South Africa? (1 point) 7. Enter the following coordinates into Google Earth to identify the location: 27.175 N, 78.042 E. (0.5 point) 8. Enter the following coordinates into Google Earth to identify the location: 27.99 N, 86.92 E. (0.5 point) 9. Enter the following coordinates into Google Earth to identify the location: 40.822 N, 14.425 E. (0.5 point) 10. Enter the following coordinates into Google Earth to identify the location: 48.858 N, 2.295 E. (0.5 point) 11. Enter the following Geographic Grid Coordinates as exactly shown in the search box in Google Earth and identify the landmark, urban features, and physical features. You may have to zoom in once you have reached the feature. a. 40.689247, -74.044502 What landmark is this? (1 point) b. 37.818176, -122.478188 What urban feature is this? (1 point) c. 41.5969932, -82.7101823 What Island is this? (1.5 points) d. -90.0, -90.0 What continent is this? (1 point) e. 41.89 N, 12.492 E What urban feature is this? (1 point) f. 28.0, 82.0 What is the name of this mountain range? (1 point) g. 43.077305 -79.07562 What is the name of this feature? (1 point) h. 36.056595, -112.125092 What national park is this? (1 point) i. -33.85764, 151.2147 What urban feature is this? (1 point)

12. Using the Google Earth program, which of the following cities is located closest to the Tropic of Cancer. With the answer you provided, what are the geographic coordinates of this city? A. Wenzhou, China (in Zhejiang Province) D. Kuwait City, Kuwait B. Tampa, Florida E. Monterrey, Mexico C. Punta Gorda, Belize F. Manila, Philippines 12a. City: _____________________________________________( 0.5 point ) 12b. Geographic Coordinates: _____________________________( 0.5 point ) 13 . Using the Google Earth program, which of the following cities is located closest to the Tropic of Capricorn? With the answer you provided, what are the geographic coordinates of this city? A. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. D. Perth, Australia B. La Serena, Chile E. Alice Springs, Australia C. Lima, Peru F. Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil 13a. City:______________________________________________ ( 0.5 point ) 13b. Geographic Coordinates: ______________________________( 0.5 point ) 14. Using the Google Earth program, which of the following cities is located closest to the Prime Meridian? With the answer you provided, what are the geographic coordinates of this city? A. Reykjavik, Iceland D. Brussels, Belgium B. Lisbon, Portugal E. Accra, Ghana C. Manchester, England F. Porto Cristo, Spain (Mallorca Island) 14a. City:_______________________________________________ ( 0.5 point ) 14 b. Geographic Coordinates: ______________________________( 0.5 point )

15. If you were located at 60 ° West and 10 ° South, what continent would you be standing on? ( 1 point ) 16. If you were located at 85° West, and 60° North, what body of water might you be sailing on? ( 1 point ) 17. If you were located at 25° North, and 45° East, what country would you be standing on? ( 1 point ) 18. If you were located at the Prime Meridian and 90 ° South, what continent would you be standing on? ( 1 point )

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Important Parallels There are several lines of latitude and longitude that have been identified as being of significant importance. The Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn are located at 23 ½ ° North and South respectively of the Equator. These two lines mark the furthest points north and south that the sun reaches a 90° angle to the earth. The Arctic and Antarctic Circles are located at 66 ½° North and 66 ½° South respectively and mark the locations that for part of the year will receive 24 hours of daylight or darkness. 19. From the image below, identify letter A by both name and degree. (1 point) 20. From the image below, identify letter B by both name and degree. (1 point) 21. From the image below, identify letter C by both name and degree. ( 1 point) 22. From the image below, identify letter D by both name and degree. ( 1 point) 23. From the image below, identify letter E by both name and degree (1 point)

24. On the figure below ( Figure 10 ), provide the latitude and longitude coordinates and their appropriate direction for each letter as indicated. The location is indicated by the black dot. Point Latitude Longitude Point Value 24 A 1 point 24 B 1 point 24 C 1 point 24 D 1 point 24 E 1 point 24 F 1 point 24 G 1 point 24 H 1 point 24 I 1 point 24 J 1 point

Time The Earth rotates on its axis and moves in a counterclockwise direction when you view it from the North Pole ( Figure 10 ). This movement is called rotation and the Earth makes one complete rotation in 24 hours. The Earth has been divided by humans into time zones . In theory, each zone is 15° wide at the equator. The earth revolves 360° every 24 hours, or 15° per hour, therefore a time zone of one hour is established for each 15° of longitude. The central meridian is the meridian located in the center of the 15° zone where the zone extends 7 ½ ° to the east and 7 ½ ° to the west ( Figure 11 ). Figure 10: Counterclockwise Rotation and Time Figure 11: Central Meridian

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Since the Earth rotates, places to the east of a location will have a later time and places to the west will experience an earlier time. For example, Moscow, Russia will experience sunrise before London, England. London, England will experience sunrise before Kent, Ohio, and Kent, Ohio will experience sunrise before Los Angeles, California ( Figure 12 ). Figure 12: Time and Locations The day changes at the International Date Line (IDL) (Figure 13). The IDL follows the 180° meridian down the middle of the Pacific Ocean. So, when one crosses the IDL from the west to the east, (Tokyo, Japan to Los Angeles, CA), it becomes the previous day. If it were Tuesday in Tokyo, it would be Monday in Los Angeles. When one crosses the IDL from east to west, it becomes the next day. If it were Friday in Los Angeles, it would be Saturday in Tokyo, Japan. Figure 13: International Date Line (IDL) and Time Zone Map

25. Identify the time and day using the time zone map above. What is the time in Rome, Italy when it is 10 AM on Tuesday in Kent, Ohio? (1 point) 26. Identify the time and day using the time zone map above. What is the time in Seattle, Washington when it is 10 AM on Tuesday in Kent, Ohio? (1 point) 27. Identify the time and day using the time zone map above. What is the time in Tokyo, Japan when it is 10 AM on Tuesday in Kent, Ohio? (1 point) Once you have finished answering all questions in this lab, submit your answers online in the link titled “Lab 1 – Latitude, Longitude, & Time Assessment”. After the due date, you will be able to review your lab and answers. When you first submit your lab, your score may appear low. Keep in mind for this lab and all others this semester that your lab instructor will need to grade your lab, especially the written responses. The computer can automatically grade and score multiple choice, matching, and true/false questions. Any written or essay responses will need to be graded by your instructor. Once your lab instructor grades those questions, your grade for this lab will be updated to the correct grade. International Date Line (IDL) Image Source: http://www.astro.sunysb.edu/metchev/AST443/images/time_zones.jpg