GEO 200 Milestone One

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Southern New Hampshire University *

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Feb 20, 2024

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Part I: Current Global Region 1. Identify Your Current Region: Southeast 2. Map of Current Global Region: Provide a map of your current region. In the box below you may provide a link to your map, insert an image, or make note that you are submitting an additional file with this worksheet. Include a citation to give credit to the resource from which you are obtaining your image. Note: The box will expand to accommodate your image. 1

3. Location of Current Global Region: Discuss where your current region is located, addressing the absolute and relative location of the region. Include citations for your resources using APA style guidelines as needed. My current region is located within North American Southeast. This region includes Kentucky, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. With the western border of Arkansas 34.927811’, - 94.436903’ to Virginia’s beaches along the Atlantic Ocean 38.008239’, -75.266262’, the northern border of Kentucky 39.084092’, -84.546390’ to the far southern end of Florida at 39.084092’, -84.546390’. The major cities of this region are Norfolk, VA, Washington DC, Memphis, TN, Charlotte, NC, Atlanta, GA, New Orleans LA, Jacksonville, Tampa and Miami FL. Nijman, J., Muller, P. O., & Shin, M. (2020). The World Today: Concepts and Regions in Geography (8th ed.). Wiley Global Education US. https://wileyplus.vitalsource.com/books/9781119577614 4. Characteristics of Current Global Region: Explain what key sociocultural (human) and physical characteristics define this as a region. Include citations for your resources using APA style guidelines as needed. This region is located between the Tropic of Cancer and the 40’ latitude, giving it a climate that is appealing to many people. “The southeastern United States has a humid, subtropical climate, which appeals to a large number of people and businesses for numerous reasons” (USDA. 2020). There are several extreme weather conditions that can occur in this region such as flooding, winter storms, tropical storms, tornadoes, and heat waves. The Proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico creates an increase in hurricanes and storms across Florida, North Carolina, and Louisiana. These storms and Hurricanes are projected to occur more frequently in the future. The people in this region are primarily of European ancestry, but historically this land was inhabited by the Indigenous peoples of the Southeast. These people belonged to tribes such as the Chickasaw, Creek, Seminole, Natchez, and Alabama. These tribes generally lived a subsistence farming way of life, while some tribes located near the ocean were more focused on harvesting food from the sea. One of the most important crops grown was Corn. “The importance of corn in the Southeast cannot be overemphasized. It provided a high yield of nutritious food with a minimal expenditure of labour; further, corn, beans, and squash were easily dried and stored for later consumption.” (Fogelson, R. D. 2021). In addition to agriculture these people hunted wild game and foraged wild plants. Trade was also very important, there were intricate trade networks across the entire North American region. They traded items such as salt, pottery, flint, furs ritual objects and shells. During the 16th century European colonization began. Spanish explorers such as Juan Ponce de Leon and Panfilo de Narnaez briefly visited the region and contacted the local tribes. This contact exposed the indigenous folks to diseases they had never been exposed to such as smallpox. “Epidemics soon decimated the native population; mortality rates for these nonimmune populations are estimated to have been as high as 50 to 90 percent (these rates generally combine deaths due directly to disease with those resulting from subsidiary causes, such as famine).” (Fogelson, R. D. 2021). The 17 th century brought in beginning of the European colonization. These Europeans brought Christianity to the indigenous peoples and a hunger for trade in deerskins and furs that were plentiful. The 18 th century brought the American revolution (1775-83) ending with the 13 colonies uniting under the Constitution of the United States. The 19 th century was devastating for the indigenous peoples with the forced removal of 3

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al the tribes in the region to a reservation in Oklahoma. This was enforced by the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The Southeast United States was engulfed in a Civil War from (1861-65). This war was fought between the South and the North the southern states consisted of South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, North Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee. They fought over the rights to own slaves. “The Southern economy was based largely on plantation agriculture, and African American slaves did most of the work on the plantations. The Northern economy, on the other hand, relied more on manufacturing.” (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020). The Southern states eventually lost the war and were devastated economically. The loss of farmlands, slave labor, and railroads hit the South hard it would remain impoverished through 1932. “The growth of a textile industry in the Carolinas and the movement to develop a “New South” after the Civil War had not seriously qualified the region’s commitment to cotton, to agriculture, and to a rural way of life.” (Fogelson, R. D. 2021). It was not until after World War 2 that this region began to recover. “During the second half of the 20th century, the population of the South boomed, exceeding 100 million by the end of the century, when the increasingly urban region contained two-fifths of the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas.” (Fogelson, R. D. 2021). Since the removal of the indigenous peoples, the Southeast religion is mostly Christian, the primary language is English, and the demographics are mostly White (European Ancestry) people with a large minority of Black (African ancestry) people. This region is growing very fast, and prosperity is bringing in more diverse cultures. And some say that it is becoming the “Industrial Heartland” of the US. There is a recent influx of people moving to the Southeast due to the lower cost of living when compared to the rest of the US. Fogelson, R. D., & Pauls, E. P. (2021). Southeast Indian. In Encyclopedia Britannica . The. (2023, June 12). The South is fast becoming America’s industrial heartland. Economist (London, England: 1843) . https://www.economist.com/united-states/2023/06/12/the-south-is-fast-becoming-americas-industrial-heartland The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. (2020). Causes and effects of the American Civil War. In Encyclopedia Britannica . USDA. (2020). Southeast Climate Hub . Usda.gov. https://www.climatehubs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/SE%20Climate%20Factsheet.pdf 5. Interactions of Current Global Region: How have humans and the environment interacted to produce observable landscapes in your current region? Include citations for your resources using APA style guidelines as needed. The Southeast has changed a lot due to the impacts of human development and infrastructure. In 1933 the Tennessee Valley Authority Act, this act 4

would provide a major economic boost for the region. “The TVA had an immense impact on the Valley and Ridge province from southwestern Virginia through eastern Tennessee to northern Alabama” (Yarnell. 1998). This was part of the “New Deal” to help America recover from the Great Depression. The act paved the way for the construction of infrastructure such as hydroelectric dams, nuclear power plants and more recently wind turbines. This act has made the Southeast a leader in renewable energy in the US. Agriculture had been a huge part of the Southeast until the Civil War.” Although farming in the Southern Appalachians recovered somewhat after the Civil War, the pattern of decline begun during the war would never be completely reversed.” (Yarnell. 1998). Common crops grown are soybeans, hay, corn, wheat, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, and rye. Unfortunately, most of this agricultural land was deforested by the logging industry during the late 1800s and early 1900s. In that period, it was common to clearcut an entire forest to harvest lumber and wood products. This had massive impacts on the environment, affecting soil health and increasing mudslides and flooding potential. Forest management practices have improved greatly since then and the environment is recovering. There are currently only a few small patches of old growth forest in the Southeast. Tourism is another interaction in the Southern region. “The biggest boom to affect the Southern Appalachians in the postwar years was the growth of the tourist industry.” (Yarnell. 1998). Attractions such as the Great Smokey Mountains National Park bring in millions of visitors every year. This park is the most visited national park in the United States. The Blue Ridge Parkway, Dollywood, New Orleans’ French Quarter, Florida beaches, and Mammoth Cave National Park are just a few more attractions to add to the list. Common crops grown in the Southeast . (2019, November 14). SARE; USDA Sustainable Agriculture Research and Extension. https://www.sare.org/publications/conservation-tillage-systems-in-the-southeast/chapter-7-cash-crop-selection-and-rotation/common-crops- grown-in-the-southeast/ Great Smoky Mountains National Park (U.s. national Park service) . (n.d.). Nps.gov. Retrieved November 6, 2023, from https://www.nps.gov/grsm/index.htm U.S. nuclear plants . (n.d.). Nuclear Energy Institute. Retrieved November 6, 2023, from https://www.nei.org/resources/fact-sheets/u-s-nuclear- plants Yarnell, S. L. (n.d.). The southern Appalachians: A history of the landscape . Usda.gov. Retrieved November 6, 2023, from 5

https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs018.pdf (N.d.). Tva.com. Retrieved November 6, 2023, from https://www.tva.com/About-TVA/Our-History Part II: New Global Region 1. Identify Your New Global Region: Northern Territory (Australia) 2. Map of New Global Region: Provide a map of the new region you will be moving to. In the box below, you may provide a link to your map, insert an image, or make note that you are submitting an additional file with this worksheet. Include a citation to give credit to the resource from which you are obtaining your image. Note: The box will expand to accommodate your image. 6

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Nijman, J., Muller, P. O., & Shin, M. (2020). The World Today: Concepts and Regions in Geography (8th ed.). Wiley Global Education US. https://wileyplus.vitalsource.com/books/9781119577614 3. Location of New Global Region: Discuss where the new region is located, addressing the absolute and relative location of the region you will be moving to. Include citations for your resources using APA style guidelines as needed. The Northern Territory of Australia between Western Australia and Queensland. At its northern boundary the Timor Sea, Bonaparte Gulf and Gulf of Carpentaria provide access to seaports. The Capital city is Darwin while Barroloola, Barkly, Renner Springs, Yeundumu and Jabiru are some other major cities in the region. The Territory is mostly located within the 10’ N and 30’ N latitudes. The 4 corners of the territory are located at - 14.992094, 128.930916 (northwest point), -25.923046, 128.843025 (southwest point), -26.002066, 137.895759 (Southeast point) and -16.683107, 137.983649 (northwest point). 7

Australia . (n.d.). Australia. Retrieved November 10, 2023, from https://www.google.com/maps/place/Australia/@-24.5317064,111.8801356,4z/ data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x2b2bfd076787c5df:0x538267a1955b1352!8m2!3d-25.274398!4d133.775136!16zL20vMGNoZ2h5? entry=ttu Northern Territory maps & facts . (2023, April 10). WorldAtlas. https://www.worldatlas.com/maps/australia/northern-territory Powell, A. W., & Taylor, J. (2023). Northern Territory. In Encyclopedia Britannica . 4. Characteristics of New Global Region: Explain what key sociocultural (human) and physical characteristics define this as a region. Include citations for your resources using APA style guidelines as needed. The Northern Territory has a monsoonal climate with wet summers and dry winters. The northern most section has very hot and humid weather, the southern area is very dry and hot. “Only about one-third of the territory has an annual rainfall of between 15 and 40 inches (380 and 1,015 mm) —the effective limits of agricultural development.” (Powell. 2023). The Territory relies on storms and monsoons to bring precipitation which is variable from year to year. This arid climate has created the Tanami Desert a very dry and challenging area to live in. This region has topography ranging from lowlands, hilly terrain, and mountains. The southern boundary contains the MacDonnell Ranges with Mt. Zeil being the tallest point. Aboriginal peoples currently make up one-fourth of the population of this territory. These people have lived on this continent for around 40,000 years. The first successful settlement by Britain was in 1869 at Port Darwin. The most densely populated areas are Darwin and Alice Springs. “Aboriginal, European, Asian, and other communities in the Northern Territory provide a distinct and varied cultural life.” (Powell. 2023). Christianity is the most common religion, and English is the primary language. Northern Territory facts . (n.d.). Northern Territory. Retrieved November 10, 2023, from https://www.australias.guide/nt/facts/ Northern Territory Government. (2019, November 21). Mineral commodities . Resourcing the Territory. 8

https://resourcingtheterritory.nt.gov.au/minerals/mineral-commodities Northern Territory Government. (2020, December 16). Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade . Gov.au. https://industry.nt.gov.au/ Powell, A. W., & Taylor, J. (2023). Northern Territory. In Encyclopedia Britannica . 5. Interactions of New Global Region: How have humans and the environment interacted to produce observable landscapes in the new region you will be moving to? Include citations for your resources using APA style guidelines as needed. The Northern Territory has had many impacts from human settlement. Deforestation has caused habitat loss for many species of plants and animals. “Habitat loss is primary driver of wildlife destruction. This is caused by weeds, wildfire, feral animals, land clearing and over-grazing by cattle. The extinction crisis sweeping small and medium sized mammals is likely due to both habitat loss and degradation, as well as predation by cats, with even our best managed areas like Kakadu National Park not safe refuges.” (Environmental Defenders Office. 2023). Cotton farming is a common reason to clear land in the Norther Territory. This land clearing is often done illegally, and the consequences are irreversible. Wildfires (often human caused) burned 20% of the Tjoritja/West MacDonnell national park in 2023. “Despite the large size of the territory, roughly two-thirds of the inhabitants live in and around Darwin and Alice Springs.” (Powell. 2023). This is mostly due to the harsh arid climate that limits access to water and agricultural soil. Other than these 2 major cities the lands are sparsely inhabited with small communities of livestock ranchers and mining facilities. Cox, L. (2023, March 28). Environmental tragedy as fires burn through one-fifth of Northern Territory national park. The Guardian . https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/mar/29/environmental-tragedy-as-fires-burn-through-one-fifth-of-northern-territory- national-park Environmental Defenders Office. (2023). Stopping Deforestation In The NT . Environment Centre NT. https://www.ecnt.org.au/stopping_deforestation_in_the_nt 9

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Powell, A. W., & Taylor, J. (2023). Northern Territory. In Encyclopedia Britannica . Part III: Comparison of Similarities and Differences 1. Similarities: Based on the physical and sociocultural (human) characteristics you have described, what are the major similarities between your current and new region? The Southeast United States and Northern Territory of Australia have some similarities such as the fact that both have been colonized by Great Britain. This has changed the demographics of the regions immensely, leaving a primarily English speaking western culture consisting of primarily Christian religions. Both regions were inhabited by indigenous peoples that were taken advantage of by colonizers. Another similarity is the environmental impacts of settlement that humans have caused in the region. Many species have become endangered due to habitat loss, pollusion and through the introduction of invasive species. 2. Differences: Based on the physical and sociocultural (human) characteristics you have described, what are the major differences between your current and new region? The Northern Territory and the Southeast US are very far apart from each other and have many differences. The climates are very different with the Southeast having a very humid and wet climate while the Norther Territory has a arid and hot climate that receives a variable amount of precipitation. People in the Southeast have no problems spreading out and establishing communities all over the region due to the mild climate and access to fertile soils. The Norther territory has the majority of people populating major cities such as Darwin and Alice Springs because of its large arid regions that are difficult to live in. 10

GEO 200 Milestone One

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