RES 841_Assignment_Contrast of Study Designs

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Contrast of Study Designs College of Doctoral Studies, Grand Canyon University RES 841: Designing a Qualitative Study Design 1 Dr. Cipra November 8, 2023, Accommodated Date: November 22, 2023,

2 Reflection Dr. Cipra's insightful input allowed me to develop a more sensible and aligned study. Aligning my possible dissertation subject with the three alternative designs was more difficult than anticipated because I had already decided which design best suited the suggested topic. However, after completing this assignment, my grasp of contrasting the various designs has increased, things became more evident, and improvements were made. Descriptive Design • The recommendation is to incorporate a sampling frame derived from the target population. The participants recruited from the sample frame target population were adjusted. Dr. Cipra, for example, suggested that 10% of the 2,000 recruits join since it is estimated that around 200 samples will reply to participate. • Split the focus group into two groups of five people each rather than one group of 10. • Use a two to three-sentence summary statement to correct how alignment is present in the study. Case Study Design  For research question #1, Dr. Cipra suggested replacing “industrial and organizational field” with “in the workplace” because it leaves the location open until I am ready to focus on employment.  The Sample Frame will adjust utilizing the recommendation from the descriptive design feedback. Dr. Cipra's response indicated that the alignment was satisfactory. However, he advised that other components be aligned (Problem and Purpose, RQs, Problem Space, and Phenomenon).

3 Introduction Qualitative methodology is a research method that focuses on subjective and in-depth understanding and interpretation of meanings, experiences, and social phenomena. It is frequently used in the social sciences, humanities, and some fields of natural science to study complicated and context-dependent research topics. The primary goal of qualitative research methodologies is to uncover the variety and complexities of human experiences, behaviors, and social processes. Common GCU Qualitative Core Design approaches include descriptive, case study, phenomenology, narrative, and grounded theory (GCU Core Design, 2020). Qualitative research is especially beneficial for investigating complicated, context-specific, and typically human-centered phenomena such as individual experiences, community culture, or the dynamics of social relationships. As a result, the purpose of this paper is to contrast the use of qualitative descriptive, case study, and phenomenology designs for the proposed dissertation research on how women of color describe their gendered environments and their experiences shed light on the challenges and strategies they employed to empower themselves and drive change to obtain top-level promotions. It is essential to emphasize that each form of qualitative methodology design necessitates precise terminology that connects with the problem statement, purpose statement, and research questions and allows the reader to understand what research technique is utilized the alignment, and its feasibility. Consequently, the researcher must comprehend the advantages and disadvantages of each design of the suggested study. Component Qualitative Descriptive (Revised based on Instructor Feedback) Case Study (Revised based on Instructor Feedback) Phenomenology Problem Statement It is not known how women of color describe their It is not known what the experiences, challenges, and It is not known how women of color describe their lived

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4 gendered environments, and their experiences shed light on the challenges and strategies they employed to empower themselves and drive change to obtain top- level promotions. (Actual problem statement. No revision needed). strategies women of color employ as they navigate gendered situations and strive to attain top-level promotions. (Actual problem statement. No revision needed). experiences and make meaning of challenges and strategies while pursuing a top-level promotion and navigating gendered situations. Purpose Statement The purpose of this qualitative descriptive is to explore how women of color encountered and navigated gendered environments and how their experience shed light on the challenges and the strategies they employed to empower themselves and drive change to obtain top- level promotions in the southeastern United States. (Actual purpose statement. No revision needed). The purpose of this qualitative case study is to gain a better understanding of the experiences, challenges, and strategies women of color employ as they navigate gendered situations and strive to attain top-level promotions in the southeastern United States. (Actual purpose statement. No revision needed). The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study is to explore how women of color describe their lived experiences and make meaning of challenges and strategies while pursuing a top-level promotion and navigating gendered situations in the southeastern United States. Research Questions (At Least Two) RQ1: How do women of color describe navigating gendered environments to obtain top-level promotions? RQ2: How do women of color describe their strategies and challenges to empower themselves to obtain top- level promotions? (Actual RQ. No revision needed). RQ1: What are the strategies and experiences of women of color in navigating gendered challenges while seeking top- level promotions in the workplace? RQ2: How do women of color access and mobilize support networks within and outside the workplace to navigate gendered situations in their career advancement efforts? RQ1: What are the lived experiences of women of color as they pursue top-level promotions in the workplace? RQ2: How do women of color perceive and make meaning of the challenges they encounter in their journey towards top-level promotions? RQ3: What strategies do women of color employ to overcome obstacles and navigate gendered situations in the workplace? Analysis of the Feasibility of Conducting the Study A descriptive research feasibility analysis entails evaluating numerous aspects to determine whether the study is feasible and doable. The feasibility analysis for conducting a qualitative case study involves assessing various factors to determine whether the study is viable As indicated in the descriptive and case study designs, site authorization and IRB clearance are required prior to enrollment

5 For example, after receiving site authorization and IRB approval, the study sample and sampling procedure are crucial (Kimmelman, 2020). The researcher would purposely choose women of color who could give rich and relevant information regarding their experiences, obstacles, and tactics for obtaining top-level promotions (Turale, 2020). The suggested topic's target demographic will comprise over 5,000 women of color from the southeastern United States. The sampling frame will consist of 2,500 samples. The sample consists of 60 women of color who are Black, Latina, Asian, American Indian or Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, or mixed- race. The primary data source for this study will be a semi- structured interview, followed by two focus groups of around five participants each. The researcher would save time by conducting semi- structured interviews over Zoom and Microsoft Teams. Interviews will be scheduled at various interludes during the work week and on weekends to give the flexibility needed to accommodate the chosen target population's unique schedule. and practical. The first aspect specifies the research questions and objectives the case study seeks to answer. In addition, consider the extent and amount of information required to answer the research questions fully. Like a descriptive design, the proposed aim for a case study design will be over 5,000 women of color, with a sample frame of 2,500 and a final sample of 60 women of color. However, according to GCU Qualitative Core Design (2020), the researcher needs at least three data sources. The data sources may include qualitative and quantitative data collection, with at least two primary qualitative sources. Furthermore, the amount of data should include at least two descriptive sources to give data for in-depth inspection during triangulation (Nilmanat & Kurniawan, 2021) (Noble & Heale, 2019). For this case study, the researcher will conduct semi-structured interviews with participants to understand better the experiences, obstacles, and techniques women of color utilize to negotiate gendered circumstances and seek top- level promotions. Semi- structured interviews are more suited for qualitative case studies, and the researcher should be familiar with both the topic and the and data collection. Conducting a qualitative phenomenological design entails examining and comprehending individuals' living experiences to discover the core of a specific occurrence. This technique is commonly utilized in social sciences, psychology, education, and other domains where a thorough grasp of human experiences is required (Lauterback, 2018). As a result, it is critical to note that phenomenology may be descriptive or interpretive and is based on Edmund Husserl's original ideas, which proposed that a phenomenon is best studied from the perspective of humans (Heotis, 2020). DeJonckheere and Vaughn (2019) underlined that researchers might employ semi-structured interviews to obtain fresh, exploratory data linked to a study subject, triangulate existing data sources, or confirm findings by checking respondent comments on research results. The target population for this design is still the same as the descriptive and case study design: over 5,000 women of color, with a sample frame of 2,500 and a final sample of 60 women of color. Lastly, it is crucial to emphasize that phenomenology may be

6 interview approach (McIntosh & Morse, 2015; Kallio et al., 2016). In addition, the researchers must build a database of case studies and a chain of evidence. However, data collection will commence only following site authorization and IRB clearance ((Kimmelman, 2020)). descriptive or interpretative and is founded on Edmund Husserl's initial theories, which stated that a phenomenon is best investigated from the perspective of humans (Heotis, 2020). Analysis of the Alignment of the Study Components When the researcher must connect the study with the issue statement, purpose statement, research questions, theoretical framework, and methodology, it is critical to remember that the problem space and phenomena are the basis of the study. As a result, aligning the study components should accomplish the overall research goals. In workplace research, the qualitative descriptive design collects data through one-on- one interviews, observations, and focus groups (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016), since they provide the ability to gather and discover the who, what, and where of events or experiences (Colorafi & Evans, 2016). Semi- structured interviews, for example, are often employed in qualitative descriptive research to obtain open- ended feedback from participants on a specific subject in the participant's own words (DeJonckheere & Vaughn, 2019). Focus When it comes to aligning case study components, it is critical to ensure that the research questions are clear, explicit, and linked with the qualitative character of the case study (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016). Furthermore, verify that the chosen case(s) give relevant insights into the problem, statement, purpose statement, and research questions. The method for this qualitative multiple case study will include academic peer-reviewed journal articles from Grand Canyon University's databases EBSCOhost, ProQuest, and SAGE Premier. As an additional source, Google Scholar provided a wealth of historical data and research resources on the study topic. Furthermore, the researcher should specify the sampling technique by assessing whether purposive or snowball sampling is best suited to the research aims; for this study, purposive or criterion-based sampling allows for selecting participants who can provide Aligning a phenomenological design entails ensuring that the research questions, techniques, and general approach are congruent with the study's philosophical underpinnings and aim. The research topic should center on understanding the structure and substance of how women of color explain their lived experiences and make sense of problems and tactics while pursuing a top- level promotion and managing gendered situations. The target participant, sample frame, and final sample should be based on their first-hand experiences. The participants must provide rich and detailed accounts of their experiences to allow for a deep exploration of the phenomenon. According to DeJonckheere and Vaughn (2019), researchers can use semi-structured interviews to collect new, exploratory data related to a study subject, triangulate existing data sources, or validate findings by checking respondent

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7 groups are similar because the conversation qualities relate to the study purpose but differ in the participants' participation level. Furthermore, thematic analysis aligns with the selected data sources and research themes by allowing researchers to uncover, characterize, and code patterns in study participants' responses (DeJonckheere & Vaughn, 2019) (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016). in-depth insights (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016). As a result, case studies aid in experimentally investigating circumstances where a clear separation between the phenomena and real life may not exist (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016). comments regarding research results. Following the data collection methods, an analysis is used by employing a thematic analysis. Nowell et al. (2017) employ theme analysis to simplify the concepts of women of color's lived experiences, which gives clarity to individual replies. By carefully evaluating the research question, participant selection, data collecting and analytic methodologies, and ethical issues, researchers may guarantee that their study matches the notion of phenomenology and offers significant knowledge of the area. Analysis of the Fit of This Design to the Proposed Problem Statement, Purpose Statement, and Research Questions A qualitative descriptive study describes rather than explains events (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016). As a result, qualitative research is typically based on a constructivist or interpretivist epistemological paradigm (Burns et al., 2022), which suggests that reality is socially produced and different views are available. This study intends to investigate how women of color faced and navigated gendered contexts and how their experiences shed light on the obstacles and techniques they used to empower themselves and drive change to attain top- level promotions. As a result, employing a descriptive study correlates with the Analyzing the fit to the suggested problem statement, purpose statement, and research questions is critical to the study's success. The case study design should address the issue statement, define what the study seeks to achieve through the purpose statement and establish compatibility between the research questions and the case study design (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016). In other words, the questions should be addressed within the scope of the case study. As a result, verify that the case selection, data gathering methods, and analysis approaches contribute to solving the specified problem and answering the research As with any other design, the fit between the proposed problem statement, purpose statement, and research questions is crucial for the study's success. Merriam and Tisdell (2016) asserted that a phenomenological design is appropriate when the problem involves a lack of in-depth understanding of individuals’ lived experiences. Furthermore, the purpose statement is to explore, describe, and understand the lived experience of individuals related to the phenomenon, which, for this purpose, is the study of women of color. On the other hand, the research questions should focus on exploring the phenomenon's structure; furthermore, the

8 issue statement, purpose statement, and research questions and explores the experiences and views of women of color. Furthermore, one-on-one interviews and focus groups support triangulation and data saturation and allow researchers to evaluate the phenomena thoroughly. Rather than seeking an objective reality, the researcher strives to comprehend and express the subjective experiences and viewpoints of women of color. questions to satisfy the study's objective. By extensively assessing the match between the case study design and the issue statement, purpose statement, and research questions, researchers may guarantee that the research is well- conceptualized and has a solid basis for providing meaningful and relevant results. This study focuses on women of color who do not have the same opportunities for advancement to corporate leadership roles as their male counterparts. Consequently, a multiple case study approach was employed for qualitative research. A case study research approach examines a real-world incident (Alpi & Evans, 2019; Rashid et al., 2019). research questions are open- ended, allowing participants to share their experiences. By carefully matching the design with the unique context and aims specified in the issue and purpose statements, this phenomenological research can give valuable insights into the lived experiences of women of color pursuing top-level promotions and handling gendered circumstances at work (Moreland, 2018). Contrast of Study Designs According to Rahman (2016), the qualitative research technique generates a detailed account of participants' thoughts, views, and experiences and interprets the implications of their activities. Furthermore, in the context of language testing, Rahman (2016) quoted Bachman (1998), who demonstrated in his study that qualitative research results precisely and deeply reflect the link of information processing with performance. In other words, qualitative methodologies are used to get deeper insights into difficulties concerning the design, administration, and interpretation of language assessments. Furthermore, it comprehends human experience in distinct contexts holistically. Despite this, qualitative research approaches

9 generally have some generic strengths and weaknesses. Conversely, Kahlke (2014) claimed that a weakness of qualitative research methodologies is that they sometimes overlook contextual sensitivity instead of focusing on meanings and experiences. Furthermore, general qualitative criticisms provide consistency throughout the study framework's epistemological, theoretical, methodological, and technical/methods levels (Kahlke, 2014). While there has been substantial success in many companies in terms of diversity and inclusion efforts, women of color confront persistent and complicated gender-related barriers that impede their rise to top-level jobs. These barriers may include prejudices, preconceptions, restricted access to mentoring and sponsorship, a lack of representation in leadership roles, and unique intersectional experiences relating to race and gender (Tabassum & Nayak, 2021). The interaction of race and gender presents a unique set of challenges that demand more investigation. Despite the publication of new research and literature, it is unclear how women of color define their gendered surroundings, and their experiences provide insight into the obstacles and techniques they used to empower themselves and drive change to achieve top-level promotions (Tabassum & Nayak, 2021). This paves the way for additional research to address the issue of women of color's underrepresentation in top-level leadership roles, as well as the distinct gendered challenges they encounter in their career advancement. Therefore, the defined problem area requires qualitative methods to address the study issues adequately. In contrast to quantitative methods, which seek to quantify the statistical significance of relationships between variables, qualitative methodology is rooted in idealism. It provides a holistic examination of phenomena (Ochieng, 2009) by emphasizing study participants' subjective and uniquely held realities. More precisely, qualitative designs understand that social and psychological factors help construct individual perceptions (Slevitch,

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10 2011), contributing to disparities in views across people who have witnessed the same incident. Consequently, descriptive, case study and phenomenological investigations have distinct advantages relevant to the proposed research. In contrast, each design has limits that may harm the study and must be addressed before picking a design for the dissertation. Descriptive Design Strengths The major strength of qualitative descriptive research is its capacity to describe phenomena from the participant's point of view without assigning meaning or importance to the data (Colorado & Evans, 2016) (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016). Another advantage is that the study is adaptable, allowing researchers to modify their strategy as the study's demands change. Non- probability sampling, for example, is employed in descriptive design, and the sample is purposeful, which implies that participants may provide insight to the research because they have experience with the occurrence in their natural environment (Doyle et al., 2020). Furthermore, qualitative descriptive designs promote participant voice, which is critical for researching empowerment tactics since it allows women of color to express their ideas and strategies in their own words. Finally, the findings of qualitative descriptive research are frequently immediately transferable to practice; consequently, insights acquired may be used to improve policies and practices to increase workplace diversity and inclusion (Colorafi & Evans, 2016). Descriptive Design Weakness However, there are certain disadvantages to this qualitative descriptive approach. For example, the findings are context-specific and may have limited generalizability (Mwita, 2022). As a result, the emphasis is on depth rather than breadth. Thus, care is advised when extrapolating the findings to the general population. Furthermore, the researchers' viewpoints

11 impact the interpretation of findings, which can lead to bias (Mwita, 2022). As a result, researchers must make the required efforts to minimize bias in data collection, processing, and interpretation. Case Study Design Strengths On the other hand, case studies allow for a more in-depth examination of a single occurrence within its real-life setting. As a result, this approach is well-suited for gathering deep insights into the experiences of women of color pursuing top-level promotions (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016). Furthermore, the case study approach stresses comprehending the environment in which the event occurs. This is critical for conveying the obstacles women of color experience within specific organizational and cultural contexts (Frankel et al., 2000). Finally, case studies can help build theory by revealing new insights and patterns. The findings may result in developing theoretical frameworks that improve our knowledge of women's employment experiences (Ridder, 2017). Case Study Design Weakness However, like descriptive design, one of the main limitations of case studies is their limited generalizability. The findings may be specific to the case studied, and caution should be exercised when applying them to broader populations (Percy et al., 2015). Furthermore, the researcher's subjectivity can influence the interpretation of case study findings. Researchers must be aware of their biases and minimize their impact on data collection and analysis (Mwita, 2022). Lastly, case studies often require substantial resources, including time, personnel, and access to the organizations and individuals involved. This may pose challenges, particularly for researchers with limited resources.

12 Phenomenological Design Strengths In contrast, phenomenological design focuses on understanding the essence of lived experiences (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016). This design deeply explores the subjective experiences, feelings, and meaning of pursuing top-level promotions for women of color. Another strength is that the research is participant-centric, giving voice to the lived experiences of individuals. It is particularly suitable for allowing women of color to express their experiences in their own words. Lastly, it often leads to identifying common themes and patterns across participants. This can contribute to a deeper understanding of shred challenges and self-empowerment strategies. Phenomenological Design Weakness Compared to descriptive and case study designs, the fundamental disadvantage of phenomenological design is that research focuses on examining the depth of individual experiences, and its conclusions may have limited generalizability. The emphasis is on comprehending the unique characteristics of each participant's experience. This approach also included constraints for potential biases. Finally, interpreting phenomenological findings is inevitably subjective. Different researchers may interpret the same data differently, underlining the need for transparency and reflexivity (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016). Conclusion Finally, a qualitative descriptive methodology has significant advantages for investigating the experiences of women of color pursuing top-level promotions, particularly in offering rich, contextually grounded findings. However, researchers should be aware of the limitations, such as possible bias and difficulty generalizing findings. Combining qualitative descriptive research

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13 with different approaches or triangulating data sources may increase the study's robustness and trustworthiness. A qualitative case study, on the other hand, has distinct advantages for investigating the experiences of women of color in their pursuit of top-level promotions. However, researchers should recognize the design's limitations, generalizability, and resource intensity. Combining case study findings with ideas from other research methodologies can help to improve overall comprehension of the research issue and lead to more robust and nuanced conclusions. Moreover, a qualitative phenomenological design provides a crucial lens for understanding the lived experiences of women of color in their pursuit of top-level promotions. While it delivers rich and thorough insights, researchers should be conscious of its possible limits, notably in terms of generalizability and the effect of researcher bias. Combining phenomenological results with other research approaches or triangulating data sources might improve the overall robustness of the investigation.

14 References Alpi, K. M., & Evans, J. J. (2019). Distinguishing case studies as a research method from case reports as a publication type. Journal of the Medical Library Association: JMLA, 107 (1), 1. https://doi.org/10.5195%2Fjmla.2019.615 Burns, M., Bally, J., Burles, M., Holtslander, L., & Peacock, S. (2022). Constructivist Grounded Theory or Interpretive Phenomenology? Methodological Choices Within Specific Study Contexts. International Journal of Qualitative Methods , p. 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221077758 Colorafi KJ, & Evans B. (2016). Qualitative Descriptive Methods in Health Science Research. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal 9 (4):16-25. https://doi- org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/1937586715614171 DeJonckheere, M. & Vaughn, L. M. (2019). Semi-structured interviewing in primary care research: A balance of relationship and rigor. Family Medicine and Community Health , pp. 7 , 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2018-000057 Doyle, L., McCabe, C., Keogh, B., Brady, A., & McCann, M. (2020). An overview of the qualitative descriptive design within nursing research. Journal of Research in Nursing, 25 (5), 443–455. Frankel, 1], Richard M., & Devers, 2], Kelly J. (2000). Study Design in Qualitative Research--1: Developing Questions and Assessing Resource Needs. Education for Health: Change in Learning & Practice , 13 (2), 251.

15 GCU Core Qualitative Designs . (2020). https://dc.gcu.edu/research/documents/methodology/QUAL_methodology/ methodology_and_design/QUAL_gcu_core_designs_08_10_20pdf Giorgi, A. P., & Giorgi, B. M. (2003). The descriptive phenomenological psychological method. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 43 (1), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1163/15691621X632934 Heotis, E. (2020). Phenomenological research methods: Extensions of Husserl and Heidegger. International Journal of School and Cognitive Psychology, 7 (2), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.35248/2469-9837.19.6.221 Kahlke, R. M. (2014). Generic Qualitative Approaches: Pitfalls and Benefits of Methodological Mixology. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 13 (1), 37-52. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940691401300119 Kallio, H., Pietilä, A. M., Johnson, M., & Kangasniemi, M. (2016). Systematic methodological review: Developing a framework for a qualitative semi‐structured interview guide. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72 (12), 2954-2965. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13031 Kimmelman, J. (2020). Why IRBs should protect bystanders in human research. Bioethics , 34 (9), 933–936. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/bioe.12812 McIntosh, M. J., & Morse, J. M. (2015). Situating and constructing diversity in semi-structured interviews. Global Qualitative Nursing Research, 2 . https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2333393615597674

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16 Merriam, S. B. & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (4 th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Moreland, C. L. (2018). The Lived Leadership Experiences of Black Women Professionals: A Phenomenological Qualitative Study of the Intersectionality of Race and Gender (Order No. 28001422). Available from ProQuest One Academic. (2422178323). https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/lived- leadership-experiences-black-women/docview/2422178323/se-2 Mwita, K. (2022). Strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research in social science studies. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147– 4478) , 11 (6), 618–625. Nilmanat, K., & Kurniawan, T. (2021). The Quest in Case Study Research. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research , 25 (1), 1–6. Noble, H. & Heale, R. (2019). Triangulation in research, with examples. Evidence Based Journals, 22 (3), 67–68. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebnurs-2019-103145 . Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods , 16 (1), 1. https://doi-org.lopesalum.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/1609406917733847 Ochieng, P. A. (2009). An Analysis Of The Strengths And Limitation Of Qualitative And Quantitative Research Paradigms. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 13 , 13-18. https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/ analysis-strengths-limitation-qualitative/docview/2343816184/se-2

17 Rahman, M. S. (2020). The advantages and disadvantages of using qualitative and quantitative approaches and methods in language “testing and assessment” research: A literature review. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v6n1p102 Rashid, Y., Rashid, A., Warraich, M. A., Sabir, S. S., & Waseem, A. (2019). Case study method: A step-by-step guide for business researchers. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 18 . https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1609406919862424 Ridder, H. (2017). The theory contribution of case study research designs. Bus Res 10, 281– 305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-017-0045-z Slevitch, L. (2011). Qualitative and quantitative methodologies compared: Ontological and epistemological perspectives. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 12 (1), 73-81. https://doi.org/1528008X.2011.541810 Turale, S. (2020). A Brief Introduction to Qualitative Description: A Research Design Worth Using. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research , 24 (3), 289–291.

RES 841_Assignment_Contrast of Study Designs

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