LAB 2 REPORT ECA---

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Apr 3, 2024

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ELEC-2110 Electrical Circuit Analysis FROM: Gracin Wilson TO: Joshita Majumdar DATE: 01/31/24 LAB SECTION: 005 Electrical Measurements: Breadboarding, NI ELVIS, Multimeter, Lab Reporting

Gracin Wilson Electrical Measurements: Breadboarding, NI ELVIS, Multimeter, Lab Reporting January 31, 2024 Introduction: The purpose of this lab is to introduce students to the equipment and methods they will be using for the rest of the semester. They will become familiar with using the NI ELVIS board and multimeter, along with measuring and recording currents, voltages, and resistances. Following the lab procedure will ensure students learn how to write a professional lab report for this lab and future labs throughout the semester. Lab Exercise A: Resistances At the beginning of the lab, students are asked to grab 3 different resistors, R1= Red, Red, Red, Gold; R2= Brown, Green, Red, Gold; R3= Yellow, Violet, Brown, Gold. With those resistors, students will need to calculate the theoretical, minimum, maximum, actual, and percent error values. To get the theoretical value, you follow the color code chart for the resistor colors shown in Table 1 below. To get the minimum and maximum, they will take the theoretical value and multiply that by 5%. The students will then need to add the 5% to the theoretical value for the maximum and subtract the 5% from the theoretical value for the minimum. To get the actual value, the students will use the multimeter and measure the resistance. After those steps, they will need to calculate the percent error using the following equation, %error=((theoretical- actual)/ theoretical) x 100%. All the values are listed in Table 2 below. Students will also need to hold one of the multimeter probes in each hand to measure their skin resistance across their chest. This means that they should not hold the resistor while they are measuring its resistance because the multimeter is an open circuit, and the internal resistance is infinite. Their skin resistance would throw off the measurement. My skin resistance is 1.2 mega ohms. Next, students will need to place R2 and R3 in parallel on the breadboard shown in Figure 1 and measure the equivalent resistance for the parallel combination using the multimeter. They will

Gracin Wilson Electrical Measurements: Breadboarding, NI ELVIS, Multimeter, Lab Reporting January 31, 2024 also need to hand calculate the equivalent resistance using the measured resistor values shown in Table 2 and these values are shown in Figure 2. Then, the students will need to place R1 in series with the parallel combination of R2 and R3 to record the total resistance shown in Figure 3 . Hand calculations using the Table 2 values are also required for the total resistance and will be shown in Figure 2. All of the values are shown in Table 3. The measured values recorded for R1, R2, and R3 all fall within the theoretical maximum and minimum values and the formulas for parallel and series resistance appear to be accurate. Resistor Theoretical Resistance Minimum Resistance Maximum Resistance Actual Resistance Percent Error R1 2200 2090 2310 2180 0.91% R2 1500 1425 1575 1490 0.67% R3 470 446.5 493.5 470 0% Table 2: Theoretical Resistance Values in ohms

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Gracin Wilson Electrical Measurements: Breadboarding, NI ELVIS, Multimeter, Lab Reporting January 31, 2024 Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Resistor Measured Resistance Calculated Resistance Req 360 357.30 Rtot 2560 2537.30 Table 3: Combination Equivalent Resistance in ohms

Gracin Wilson Electrical Measurements: Breadboarding, NI ELVIS, Multimeter, Lab Reporting January 31, 2024 Lab Exercise B: Voltages The students will be building the circuits shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5 and measuring the values for the unloaded source, Vs, V1, Veq, Va, and Vb. These values will be shown in Table 4. They will need to verify KVL in both figures using the data in Table 4. The KVL calculations are shown in Figure 6. For the voltages in Table 4, Vs is the power source, V1 and Va are the voltages across R1 with respect to the terminals they came from, and Veq and Vb are the voltages across R3 with respect to the terminals they came from. V1, Veq, Va, and Vb are all correct voltages because they all satisfy the KVL equation equaling zero. Figure 4: Voltage Measurement Schematic #1

Gracin Wilson Electrical Measurements: Breadboarding, NI ELVIS, Multimeter, Lab Reporting January 31, 2024 Figure 5: Voltage Measurement Schematic #2 Voltage Value Unloaded Source 15.59 Vs 15.58 V1 13.38 Veq 2.2 Va -13.39 Vb -2.19 Table 4: Measured Voltages in volts Figure 6

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Gracin Wilson Electrical Measurements: Breadboarding, NI ELVIS, Multimeter, Lab Reporting January 31, 2024 Lab Exercise C: Currents In this exercise, students are using the circuits shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5 to measure the currents using a multimeter. When measuring these currents, students are to “break” and reconnect the circuit with a wire and then use the multimeter to measure the value. These values are recorded in Table 5. Students will need to verify their results in Table 5 using KCL and Ohm’s Law and these values are shown in Figure 7. Based on the figures, Is is the current from the power source to R1, I2 is the current from R1 to R2, I3 is the current from R1 to R3, Ib is the current flowing the opposite direction of I2 (R2 to R1), and Ic is the current flowing the opposite direction of I3 (R3 to R1). I2, I3, Ib, and Ic are all correct measurements because they all satisfy the KCL equation equaling zero. Is I2 I3 Ib Ic 6.12 1.49 4.63 -1.44 -4.62 Table 5: Measured Currents in mA Figure 7

Gracin Wilson Electrical Measurements: Breadboarding, NI ELVIS, Multimeter, Lab Reporting January 31, 2024 Lab Exercise D: Voltage and Current Division In this part of the lab, using the measured values for Vs, R1, and Req, students need to verify the values of V1 and Veq using voltage division. Using the measured values for Is, R2, and R3, students need to verify the values of I2 and I3 using current division. The calculations for voltage division are shown in Figure 8. The calculations for current division are shown in Figure 9. The results for V1 and Veq using voltage division resembled my measured values for V1 and Veq. The results for I2 and I3 using current division resembled my measured values for I2 and I3. Figure 8 Figure 9

Gracin Wilson Electrical Measurements: Breadboarding, NI ELVIS, Multimeter, Lab Reporting January 31, 2024 Conclusion: During this lab, I learned how to measure the current, voltage, and resistance of a circuit using a breadboard and a multimeter. I ran into a problem when I was trying to measure the actual resistance of my resistors and I was holding the resistors in my hand. I learned that your skin has a resistance and can interfere with the reading of the multimeter and skew your results. I also learned how to break a circuit and measure the current across the resistors. Overall, this lab was very helpful in my understanding of circuitry.

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