Financial Planning Assignment Chapter 14

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Rafay Ahmed Chapter 14 21 – Mar - 23 Answer 1A) Using the Appendix B, the annuity factor for 4 percent for 40 years is 95.026. Thus, investing $3,000 per year will amount to $285,078 ($3,000 * 95.026). Using a financial calculator Using the FV Excel function, 3,000 +/- PMT 40 N =FV(.04,40,3000) = $285,077 4 I/YR FV $285,077 Answer 1B) Using the Appendix B, the annuity factor for 10 percent for 40 years is 442.593. Thus, investing $3,000 per year will amount to $1,327,779 ($3,000 * 442.593). Using a financial calculator Using the FV Excel function, 3,000 +/- PMT 40 N =FV(.10,40,3000) = $1,327,778 10 I/YR FV $1,327,778 Answer 1C) Assuming funds earn 10%: Brian will only be able to invest for 30 years. Using Appendix B, the annuity factor for 10% for 30 years is 164.494. Thus, investing $3,000 per year will amount to $493,482 ($3,000 * 164.494). Using a financial calculator Using the FV Excel function, 3,000 +/- PMT 30 N =FV(.10,30,3000) = $493,482 10 I/YR FV $493,482 Planning for Retirement Page 1
Rafay Ahmed Chapter 14 21 – Mar - 23 Assuming funds earn 4%: Brian will only be able to invest for 30 years. Using Appendix B, the annuity factor for 4% for 30 years is 56.085. Thus, investing $3,000 per year will amount to $168,255 ($3,000 * 56.085). Using a financial calculator Using the FV Excel function, 3,000 +/- PMT 30 N =FV(.10,30,3000) = $168,255 4 I/YR FV $168,255 The ability to accumulate funds for retirement depends upon the amount you invest, the time available to build the fund, and the return you can earn. Olivia has ten years more than Brian, so she has a greater likelihood of building a larger retirement fund. Answer 2) The Excel PMT function may be used to determine the amount of annual savings they will need to make to fund their retirement. The formula is PMT(.06,20,0,-1298063) = $35,287. The worksheet computes the retirement funds needed in perpetuity, $51,922.50 / .04 = $1,298,063. If you assume that their life expectancy is 20 years after retirement and that annually they will withdraw some principal as well as income, the amount needed is PV(.04,20,-51922) = $705,637. Their heirs would prefer that they accumulate the larger amount. Planning for Retirement Page 2
Rafay Ahmed Chapter 14 21 – Mar - 23 Worksheet 14.1, Chapter 14, Exercise 2 Date I. A. B. $ C. expenses, may be 100%. 125 % D. II. E. $ F. $ G. $ H. I. III. J. 3 % K. Based on 20 years to annual rate of inflation (J) of 3% L. IV. M. 4 % N. O. 6 % P. Based on 20 on investments of 6% Q. years to retirement (A) and an expected rate of return 36.786 Annual savings required to fund retirement nest egg (N ÷ P) 35,287.00 $ Note: Parts I and II are prepared in terms of current (today’s) dollars. Future value of an annuity interest factor (Appendix B) Inflation Factor: Expected average annual rate of inflation over the period to retirement Inflation factor (in Appendix A): retirement (A) and an expected average 1.806 Size of inflation-adjusted annual shortfall (I × K) 51,922.50 $ Funding the Shortfall: Anticipated return on assets held after retirement Amount of retirement funds required—size of nest egg (L ÷ M) 1,298,063.00 $ Expected rate of return on investments prior to retirement Other sources, annual amounts Total annual income (E + F + G) 65,000.00 $ Additional required income, or annual shortfall (D - H) 28,750.00 $ Company/employer pension plans, annual amounts 35,000.00 Estimated Household Expenditures in Retirement: Approximate number of years to retirement 20 Current level of annual household expenditures, excluding savings 75,000.00 Estimated household expenses in retirement as a percent of current Estimated annual household expenditures in retirement (B × C) 93,750.00 $ Estimated Income in Retirement: Social security, annual income 30,000.00 PROJECTING RETIREMENT INCOME AND INVESTMENT NEEDS Name(s) Paul and Crystal Myer Planning for Retirement Page 3
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Rafay Ahmed Chapter 14 21 – Mar - 23 Answer 3) The worksheet reports that Lindsay will need $10,612.85 annually in order to fund her retirement. The three factors that impact retirement funds are time, amount, and return. She has allowed only 15 years to fund her retirement, thus she has started too late to comfortably fund the amount she needs. Need to start earlier, that is at age 25. As discussed in answer to problem 2, if she expects to live 20 years after retirement, the amount she needs is at retirement is $179.556 [PV(.05,20,14400)] and the annual amount she needs to save now is $6,613 [PMT(.08,15,179456)]. Planning for Retirement Page 4
Rafay Ahmed Chapter 14 21 – Mar - 23 Worksheet 14.1, Chapter 14, Exercise 3 Date I. A. B. $ C. expenses, may be 100%. 80 % D. II. E. $ F. $ G. $ H. I. III. J. 4 % K. Based on 15 years to annual rate of inflation (J) of 4% L. IV. M. 5 % N. O. 8 % P. Based on 15 on investments of 8% Q. years to retirement (A) and an expected rate of return 27.152 Annual savings required to fund retirement nest egg (N ÷ P) 10,612.85 $ Note: Parts I and II are prepared in terms of current (today’s) dollars. Future value of an annuity interest factor (Appendix B) Inflation Factor: Expected average annual rate of inflation over the period to retirement Inflation factor (in Appendix A): retirement (A) and an expected average 1.801 Size of inflation-adjusted annual shortfall (I × K) 14,408.00 $ Funding the Shortfall: Anticipated return on assets held after retirement Amount of retirement funds required—size of nest egg (L ÷ M) 288,160.00 $ Expected rate of return on investments prior to retirement Other sources, annual amounts Total annual income (E + F + G) 32,000.00 $ Additional required income, or annual shortfall (D - H) 8,000.00 $ Company/employer pension plans, annual amounts 12,000.00 Estimated Household Expenditures in Retirement: Approximate number of years to retirement 15 Current level of annual household expenditures, excluding savings 50,000.00 Estimated household expenses in retirement as a percent of current Estimated annual household expenditures in retirement (B × C) 40,000.00 $ Estimated Income in Retirement: Social security, annual income 20,000.00 PROJECTING RETIREMENT INCOME AND INVESTMENT NEEDS Name(s) Lindsay McCoy Planning for Retirement Page 5
Rafay Ahmed Chapter 14 21 – Mar - 23 Answer 4) Most people agree that if a participant’s Social Security taxes (including the employer portion) were invested in a market fund, the return on investment would exceed that provided by social Security. However, some argue that the return is higher than it would be if the recipient had control of the funds because many people would spend the funds and not have any Social Security by the time they retired. Earning more than the benefits provided by Social Security requires discipline that the most people do not have. In addition, the Social Security program provides more than just retirement benefits. It is a form of both life and disability insurance as well, providing benefits to a participant’s dependents in the event of the participant’s death, as well as disability if a participant becomes disabled before retirement. Answer 5) Average benefits for a retired couple are $2,448 per month or $29,376 per year. With the part- time job and company benefit, their income would be $71,000 without Social Security. Current tax law taxes 85 percent of Social Security for married taxpayers with income over $44,000. This couple would have to report $24,970 (85% * 29,376) as Social Security income subject to tax Answer 6) As an average retired worker, Travis’s Social Security benefit is $1,461 per month or $17,532 per year. He is past full retirement age so there is no reduction of benefits from the part-time job. Answer 7) I personally think you should be able to retire at 25 for a 5-year period, and then work until you are 70 so you can truly enjoy 5 years of retirement. Most people these days are working past 65 to at least full retirement age of 66 or 67. Some are working longer. Many retired people like to Planning for Retirement Page 6
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Rafay Ahmed Chapter 14 21 – Mar - 23 work part-time and do so either for money or as a volunteer. For planning, it is best to not plan on money from a part-time job. Look at what it will take to live your current lifestyle adjusted for inflation to the year you will retire, and use Worksheet 14.1 to determine how much you need to save to retire. Then, any part-time income provides some extra “mad money”. Answer 8) Under the first plan, the maximum contribution would be $10,000 by Holly plus $2,500 by employer, total contribution of $12,500. The contribution vests immediately to Holly and it looks like she can pick the investments. The second plan has the employer matching contributions dollar for dollar, thus if Holly contributed $10,000 the employer would contribute $10,000. But there is a five-year vesting before the funds are locked it for her. For Holly to be able to contribute $10,000, her salary would have to be $100,000 which most likely it is not. Also, most likely, the dollar for dollar contributory plan of the second company is managed by the company and the company selects the investments. The first plan would add $12,500 per year or after four years it would total $50,000 before considering investment returns. If Holly stays for five years the plan would amount to $62,500, before investment returns. The second plan will amount to $40,000 if Holly leaves after four years. If Holly stays for five years, at the end of five years her contributions would amount to $50,000 and the company’s contribution would be another $50,000 for a total of $100,000 before investment returns. The deciding question becomes what is the probability that Holly will still be with the company after five years. If she thinks that she will still be with the company, go with the second company, all other things being equal. Planning for Retirement Page 7
Rafay Ahmed Chapter 14 21 – Mar - 23 Answer 9) The 401(k) maximum is $19,000 in 2019. For those over 50 years old, there is a “catch-up” provision that allows them to contribute up to $25,000 in 2019. Jared’s after-tax cost of his $19,000 contribution to 401(k) is $14,440 ($19,000 * (1 - .24)). The contribution is made through a salary reduction agreement which makes it tax deferred. The tax is deferred until he retires and receives the benefits. Answer 10) A defined contribution plan specifies the amount of contribution that both the employer and the employee must make. At retirement, the worker is awarded whatever level of monthly benefits those contributions will purchase. The benefits at retirement depend totally on investment results. Thus, the employee bears the risk of funding retirement. A defined benefit plan , it’s the formula for computing benefits, not contributions, that is stipulated in the plan provisions. These benefits are paid out regardless of how well (or poorly) the retirement funds are invested. If investment performance falls short, the employer must make up the difference in order to fund the benefits agreed to in the plan. Thus, the employer bears the risk of funding the employee’s retirement. A cash-balance plan is much like a traditional defined benefit plan, but it also has features that are similar to those of defined contribution plans. As with traditional pension plans, the company funds the pension (the employee pays nothing into the plan). The company guarantees a low rate of return on the funds invested, similar to the rate paid on Treasury bills. The funds are invested as desired by the employer and if they earn more than the guaranteed amount, the employer Planning for Retirement Page 8
Rafay Ahmed Chapter 14 21 – Mar - 23 keeps the excess. The amounts vest immediately so they are portable and go with the employee if they leave. The employer is responsible for the guaranteed return. Answer 11) Traditional IRA: Key feature is the contributions are deductible, the earnings are not taxed until withdrawn, and the distributions are fully taxable. At age 72, must take distribution of a minimum distribution amount. Inherited IRAs must be distributed over 10 years. ROTH IRA : Key feature is the contributions are from after-tax income, the earnings are not taxed and the qualified distributions are not taxed. The tax is paid in advance. Nondeductible IRA Basically replaced by the ROTH IRA, but may still be around. Earnings not taxed until distributed and contributions not deductible. All three: The contribution is limited to $6,000 per year with a catchup of $1,000 for those over 50 years old. Answer 12A) Traditional Roth Amount available to contribute $6,000 $4,680 [tax rate is 22%, after- tax 78%] Time money invested 25 years 25 years Return on the investment 10% 10% Balance before distribution $590,082 [98.347 * $6,000, or FV(.1,25,6000)] $460,264 [98.347 * $4,680 or FV(.1,25,4680)] Distribution received after tax of 22% $460,264 (1-.22) * $590,082 $460,264 (distribution is not taxable) Answer 12B) If the tax rate at the time of contribution and at the time of distribution is the same, it makes no difference with a Roth or a Traditional account. With a Roth, you pay the tax up front; with a Planning for Retirement Page 9
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Rafay Ahmed Chapter 14 21 – Mar - 23 traditional IRA, you pay the tax on the back end when it is distributed. If the tax rate is lower at time of distribution, the traditional IRA is better; if higher, the Roth IRA is better. Answer 12c) If the tax rate goes from 22% at the time of contribution to 32% at the time of distribution, the ROTH IRA will be better. With a traditional IRA, the after-tax distribution will be 68% * $590,082 = $401,226, a difference of $59,008 less than the after-tax distribution if a ROTH IRA is used. Note the difference is the change in tax rate. The tax paid upon contribution to a ROTH IRA is 22% and the tax paid on the distribution from a traditional IRA is 32%, a difference of 10%. 10% * 590,008 is $59,001 [a slight difference due to rounding] Answer 12D) Since I believe that the tax rates later will not be higher for Dustin, I still think that at Traditional IRA is better than a ROTH. There is some chance that Dustin will die and therefore his heirs will receive the IRA funds and they may have a lower tax rate. Dustin may decide to contribute the IRA to a charity and never have to pay the taxes. The maximum contribution amount will be the same for both, and thus is not an issue. Of course, the limit on the amount contributed to a ROTH is the after-tax amount. If the limit on contributions is $7,000 and the tax rate is 32%, it will take $10,294 before tax dollars to make a $7,000 contribution to the ROTH. It will only take $7,000 to make the contribution to the traditional IRA. The other $3,294 available would have to be invested in a tax deferred account in order to have equivalent results between the ROTH and Traditional. Answer 13) With a mutual fund, the investor gives money to the mutual fund, which in turn uses that money to buy and sell stocks and other securities. The investor pays taxes on the gains, dividends, and Planning for Retirement Page 10
Rafay Ahmed Chapter 14 21 – Mar - 23 interest each year. The gains and dividends are taxed as capital gains; the interest as ordinary income. With a variable annuity, the investor gives money to an insurance company which uses that money to purchase stocks and other securities. The annual income is not subject to tax until amounts are paid out. At that time, the portion received that are attributable to the amount invested is not subject to tax. The earnings from an annuity are taxed as ordinary income when received. The investor in a variable annuity may be able to select the mutual funds the amounts are invested in by the insurance company. The amount received is determined by the market. Answer 14) With annuities, you typically give money to an insurance company (or bank or other financial institution). That entity will invest your money and then pay you a monthly amount for a period of time that frequently is the rest of your life. The only taxable income you have is based upon the amount you received and only the income portion, [1-(cost / expected proceeds)], is taxable. So, tax on the earnings is deferred until they are paid out. If you receive distributions before you are 59.5, there is an early withdrawal penalty of 10% of the taxable annuity. Answer 15) The annuity is a contract with an insurance company [typically]. If the insurance company bankrupts, you are just one of the creditors. Thus, it is very important that you carefully chose the insurance company from whom you purchase the annuity. It is best to stick with an A rated company. If we have the ability to select the mutual fund for your variable annuity, we are in fact investing in that mutual fund. The past does not guarantee the future, but it is a predictor of the future. Thus, it is important. Planning for Retirement Page 11
Rafay Ahmed Chapter 14 21 – Mar - 23 Answer 16) In a fixed-rate annuity , the insurance company safeguards your principal and agrees to pay a guaranteed minimum rate of interest over the life of the contract—which often amounts to little more than prevailing money market rates existing when you bought the contract. With a variable annuity contract, the amount that’s ultimately paid out to the annuitant varies with the investment results obtained by the insurance company— nothing is guaranteed, not even the principal! When you buy a variable annuity, you decide where your money will be invested. Life expectancy for a 60-year-old male in good health is between 80 – 91. So, it is a long time that you need to receive funds from the annuity. Over ten years, a variable annuity will out- perform a fixed annuity, thus, for a 60 something annuitant, I suggest a variable annuity, if any. An option is to hold the variable annuity until you retire. At that point switch to a fixed annuity to provide a more secured amount for retirement. Planning for Retirement Page 12
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