Nguyen_Lab1

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ExperimentReport due day: Sep 24,2023 Quang Nguyen Lab 1 : Plane Waves MICROWAVE ENGINEERING EEL 4436C
Experiment 1 Quang Nguyen I. Pre-Lab 1. What happens when you place a PEC perpendicular to the electric field? It shields the interior from the external field, creating surface charges that neutralize the field inside the conductor. The electric field will be uniform and directed. 2. If you place a PMC perpendicular to a magnetic field, what happens to the magnetic field? It shields its interior from the magnetic field, reduces the magnetic field strength inside to 0. II. Lab Results 1. (30 pts) Add your own versions of these vector plots to the results section. r. The Electric fields are parallel to the rectangular plane inside the box Page 1 of 9
Experiment 1 Quang Nguyen The Magnetic fields are perpendicular to the rectangular plane inside the box Page 2 of 9
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Experiment 1 Quang Nguyen 2. (5 pts) What is the wavelength at 11 GHz? What is the approximate wavelength of repetition in the waveguide? Are they equal? From calculation: λ = µp f where in vacuum µ p = c = 3x10 8 m/s λ = c f = 3 ∗ 10 8 11 ∗ 10 9 = 0.027 m = 27 mm From simulation: we can see the wavelength of the wave is about 27mm also. So they are equal 3. (5pts) Plot a picture of mesh. Explain why HFSS uses mesh. (you can find the answer in the help menu of HFSS) HFSS uses mesh as a fundamental step in the simulation process to discretize complex geometries, apply numerical methods, and ensure accurate solutions for high-frequency electromagnetic problems. 4. Create a simulation to mimic the reflection from a discontinuity: Create a smaller box of 20×50×10 mm 3 inside of the box which were just simulated. A smaller object can be inside of a larger one and the smaller object overrides the material property of the larger one. However, Page 3 of 9
Experiment 1 Quang Nguyen two objects cannot partially overlap. The final structure should look like the picture shown below. Set the material of the smaller box to a dielectric constant of 9. Solve this structure at 4 GHz with 4 adaptive passes and sweep from 1-5 GHz with 99 steps. The maximum delta S should be below 4×10 -4 . The tetrahedral number should start at 1012 and end at 1757, approximately. Make sure Port 1 is for the region with air. a. (3 pts) What is the intrinsic impedance of a field in free space? The intrinsic impedance of a field in free space is Z 0 = √ (µ 0 /ϵ 0 ) = 377 Ω b. (3 pts) What is the intrinsic impedance of a field in the dielectric? The intrinsic impedance of a field in free space is Z L = √ ((µ 0* µ r )/(ϵ 0* ϵ r )) = 377 * √( µ r / ϵ r ) = 377* √ 1/9 = 125.7 Ω c. (5 pts) What is the reflection coefficient Γ in this case? Does it vary with frequency? Reflection coefficient Γ= (Z L -Z 0 )/ (Z L +Z 0 ) = (125.6-377)/(125.6+377) = -0.5 Based on the formula, Reflection coefficient Γ does not vary with frequency d. (5 pts) Plot the S parameters in 1-5 GHz. We have not talked about S parameters yet. But you can find the answer in the textbook. Pay attention to the unit of S 11 and S 21 in the plot. They can be expressed in either linear or dB scale. What do S 11 and S 21 mean here? Use the fast sweep setup and set the number of frequency points to 4000 so that your S parameter plot is a continuous curve. Page 4 of 9
Experiment 1 Quang Nguyen e. (5 pts) How does S 11 (linear scale) compare to the expected Γ? From result from the plot S11, we have |S 11 | in dB scale is -6.02 equivalent to 0.5 in linear scale. So it is equal to the expected Γ . f. (5 pts) How does S 21 (linear scale) compare to the expected transmission coefficient (T)? Transmission coefficient T = 1+ Γ = 1-0.5 =0.5 From result from the plot S21, we have |S 21 | in dB scale is -1.25 equivalent to 0.866 in linear scale g. (5 pts) What is |S 21 |^2+|S 11 |^2 for this simulation? You should use linear scale here. What does the result tell you? We have |S 21 |^2+|S 11 |^2 = 0.866^2 + 0.5^2 = 0.187 h. (5 pts) Animate the E field in both air and dielectric. Is it a standing wave or a propagating wave in the air and dielectric? Page 5 of 9
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Experiment 1 Quang Nguyen We can see it is standing wave in dielectric and propagating wave in the air. i. (3 pts) What does phase step mean? Phase step refers to a sudden change in the phase of a wave, and in a specific stage or time interval within a simulation or analysis process. j. (3 pts) What is the default port that is defined as the source of the field? (you are able to change the source of the field if you want) Port 1 is for the region with air, so it’s defined as the source of the field. k. (3 pts) Plot a picture of mesh for this case. Page 6 of 9
Experiment 1 Quang Nguyen l. (5 pts) Explain the difference in terms of mesh between the air and the dielectric regions. In air regions, mesh is coarser due to its simplicity, while dielectric regions require finer and denser meshing to capture complex interactions accurately. m. (5 pts) Explain what is adaptive meshing. You may need to plot the mesh for different passes to illustrate your points. *Note – for complicated structure with fine features, adaptive meshing will end up with 100,000+ tetrahedral. Adaptive meshing adjusts the mesh based on the electromagnetic field characteristics, the medium of objects and user defined criteria. Mesh of 4 passes Mesh of 20 passes Page 7 of 9
Experiment 1 Quang Nguyen n. (5 pts) Plot the E and H field in the dielectric. Are they in phase with each other? Why? E filed in dielectric H filed in dielectric E field and H field are in phase, because they are in a perfect lossless dielectric medium with σ = 0. Page 8 of 9
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