conceptual questions (1)
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Jan 9, 2024
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Stock
1. What rights come with a share of stock?
2. Which two components make up the total return to an investor in a share of stock?
3. What does the dividend
discount
‐
model say about valuing shares of stock?
4. What is the relationship between the return from reinvesting cash flows and the change in the price
of the stock?
5. How can the dividend
discount
‐
model be used with changing growth rates in future dividends?
6. What are some of the drawbacks of the dividend
discount
‐
model?
7. What are the advantages of valuing a stock based on discounted free cash flows?
8. Explain the connection between the FCF valuation model and capital budgeting.
9. What is the intuition behind valuation by multiples and what are the major assumptions?
10. What are the limitations of valuation by multiples?
11. What is an efficient market?
12. How do interactions in a market lead to information being incorporated into stock prices?
13. Why does market efficiency lead a manager to focus on NPV and free cash flow?
Risk and Return
1. What does the historical relation between volatility and return tell us about investors’ attitude toward
risk?
2. What are the components of a stock’s realized return?
3. What is the intuition behind using the average annual return as a measure of expected return?
4. How does standard deviation relate to the general concept of risk?
5. How does the relationship between the average return and the historical volatility of individual stocks
differ from the relationship between the average return and the historical volatility of large, well
‐
diversified, portfolios?
6. Consider two local banks. Bank A has 100 loans outstanding, each for $1 million, that it expects will be repaid today. Each loan has a 5% probability of default, in which case the bank is not repaid anything.
The chance of default is independent across all the loans. Bank B has only one loan of $100 million outstanding that it also expects will be repaid today. It also has a 5% probability of not being repaid. Explain the difference between the type of risk each bank faces. Assuming you are averse to risk, which bank would you prefer to own?
7. What is meant by diversification and how does it relate to common versus independent risk?
8. Which of the following risks of a stock are likely to be unsystematic, diversifiable risks and which are
likely to be systematic risks? Which risks will affect the risk premium that investors will demand?
a. The risk that the founder and CEO retires.
b. The risk that oil prices rise, increasing production costs.
c. The risk that a product design is faulty and the product must be recalled.
d. The risk that the economy slows, reducing demand for the firm’s products.
e. The risk that your best employees will be hired away.
f. The risk that the new product you expect your R&D division to produce will not materialize.
9. What is the difference between systematic and unsystematic risk?
10. There are three companies working on a new approach to customer tracking
‐
software. You work for a software company that thinks this could be a good addition to its software line. If you invest in one
of them versus all three of them:
a. Is your systematic risk likely to be very different?
b. Is your unsystematic risk likely to be very different?
11. If you randomly select 10 stocks for a portfolio and 20 other stocks for a different portfolio, which
portfolio is likely to have the lower standard deviation? Why?
12. Why doesn’t the risk premium of a stock depend on its diversifiable risk?
13. Your spouse works for Southwest Airlines and you work for a grocery store. Is your company or your spouse’s company likely to be more exposed to systematic risk?
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Portfolios and the CAPM
1. What information do you need to compute the expected return of a portfolio?
2. What does correlation tell us?
3. Why isn’t the total risk of a portfolio simply equal to the weighted average of the risks of the
securities in the portfolio?
4. What does beta measure? How do we use beta?
5. What, intuitively, does the CAPM say drives expected return?
6. What relation is described by the security market line?
Cost of Capital
1. What does the WACC measure?
2. Why are market
based
‐
weights important?
3. Why is the coupon rate of existing debt irrelevant for finding the cost of debt capital?
4. Why is it easier to determine the costs of preferred stock and of debt than it is to determine the cost of common equity?
5. Describe the steps involved in the CAPM approach to estimating the cost of equity.
6. How should you value a project in a line of business with risk that is different than the average risk of
your firm’s projects?
Capital Structure
1. Absent tax effects, why can’t we change the cost of capital of the firm by using more debt financing
and less equity financing?
2. What are the channels through which financing choices can affect firm value?
3. How do taxes affect the choice of debt versus equity?
4. What is meant by “indirect costs of financial distress”?
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