COMNET Assignment (2)

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Centennial College *

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702

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Electrical Engineering

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Jan 9, 2024

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Lab9: Signal Encoding Techniques Coding and Error Control Lab 9.1: Amplitude Modulation (AM) Learning Objectives Upon completion of this lab, students will be able to: - Generate an amplitude-modulated signal and display it on oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer - Analyze the time domain and frequency domain of a generated AM signal Equipment Required A computer with Multisim installed Within Multisim use: Agilent Function Generator Tektronix Oscilloscope Spectrum Analyzer Procedure 1. Set up the modules as shown in Figure 9.1 and power up the equipment. Figure 9.1 Suggested Module Arrangement 2. Connect the OUTPUT of the Function Generator to the oscilloscope input (CH1) 3. Make the following adjustments: On the Function Generator: FUNCTION : OUTPUT FREQUENCY : Set to 5 kHz OUTPUT LEVEL : 2Vpp Using Shift function, select AM , as shown in figure 9.2: Figure 9.2 Function Generator Setup 4. Using Shift function, select the Modulation Frequency , as shown in figure 9.3: Figure 9.3 5. Using Shift function, select the Level ( depth), as shown in figure 9.4: Figure 9.4 6. Figure 9.5 shows both the low frequency modulating signal and the high frequency carrier waveform. Page 1 of 7
Lab9: Signal Encoding Techniques Coding and Error Control Figure 9.5 7. As you slowly increase the percentage modulation, by changing the Level (depth), the oscilloscope trace changes. Figure 9.6 shows the different levels of modulation. Figure 9.6 8. If you keep on increasing the modulation index, an over modulation occurs. This happens when the amplitude of the modulating signal becomes greater than the amplitude of the carrier signal. Figure 9.7 shows the results. Figure 9.7 9. Adjust the MODULATION Level at 20% 80, 100% at Function generator and calculate the modulation index. Click button “Cursor” in 2 nd row from top in Oscilloscope. Choose Type “Voltage” and Source CH1.Use Cursor1 and Cursor2 to find A max and A min Figure 9.8 a. 20% modulation i. Take SS#1 of Oscilloscope and paste in the designated space in the Lab Worksheet j. Calculate the modulation index n 20 and write in in the designated space in the Lab Worksheet N20 = 600-400 / 600 + 400 = 20% Page 2 of 7
Lab9: Signal Encoding Techniques Coding and Error Control b. 80% modulation i. Take SS#2 of Oscilloscope and paste in the designated space in the Lab Worksheet ii. Calculate the modulation index n 80 and write in in the designated space in the Lab Worksheet N80 = 917 – 127 / 917+127 =75% Appro c. 100% modulation i. Take SS#2 of Oscilloscope and paste in the designated space in the Lab Worksheet ii. Calculate the modulation index n 100 and write in in the designated space in the Lab Worksheet N100 = 1-0/1+0 = 1 10. Disonnect the oscilloscope but keep the settings on the Function Generator as above. Attach the Function Generator to the Spectrum Analyzer : Set up Spectrum Analyzer as shown below: a. Take Take SS#4 of Spectrum Analyzer for 20% modulation and paste in the designated space in the Lab Worksheet b. Take Take SS#5 of Spectrum Analyzer for 80% modulation and paste in the designated space in the Lab Worksheet c. Take Take SS#6 of Spectrum Analyzer for 100% modulation and paste in the designated space in the Lab Worksheet Question 1: Comment on the dispalys that you obtain for each modulation index. Write Answer in the designated space in the Lab Worksheet Question 2: What is Single Sideband AM? What is the advantage of SSB? Single-sideband modulation (SSB) or single-sideband suppressed-carrier modulation (SSB-SC) is a type of modulation used to send information across radio waves, such as an audio transmission. It is a refinement of amplitude modulation that makes better use of transmitter power and bandwidth. Question 3: What is Vestigial sideband and what are its characteristics and benefits? Vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation is a technology used in broadcasting, namely in television systems. It entails splitting a signal's frequency spectrum into two parts: a main carrier and a vestigial sideband. The main carrier carries the majority of the signal power and represents the real data being carried, whereas the vestigial sideband contains less power and serves as a reference signal for synchronization and demodulation. VSB has the following characteristics: Page 3 of 7
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Lab9: Signal Encoding Techniques Coding and Error Control 1. Spectral efficiency: VSB makes better use of bandwidth than classic amplitude modulation (AM) approaches because it concentrates signal intensity in a narrower frequency range. 2. Increased noise immunity: By dividing the signal into two bands, VSB decreases the influence of noise on the main carrier, increasing the total signal-to-noise ratio and making it less sensitive to interference. 3. Easier demodulation: The presence of the vestigial sideband during demodulation makes it easier to recover the original baseband signal since it provides a consistent reference point for synchronization. VBS has the following benefits: 1. Increased channel capacity: Because of its ability to efficiently utilize bandwidth, VSB allows the transmission of several television channels within a single frequency band. 2. Interference resistance: The resistance of VSB to interference from other signals and noise sources guarantees that broadcasts remain dependable and consistent even in difficult environmental conditions. Lab 9.2: Frequency Modulation (FM) Learning Objectives Upon completion of this lab, students will be able to: - Generate a frequency-modulated signal and display it on oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer - Analyze the time domain and frequency domain of a generated FM signal - Determine the impact of the modulating frequency on the frequency deviation. Equipment Required A computer with Multisim installed Within Multisim use: Agilent Function Generator Tektronix Oscilloscope Spectrum Analyzer Procedure a. 1. Set up the modules as shown in Figure 9.2.1 and power up the equipment. Figure 9.2.1 Suggested Module Arrangement 2. Connect the OUTPUT of the Function Generator to the oscilloscope input (CH1) Page 4 of 7
Lab9: Signal Encoding Techniques Coding and Error Control 3. Make the following adjustments: On the Function Generator: FUNCTION : OUTPUT FREQUENCY : Set to 1 kHz OUTPUT LEVEL : 2Vpp Using Shift function, select FM , as shown in figure 9.2.2: Figure 9.2.2 Function Generator Setup 4. Using Shift function, select the Modulation Frequency , as shown in figure 9.2.3: Figure 9.2.3 5. Using Shift function, select the Frequency Deviation, as shown in figure 9.2.4: Figure 9.2.4 6. Figure 9.2.5 shows the high frequency carrier waveform, the low frequency modulating signal and the resultant frequency modulated signal. Figure 9.2.5 7. What do you observe on the Oscilloscope? 8. Change the FUNCTION to square-wave and then to triangular wave. What do you observe? Write Answer in the designated space in the Lab Worksheet 9. Disconnect the oscilloscope but keep the settings on the Function Generator as above. Attach the Function Generator to the Spectrum Analyzer. Take SS#8 of FM signal spectral lines and paste in the designated space in the Lab Worksheet b. Connect the oscilloscope and carryout the same lab but change the modulating frequency to 500 Hz, the carrier and the deviation should be unchanged. Use the cursers 1 and 2 to measure the Time period and the delta frequency. See sample below. Take SS#9 of FM signal spectral lines and paste in the designated space in the Lab Worksheet Page 5 of 7
Lab9: Signal Encoding Techniques Coding and Error Control What do you observe on the oscilloscope? Since the carrier is geater then the modulation deviation, their unsual wave in oscilloscope c: Carryout the same lab but change the carrier to 3.0 kHz and the modulating frequency to 100 Hz, the carrier and the deviation should be unchanged. Use the cursers 1 and 2 to measure the Time period and the delta frequency. See sample below. Take SS#11 of FM signal spectral lines and paste in the designated space in the Lab Worksheet What do you observe on the oscilloscope? Since the carrier and the modulation deviation are almos the same d: Carryout the same lab but change the carrier to 3.0 kHz and the modulating frequency to 500 Hz, the carrier and the deviation should be unchanged. Use the cursers 1 and 2 to measure the Time period and the delta frequency. See sample below. Take SS#11 of FM signal spectral lines and paste in the designated space in the Lab Worksheet Reflection: Question 1 : What is the relation ship between the modulating frequency and the deviation obtained? Write Answer in the designated space in the Lab Worksheet Question 2 : What is the relationship between the carrier, the modulating frequency and the deviation obtained? Write Answer in the designated space in the Lab Worksheet Question 3: Using Carson’s Rule what would be the total Bandwidth in each case? Write Answer in the designated space in the Lab Worksheet Question 4: What is the impact of the type of Modulation (AM or FM) on the bandwidth utilized? Page 6 of 7
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Lab9: Signal Encoding Techniques Coding and Error Control Lab Challenge: Practice questions on Signal Encoding Techniques. NOTE: No marks will be given if the working is not shown. Question 1: Given a bit rate of 10 Mbps and a carrier frequency of 20 MHz, draw an ASK signal for the bit sequence 10110. Use a cosine sine wave. Show the Solution in the Worksheet Question 2: Given a bit rate of 10 Mbps and a carrier frequency of 10 MHz, draw a QPSK signal for the bit sequence 101101 using the constellation diagram. Show your constellation diagram below. Show the Solution in the Worksheet a. Constellation Diagram. b. QPSK signal: Question 3: Given BER curves shown in Fig 1 below, how much higher Eb/N0 (in dB) is needed to achieve a BER = 10-4 for PSK and ASK as compared to BPSK? Show the Solution in the Worksheet A. DPSK B. ASK C. BPSK Question 4. What SNR ratio is required to achieve a bandwidth efficiency of 1.0 for ASK, FSK, PSK, and QPSK? Assume that the required bit error rate is 10-6. Show the Solution in the Worksheet Question 5 :Consider an audio signal with spectral components in the range 300 to 3000 Hz. Assume that a sampling rate of 7000 samples per second will be used to generate a PCM signal. Show the Solution in the Worksheet a. For SNR = 30 dB, what is the number of uniform quantization levels needed? b. What data rate is required? Page 7 of 7