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1 How Poverty Impacts Education Amber Martin Liberty University EDUC 701 Dr. Spaulding September 27, 2021

2 Abstract This paper’s goal is to identify poverty as a current problem that still exists in the public education system as it relates to students ability to learn. According to the data provided by the National Center for Children in Poverty, “Among all children under 18 years in the US, 38 percent live in low-income families and 17 percent approximately one in five are poor. “(NCCP, 2021).Poverty is an important issue that has afflicted the public education system for decades. The primary impacted are those in elementary and middle schools. It does affect high school education as well but the damage is more significant in younger learners. Past research has discovered poverty in a student’s early education and learning, it would continue to be an issue for students once they reach high school, and it could have a huge impact on their future outcomes if not addressed sooner.

How Poverty Impacts Education 3 Related Literature Poverty research has affirmed a major critical goal of public schools should be to increase the quality of life for the advancement of their pupils by acquiring more money, improving wellness, and overall the wellbeing of everyone . “Great teachers have positive effects on children long after they leave the classroom. A recent study found that a student’s kindergarten teacher had long-lasting influence on important lifetime outcomes, like future earnings.” (Greenstone, Looney & Shevlin, 2021). At risk students have their childhood being impacted by language and communication skills are effected to poverty (Azzi-Lessing & Schorr, 2017) .The performance gap between these children from lower-income households and peers from higher - income households is large and begins before these students have even reached kindergarten. This gap can and most likely will continue well into adulthood(Giovanelli, Mondi, Ou & Reynolds ,2019). Students that live in impoverished environments are even missing the fundamentals of the most basic necessities, and when we can compare that to students who are not, they are performing at much lower levels because of these differences (Burney & Beilke, 2008). The income in the community would determine that the makeup of these children and what type of quality instruction they would receive while in public schools. The study done by Kimbro, Magnuson ,Wolf, Parbst & Wodtke (2017) found that the neighborhood poverty rate and the quality of education are in fact linked. (Kimbro, Magnuson ,Wolf, Parbst & Wodtke ,2017). Lacour & Tissington (2011), surmised their information they collected and retrieved resources the ability to reach them were drastically reduced by the effects of poverty. The sad results, the lack of these materials available to these impoverished students created a huge obstacle that is a reality for everyone suffering in poverty stricken home.

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How Poverty Impacts Education 4 Furthermore, these at-risk children from lower economic households are far more likely to have a difficult time thriving and being successful in their education as opposed to those who are not faced with the effects of poverty. Congress passed NCLBA( No Child Left Behind Act) that would help students that are in these effected areas better opportunities for students living in these areas that have typical lower performance(NCCP, 2021). The focus of this act and the goal to make significant improvement within these publics school and to increase productivity on the educators, school districts, students , and make each state provide more for their students(NCCP, 2021). The initial results appeared to increase the test scores for minority students in these school districts then analyzed additional results and determined what was in fact not adequate proper funds being given out to all public schools providing to students from below poverty- line areas where the major portion of the students were minorities (Alvarado-Urbina, Hannum & Liu ,2017). Better achieving schools would blame those schools, the educators, and principals for their students’ lower academic success. Instead of putting blame on these districts, the student achievement and how poverty effects it must be a focal point on the government (Alvarado- Urbina, Hannum & Liu ,2017) Students living within poverty are typically not supported at home. Parents involvement in their children’s education may be non-existent or limited, they may not have access to transportation, and no choice in which schools they attend to increase their success rate. We can possibly look at this as a form of segregation on the poor by way of their social status is in the community.

How Poverty Impacts Education 5 Brown vs. Board of Education supreme court ruling was to overturn the segregation in public schools and contended that minority students needed access to the same education and resources allowed to white students. Without the same equitable opportunities it would cause irreversible damage to minority students (Reardon, 2016). A good prosperous education is the main fundamental to someone having a successful life. Research has proven many times that someone who is considered rich have more opportunities to obtain better paying positions due to a better education thus providing much better opportunities for growth and options for better advancements (Greenstone, Looney & Shevlin, 2021). Education is the infrastructure to lay the opportunities to a quality life. Someone that receives a better quality education leads them on a path to a much better family atmosphere and a social circle that can provide those connections needed (Greenstone, Looney & Shevlin, 2021). A students’ success is greatly relied on their educator and the methods of the teaching approach. Quality educators are a big factor in how success can be measures in their classroom. Educators can control how they teach and guide their students. Educators must continue to be motivated to use these techniques to reach all of those students and accommodate for each student individual needs (Plucker, 2016). Teachers are trusted with the responsibility of being an advocate for their students, they must keep themselves informed with all of the new information to reach these at-students. Research proves that these at-risk students with academic success problems cannot simply be labeled a school issue, the primary problem comes from injustices within their inequality in family salaries (Azzi-Lessing & Schorr, 2017) Household income is responsible for around 60% of the problems the students faces to achieve , schools are responsible for around the 20% of academic failures and what is left can be attributed to their overall childhood and life experiences

How Poverty Impacts Education 6 (Azzi-Lessing & Schorr, 2017) . “These early years are when consistent nurturing and stable relationships are most crucial.” (Azzi-Lessing & Schorr, 2017) It is essential that all teachers learn how to identify these danger signs of childhood poverty in their classrooms and intervene immediately to support their learning and growth. Poverty can really impact how the entire system works in place for these impoverished students. They are afforded less resources and educators than the average student (Plucker, 2016). A huge incentive to improve learning is by creating a safe ,engaging classroom with social and emotional learning support (Plucker, 2016). SEL (Social Emotional Learning) is an effective resource that educators should use when working with a student from an impoverished home. The goal of these programs should be to provide early intervention into the at-risk student’s life so that it can improve a child’s behavior , mental wellness and social–emotional skills(Duncan &Votruba-Drzal,2017). Students who have these needs met are more likely to be ready every single school day. Another important component would be to intervene in problems as early as possible such as behavioral and social issues before they get out of hand (Giovanelli, Mondi, Ou & Reynolds , 2019). Nutrition can also be a big impact on how focused children are while attending school. Malnutrition is a major problem when it comes to children being able to sit and learn when they are hungry. Learning Theory Association “Piaget’s theory ,the sequence of the stages is universal across cultures and follow the same invariant unchanging order. All children go through the same stages in the same order but not all at the same rate.” (Wadsworth, 2004). A student subjected to poverty is living in an unfair environment where they have injustices at school and home. Each of these at-risk

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How Poverty Impacts Education 7 students can greatly have an advantage from using the learning model based on the constructivist theory. Experiences can be beneficial to learning, this is going to be a huge factor in what they retain as what a human experiences those experiences stay throughout their entire lives. Those experiences will formulate a student’s awareness of the how the world around them functions. Teachers can depict their content into the student content, these students will be able to understand that information and hold onto it .They are learning since it reminds them of their own experiences and life . Constructivist approach should be used by educators to achieve these goals with their at- risk students. Behaviorism can also be a foundation learning theory that can help all students that are living in a impoverished home. Behaviorism can provide teachers the tools to help their students. They will be able to condition them and use important coping skills to be successful in both academics and social settings. Students impacted by their verbal or lack of verbal skills these skills can be improved and help them for long term success. (Borgen, 2020) “Decades worth of research has shown that children from low-income families are at a higher risk of entering school with poor language skills compared to more privileged students. On average, they score two years behind on standardized language development tests. “(Borgen, 2020) Definitions of Key Terms Poverty – The state of being poor.( Merriam-Webster,n.d) Constructivism – Learning through experience (Wadsworth, 2004). At-Risk Children –children and adolescents at risk of poor outcomes. (Alvarado-Urbina, Hannum & Liu ,2017).

How Poverty Impacts Education 8 Social Emotional Learning – Education based interventions to address social and emotional issues with school-aged children (Duncan &Votruba-Drzal,2017). Impoverished – means that a person is really poor, either from having no money or being in bad health.( Merriam-Webster,n.d) Gaps in Research “Quality gaps are often varying outcomes in tests scores at the advanced level among subgroups of students “(Plucker, 2016). State funds are not an equitable fairness given to every school in the district; this is considered an educational disparity. There are several reasons this is happening and there is a critical immediate problem that should be addressed to solve this crisis in the United States education system. Salaries that the average teach makes can be a positive or negative when it comes to quality instruction (Greenstone, Looney & Shevlin, 2021). Using a tool such as SEL (Social Emotional Learning) has been provided in some public schools but the cost associated with it makes it not available across the board (Duncan &Votruba-Drzal,2017). These dire situations, the schools currently face there is limited training that educators participate in to improve their skills. SEL has worked with students on the short term , long term studies have not proven to be as effective for student causing the lack of it being readily available in all schools (Duncan &Votruba-Drzal,2017). Suitts (2015), determined less than around thirty two percent of schools across the entire country are suspected of being poverty-stricken and had little to no money in 1989. Since then, in 2000, the NCES (National Center for Education Statistics) released new numbers

How Poverty Impacts Education 9 indicating it is now around 38 percent (Suitts, 2015). There are far greater research studies that can be done to understand that there are different categories in which poverty falls into and how they impact a student’s readiness to learn. Does the poverty stem from community or generational poverty that has prevented the family from receiving a good education (Morrissey et al., 2018). “Reducing poverty has become an international concern, yet there is no international consensus on guidelines for measuring poverty” (Alexander & Jang, 2020). When we look at the different factors of economic deprived students and then compare them to students who are not deprived in the United States, students who are not deprived exceed the performance of the children who are economically deprived; the United States shows the data on their performance how well these students is lower than students from other countries (Burney & Beilke, 2008).Further research should be conducted to determine the factors and what can be done. Biblical Worldview According to Anderson (1992), there are four areas of poverty in which they bible addresses: Oppressed from their government, under severe hardship and possible lack of motivation or ability to work, and the environment that poverty exists in. Proverbs 35:10 (King James Version, 1769) says, “Poverty ruins those trapped into it” Poverty promotes the continuance of poverty, and the circle cannot simply be broken on its own. Education and knowledge are tools to break the circle but most people that live in poverty are unable to simply know that. (Anderson, 1992). Educators can and should do the moral and just thing to help our students suffering in poverty. We have the tools to make us better Christians by not

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How Poverty Impacts Education 10 sitting back knowing we have children that trust us for guidance and support. Jesus would like us to pass the love onto others as he has shown us. Compassion is in our hearts to help each and every person as we can. Children are the most deserving as their innocence is a gift from God. The Bible has a variety of ways how us as Christians should deal with one another no matter their income and social status. As a Christian, we are called upon to help one another, most specifically the ones who need us the most. Jesus spoke to a privileged person, “It is a sin to despise one’s neighbor, but blessed is the one who is kind to the needy.” (Proverbs 14:21, King James Version, 1769). Proverbs is one the most powerful chapters in the bible to help us understand how poverty effects our fellow man. God wants all of us to be there for all of mankind as best as we can. “I know that the Lord secures justice for the poor and upholds the cause of the needy.” (Proverbs 140:12, King James Version, 1769). Education is as important to God as we learn from him and the Bible every single day. God would like for us to provide to others with our many skills and abilities that we possess. The lord has already blessed us if we have the ability to help others. The eternal life with God provides us with this knowledge. Learning something new is a part of our lives as Christians. We want to be able to provide comfort and blessings to others. We are taught as Christians to love each other and to love thy neighbor. This is especially true for anyone that is in need of our help. Sacrificing for the greater good not only makes us a better person but it improved human kind as then we are all doing the Lord’s work. Conclusion Poverty in the United States is a major obstacle keeping school age children from

How Poverty Impacts Education 11 receiving a good education. Several of the policies designed to improve or fix this have not been a major success. There needs to be further studies and additional policies that actually address these issues. Government intervention into programs that will make a difference in these families lives that live in poverty could be the opportunity needed. Every single child is deserving of a good, foundational education that will set them up for success in their lives. Teachers can and should work towards understanding what they can do in way of professional and social trainings to understand and identify these at-risk students in their classrooms. Then they will most likely be able to use different tools to understand what these students need in terms of relationships, empathy, different types of instruction and know to effectively to respond to these different situations. This can go a long way to provide a stable learning environment for all of their students and make a life long impact on their students lives.

How Poverty Impacts Education 12 References Alexander, N. A., & Jang, S. T. (2020). Policy, poverty, And student achievement: An Exploration of the Impact of State Policies. Educational Policy , 34 Alvarado-Urbina, A., Hannum, E., & Liu, R. (2017). Evolving approaches to the study of childhood poverty and education. Comparative Education, 53(1), 81-114. Retrieved from https://doi-org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/10.1080/03050068 Anderson, K. (1992). Wealth and poverty: A biblical perspective. Probe Ministries. https://probe.org/wealth-and-poverty/.com Burney, V. H., & Beilke, J. R. (2008). The constraints of poverty on high achievement. Journal for the Education of the Gifted , 31(3), 295-321. The Borgen Project. (2020, July 10). How poverty affects children's language skills. Retrieved from: https://borgenproject.org/poverty-affects-childrens-language-skills/. Duncan, G. J., Magnuson, K., & Votruba-Drzal, E. (2017). Moving Beyond Correlations in Assessing the Consequences of Poverty. Annual review of psychology , 68, 413–434. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044224

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How Poverty Impacts Education 13 Greenstone, M., Looney, A., & Shevlin, P. (2021, June 23). Improving student outcomes: Restoring America's education potential . The Hamilton Project. https://www.hamiltonproject.org/papers/improving_student_outcomes_restoring_america s_education_potential . Giovanelli, A., Mondi, C.F., Ou, S., & Reynolds, A.J. (2019) Reducing poverty and inequality through preschool to third grade prevention services. American Psychologist , 74(6), 653– 672. Retrieved from https://doi-org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/10.1037/amp0000537 King James Bible. (2021). King James Bible Online. https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/ (Original work published 1769). Lacour, M., & Tissington, L. D. (2011). The effects of poverty on academic achievement. Educational Research and Reviews , 6(7), 522-527. Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Abacus. In Meriam-Webster.com dictionary . https://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/abacus Morrissey, T. W., & Vinopal, K. (2018). Center-based early care and education and children’s school readiness: Do impacts vary by neighborhood poverty? Developmental Psychology, 54(4), 757–771. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000470.supp (Supplemental) National Center for Children in Poverty (2021). Child Poverty . Retrieved from: https://www.nccp.org/publication/basic-facts-about-low-income-children-children-under- 18-years-2019/

How Poverty Impacts Education 14 Parbst, M. & Wodtke, G.T. (2017). Neighborhoods, schools, and academic achievement: A formal mediation analysis of contextual effects of reading and mathematics abilities. Demography, vol. 54(5), pages 1653-1676. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0603-1 Plucker, J. A., & Peters, S. J. (2018). Closing poverty-based excellence gaps: Conceptual, measurement, and educational issues. Gifted Child Quarterly , 62(1), 56–67. Reardon, S. (2016). School segregation and racial academic achievement gaps. The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 2(5), 34-57. https://10.7758/RSF.2016.2.5.03 Suitts, S. (2015). A new majority research bulletin: Low-income students now a majority in the nation's public schools. New Majority Report Series . Southern Education Foundation. https://www.southerneducation.org/what-we do/research/newmajorityreportseries Wadsworth, B. J. (2004). Piaget's theory of cognitive and affective development: Foundations of constructivism . New York: Longman.

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