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1 Cause and Effect Human Organ Trade Argument Essay Grand Canyon University ENG-106-0501 Composition 12/17/2023

2 Cause and Effect Human Organs Trade Argument Essay As more individuals choose organ transplantation due to their need for replacement organs, the transplantation of human organs has evolved lately. Supply and demand problems have been brought about by significant medical innovation and the ensuing increase in public demand. In this situation, patients are asking for organs that are often needed. In response to the comparatively high demand for organs. These organs are bought from the underclass and sold to the rich on the illicit market. It is a huge source of income for doctors, brokers, and private hospitals. Since the 1990s, records indicate that around 2000 kidneys have likely been sold from India to affluent people in Europe and the Middle East. Numerous countries, the public, the medical community, and transplant groups have all strongly criticized this situation. Condemnation has been based on moral, religious, ethical, and societal standards and is seen to be harmful to the cause of organ transplantation. The intricate interplay between supply and demand dynamics, the deceased individuals’ families to consent to organ donation has on both donors and recipients, as well as on society at large, underscores the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to enhance organ donation rates and address the multifaceted implications of this life-saving practice. One of the main factors contributing to organ sales, according to Rotham and Rotham (2006), is poverty. During an interview, the respondent, who was one of 33 kidney vendors from Bangladesh, stated that they resorted to selling their organs because of their impoverished circumstances (Humphreys, 2014). There is an illicit organ market in Bangladesh that serves as a conduit between affluent organ purchasers and the underprivileged. These people are so poor that they are constantly accruing debt. They are people who live in extreme poverty. Others lack employment or are looking for alternatives to relocate abroad to improve their financial situation

3 (Humphreys, 2014). These people are often snared by newspaper advertising. Although some of them do not know what “kidney” is, they are drawn in by the advertisement’s promise. He put up 1,300 newspaper advertisements, according to the research by Rotham and Rotham (2006), with promises of payment and trips to Italy or the United States. These are the unattainable false promises that the buyer makes. This has the result of exploiting the vendors because of their ignorance. Often, false offers to sell impoverished people’s body parts are used to entice them. The research found that kidneys sell for $1,500 on the national market (Budiani-Saberi & Delmonico, 2008). Price increases caused by the illicit market’s growth roughly ten years ago resulted in a drop over time. When impoverished individuals donate their organs, typically lesser amounts are paid to the seller. A 24-year-old man once got $600 instead of the $1600 that had been promised. 81% of vendors, according to this survey, did not get the full amount of money that was promised (Budiani-Saberi & Delmonico, 2008). A lot of lies are used throughout the seller recruitment process as well. Frequently, the brokers would tell the trusting sellers that they do not need two kidneys, deceiving them. The vendors’ sole information sources are the brokers and receivers, who do not educate them about the dangers and protocols involved. Because of this, they sell their body parts without thinking about the possible consequences for their long-term health. The growth of the illegal market is the second reason for the selling of human organs concerning kidneys, in particular, this unlawful trade has grown to the point of 10,000 black market transactions being made every year. Lacetera, Macis, And Stith (2014) claim that traffickers disobey the laws intended to curtail their activity. Instead, they have decided to capitalize on the rising global need for kidney replacement due to the prevalence of ailments like diabetes and high blood pressure, among others (Lacetera et al., 2014). Patients often go to

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4 nations like India, China, and Pakistan for surgery, according to Budiani-Saberi and Delmonico (2008). According to the Bangladesh research, they provide the organ trafficker $200,000 in cash in exchange for harvesting vulnerable people’s organs for, those who provide financial pennies on the dollar. In certain nations, the rule of law is weak, while in others, those who provide financial incentives to the impoverished are favored by the absence of rules (Harris & Alcorn, 2011). The unlawful transaction increases health hazards and takes advantage of the receivers’ desperation. Comparing receivers of legal and illicit organs reveals the latter often do worse, according to Abouna (2008). According to research on the topic, those who get organ transplants from overseas are more prone to develop diseases like HIV and Hepatitis B. Furthermore, there are very few patients and organs that survive outside the country. These studies, according to Abouna (2008), may understate the danger since the information gathered is prone to survivor bias. There are several frauds that characterize the illicit organ market. A former doctor who received a 15- year jail term in 2010 for making false promises to beneficiaries in the Philippians is an excellent example. Despite not using the victim’s organs, he stole more than $400,000 from them (Abouna, G.M., 2008). The rise in need for organ transplant recipients and a consistent provision of donors contribute to the expansion of the illegal trade of human organs. In the United States, there is a policy that allows individuals to choose whether to contribute their organs. These individuals need to follow a certain procedure in order to achieve this , however. The process used serves a deterrent for people who have conflicting feelings regarding the act of donating. Moreover, some individuals are unaware of the donation process. Only 30% of the American public is aware of the requirements to become a donor, despite the fact that 90% of American favor organ donation,

5 according to Samuel (2017). These facts make it obvious that there are many more patients in need of organ transplants than there are donors who could be available. In Germany, for instance, there are 12,000 individuals eagerly awaiting organs, and sadly, three individuals from the list perish each day. The result of this system is a longer wait period, since fewer kidneys are given under an opt-in system than under an opt-out system. Many people on the waiting list must resort to buying the necessary organ, since they cannot get by with the organs that do not function. Due to the uncertainty of receiving organs according to the wait list, these individuals resort to the illicit market out of desperation, seeking immediate solutions and spending substantial sums of money. Individuals must register themselves to donate their organs after death, which is the result of an opt-in policy. Contrarily, with the opt-out system, organ donation happens automatically and will not occur unless a request has been made for the person to be excused from donation following death. Insufficient availability..3 of organ donors in the United States leads to the loss of 18 lives on a daily basis. As a result, these numbers encourage patients to buy organs in an attempt to live. The main obstacle to legal organ donation and contributing factor in unlawful selling of organs on the global black market is the family’s refusal. Statistics suggest that if a deceased individual is registered on the organ donation database, approximately 91% of families will consent to organ donation. Approximately 47% of households, on the other hand, are expected to opt out if they are not enrolled in the ODR program (Samuel, L. 2017). In cases where the preferences of the patient are uncertain according to the current guidelines, the deceased's family is presented with an option. A majority of families faced with this circumstance are unlikely to give their consent for organ donation, with less than half being willing to do so. Family rejection

6 is ascribed to a number of things, including ignorance, cultural and religious considerations, as well clinical challenges. Samuel (2017) claims that some families choose not to agree because they do not feel prepared to do so at the moment. Second, the conflict between the urge to keep the body whole and the feeling of utilitarian concern. Lack of organs for eligible receivers on the waiting list, a result of family refusal to approve deceased donor organ donation. As more individuals need organ transplants, but fewer people are willing to donate, a domino effect results (Samuel, 2017). In this situation, denying permission on behalf of the sick prevents a person on the waiting list from getting the opportunity to have a healthy organ, which also lowers their likelihood of life. In conclusion, a number of circumstances have led to the selling of organs on the illicit market globally. Poverty is one of the main causes, and the contributors want to improve their financial circumstances (Harris & Alcorn, 2011). The market brokers take advantage of the underprivileged by harvesting their organs in return for meager sums of money. The growth of the illegal organ trade, which takes advantage of recipients and has detrimental effects on recipients’ health, is another factor contributing to the sale of organs. Patients turn to the underground market due to disparity in availability and demand for donor organs (Abouna, 2008). Last but not least, when the deceased’s family decides not to donate their loved one’s organs, they deprive someone on the waiting list of a healthy transplant, which causes desperation as individuals fight to live. As a result, these four considerations keep organs on the illicit market for sale, keeping the business alive.

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7 References Abouna, G. M. (2008). Organ shortage crisis: problems and possible solutions. Transplantation Proceedings, 40(1), 34-38 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.11.067 Bodiani-Saberi, D. A., & Delmonico, F. L. (2008). Organ trafficking and transplant tourism: a commentary on global realities. American Journal of Transplantation: Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons, 8(5), 925-929. https://doi.org./10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02200.x Harris, C. E., & Alcorn, S. P. (2011). To solve a deadly shortage: Economic incentives for human organ donation: Organ trafficking and kidney transplantation. In The International Trafficking of Human Organs (1st Edition, pp. 101-124). Routledge. Humphreys, K. (2014, October 20). An organ shortage kills 30 Americans every day. Is it time to pay donors? Washington Post (Washington, D.C., 1974) https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/10/20/an-organ-shortage- kills-30-americans-every-day-is-it-time-to-pay-donars/ Lacetera, N. Macis, M. & Stith, S. S. (2014). Removing financial barriers to organ and bone marrow donation: the effect of leave and tax legislation in the U.S. Journal of Health Economics, 33, 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2013.10.006 Rotham, S. M., & Rotham, D. J. (2006). The Hidden Cost of Organ Sale. American

8 Journal of Transplantation: Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons, 6(7), 1524- 1528 https://doi.org/10111/j.1600-6143.2006.01325.x Samuel, L. (2017). To solve organ shortage, states consider ‘opt-out’ organ donation laws. STAT. https://www.statnews.com/2017/07/06/opt-solution-organ-shortage/

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