summarizing data
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School
Baruch College, CUNY *
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Course
1004
Subject
Geography
Date
Feb 20, 2024
Type
Pages
8
Uploaded by MateStar23146
1. What trends can you observe in the climate data? Use the graph y-axes to visually estimate
average precipitation and average temperature. Record them here, being sure to report proper
units in your answer:
■
Average precipitation 1895-2018: 97.08mm
■
Average temperature 1895-2018: 12.50°C
■
What do the average temperatures tell you? It is still pretty cold
2. Look specifically at the
variation
in precipitation and temperature graphs. Are there any visible
patterns in the precipitation data? How about in the temperature data? Describe them here.
Consider differences with-in and among years as well as early-century vs late-century
differences.
It is hard to tell because of how many years there are,but the precipitation tends to be
more drastic in change about more than halfway through the year. For temperature
about less than half way the temperature averages becomes higher.
3. Visually compare between precipitation and temperature trends. For these data, do you think
these climate factors are related to each other (or
correlated
)? In other words, do high
precipitation years tend to occur during high or low temperature years? How confident would
you rate yourself in your ability to visually detect a correlation?
I don’t think they correlate, sometimes when the temperature will be higher or lower
during the higher precipitation years. I am not confident in my ability to visually detect a
correlation here as it is hard to tell with the small graphs.
6. What other major climatic events can you see in NYC climate history? For example, what
were climate patterns like during significant historical events in NYC?… For example: Stock
market crash of 1929? Stonewall uprising of 1969? Hurricane Sandy 2012? What else can you
find?
The climate pattern during the stock market crash in October of 1929 was the second
highest amount of precipitation compared to April in 1929. The Stonewall uprising of 1969 was
the highest amount of precipitation as well as the temperature being higher as well, it must have
been very humid and warm in June. Hurricane Sandy in October 2012 oddly does not have a lot
of precipitation, its only at 76.83 for pp. In 2011 of August, there is a huge bar for precipitation
and it is Hurricane Irene and the temperature was high as well, it must have been super humid
and hot.
7. First let's get the February data set in order by year in ascending order (going from past to
present). There are several ways to do this.
■
You can highlight the column(s) you want to sort, including the header (the names at
the top of each column). Then look under the Data menu and select "Sort Range".
You can then pick which column you want to search by (check the box for "data has
header row" to exclude the header row from being sorted and allow you to select
columns by their name.
■
If you only want to sort one column, or you want to sort a group by the first column in
it, you can highlight just the data (not the
headers
at the top of each column) you
wish to sort. Then look under the Data menu and select ("A->Z" in the sort options).
Repeat this step for the August data. With that done, use either the Sort function or the MAX
and MIN functions to identify the following climatic extremes:
■
What’s the coldest winter on record, according to these data? (i.e., what year had the
coldest February Tmin?)
1934 at -12.1 degrees C
■
What’s the warmest summer on record, according to these data? (i.e., what year had
the warmest August Tmax?)
1995 at 30.8 degrees C
■
In which month (February or August), and in which year, was precipitation the all-time
lowest?
August of 1995 at 5.8 mm
■
In which month (February or August), and in which year, was precipitation the
highest?
August 2011 at 440.56 mm
8. Calculate the following numerical summaries for the February data set. Include units in your
answers.
■
Average precipitation 1895-2018: 82.62 mm
■
Median precipitation 1895-2018: 76.55 mm
■
Average Tmean 1895-2018: 0.55 degrees C
■
Median Tmean 1895-2018: 0.6 degrees C
9. Repeat the previous step with August data:
■
Average precipitation 1895-2018: 112.75 mm
■
Median precipitation 1895-2018: 99.80 mm
■
Average Tmean 1895-2018: 24.04 degrees C
■
Median Tmean 1895-2018: 24.1 degrees C
10. In your answers for 8 and 9, were the median values similar to the average values? Which
of these measures is most likely to be influenced by extreme values, the mean or median?
The median values were similar to the average values. Although the precipitation data
has more of a difference. The mean would be most likely to be influenced by extreme values
because it needs all the values to find the average. The median records the middle value.
11. For February data, create a scatterplot of Tmean vs Year (i.e., Tmean on the y-axis and Year
on the x-axis). Add a trendline including the equation and
R
2
(R-square) value. Make sure your
x-axis and y-axis have titles and units. Based on the trendline and its equation, how much has
average winter temperature changed since 1895 in NYC? Include a copy of your graph for your
answer.
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12. In the previous graph, how strong is the relationship between Tmean and Year? How can
you determine that?
The R^2 value indicates theres a weak relationship because it is 14.82%.
13. Repeat the previous graphing step with August data, being sure to include all necessary
components (titles, units, trendline, R
2
). Based on the trendline and its equation, how has
average summer temperature changed since 1895 in NYC? Include a copy of your graph for
your answer.
14. Compare your graphs from 11 and 13. Which month has a stronger correlation between
Tmean and Year? How can you determine that?
August has a stronger correlation but only by a little bit. R^2 tells us it’s about 20% which is low.
15. For February data, create a scatterplot of Precipitation vs Year. Add a trendline including its
equation and R
2
value. Based on the trendline and its equation, how much has average winter
precipitation changed each year since 1895 in NYC? Include a copy of your graph for your
answer.
According to the trendline, it has been decreasing by 0.1249 mm each year, but the trendline
may not be too accurate as the R^2 value is low.
16. Repeat the previous step with August data. Based on the trendline and its equation, how
much has average summer precipitation changed each year since 1895 in NYC? Include a
copy of your graph for your answer.
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According to the trend line, it has also been decreasing by 0.0149 mm, but the trendline may not
be too accurate as the R^2 value is low.
17. Go back to your graphs of “Tmean vs Year” and compare between February and August.
Are winter and summer temperatures changing at a similar rate, or is one season changing
faster than the other? How can you quantify how much of a difference there is in this rate?
Winter temperatures are changing quicker than the summer temperatures. February’s graph
demonstrates a higher slope, so it is quicker. We can see the difference by subtracting the
slopes and we get a 0.0101 degrees Celsius difference.
18. For our last graph, let’s use the long-term climate data set in a different way. Instead of
evaluating long-term trends in these factors, let’s evaluate their relationship with each other in
order to predict future climate! We know that summer temperatures are increasing in NYC over
the past century, and in a previous question you already quantified how much. What kind of
change in precipitation might we see in the future as NYC summer temperatures continue to
rise? Create your own graph to answer this question, including all of the necessary components,
and provide a brief interpretation or summary. Include a copy of your graph for your answer.
I made a scatter plot graph comparing the precipitation to temperature. The graph can tell us the
slope and the slope gives us the rate of change that concludes how much precipitation is
changing for a unit in temperature. Looking at this graph, we can see there is a negative trend
line of 5.9022, so we can predict that as temperatures rise, precipitation will decrease. Although
this prediction may not be accurate because there is not a strong correlation between mean and
precipitation since R^2 is 1.24%.