Lab Report 2 elec

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University of Toledo *

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3400

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Electrical Engineering

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Apr 3, 2024

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Lab Report Experiment 2 Op Amps - A Basic Analog Building Block EECS 3400 Electronics Lab I by Introduction: This experiment aims to investigate various fundamental operational amplifier (op- amp) circuits using the industry-standard '741 op-amp. The experiment aims to understand the behavior and characteristics of inverting, non-inverting, and integrator op-amp configurations. Procedure: I. Inverting Amplifier: 1) Construct the circuit of Fig. 1 using a Protoboard. 2) Set the function generator to produce a 1-kHz 100-mV p-p sine wave with zero dc offset and apply it to Vin.

3) Measure and record the voltage gain at 100 Hz, 1 kHz, and 10 kHz. 4) Increase Vin gradually until distinct clipping occurs on both upper and lower peaks of the output waveform. 5)Record the waveforms and plot Vout vs. Vin. 6)Change the power supplies to +5 V and -15 V and repeat the procedure. II. Non-inverting Amplifier: 1) Construct the circuit of Fig. 2 using positive and negative 15-V power supplies. 2) Set the function generator to produce a 1-kHz 1-V p-p sine wave with zero dc offset and apply it to Vin. 3) Record the two waveforms. III. Integrator: 1) Construct the integrator circuit shown in Fig. 3 using positive and negative 15-V power supplies. 2) Set the function generator to produce a 1-kHz 20-V p-p square wave with zero DC offset. 3) Measure the zero-signal output voltage and observe the effect of disconnecting R2.

Theory: Operational amplifiers: Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are essential building blocks in analog electronics due to their versatility and high gain. The '741 op-amp, a widely used industry standard, serves as a foundation for various electronic circuits. Ideal Op-Amp Rules: Ideal op-amp rules refer to the theoretical characteristics of an ideal operational amplifier (op-amp). 1) Infinite Open-Loop Gain: In an ideal op-amp, the open-loop gain is infinitely large, meaning it amplifies the input signal by an enormous factor. This implies that the output voltage is directly proportional to the difference in voltage at the input terminals. 2) Infinite Input Impedance : The input impedance of an ideal op-amp is infinite, meaning no current flows into the input terminals. This characteristic ensures that the op-amp does not load the preceding circuit, allowing for accurate signal processing without disturbance. 3) Zero Output Impedance : The output impedance of an ideal op-amp is zero, meaning it can drive any load impedance without affecting its performance. This characteristic ensures that the output voltage remains stable regardless of the load connected to the output terminal. 4) Infinite Bandwidth: An ideal op-amp has an infinite bandwidth, meaning it can amplify signals of any frequency without distortion. This characteristic allows op- amps to be used in a wide range of applications, including high-frequency circuits. 5) Zero Offset Voltage and Bias Current: Ideal op-amps have zero offset voltage and bias currents. Offset voltage refers to the voltage required at the input terminals

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to bring the output voltage to zero, while bias currents are the currents that flow into the input terminals when no signal is applied. 1. Inverting Amplifier: The inverting amplifier configuration is depicted in Figure 1. The output voltage (V_out) is the inverted and amplified version of the input voltage (V_in). The voltage gain (A_v) for the inverting amplifier is given by the formula: A_v = -R_f / R_in where:  A_v is the voltage gain.  R_f is the feedback resistor.  R_in is the input resistor. 2. Non-Inverting Amplifier: The non-inverting amplifier configuration is illustrated in Figure 2. The output voltage (V_out) is a non-inverted and amplified version of the input voltage (V_in). The voltage gain (A_v) for the non-inverting amplifier is given by: A_v = 1 + R_f / R_in where:  A_v is the voltage gain.  R_f is the feedback resistor.  R_in is the input resistor. 3. Integrator: The integrator circuit is shown in Figure 3. It performs mathematical integration on the input signal. The output voltage (V_out) of the integrator is given by the formula: V_out = -1 / (R_2 * C_3) * ∫[0 to t] V_in(t) dt where:  V_out is the output voltage.  R_2 is the resistor in parallel with the capacitor.  C_3 is the capacitor.  V_in(t) is the input voltage as a function of time.

Report Requirements: 1. Predict the ideal voltage gains of Figs. 1 and 2, based on an infinite-gain OP-AMP. For the inverting amplifier, the voltage gain (Av) is calculated using the formula: Av = -Rf / Rin Substituting the resistor values: Av = -1M / 10K Av = -100 So, the ideal voltage gain for the inverting amplifier is -100. For the non-inverting amplifier, the voltage gain (Av) is calculated using the formula: Av = 1+(Rf / Rin) Substituting the resistor values: Av = 1+(100/10) = 1+10 = 11 So, the ideal voltage gain for the non-inverting amplifier is 11. 2. What is the distinction between the "inverting" and "non-inverting" configurations? The "inverting" configuration provides an inverted output signal relative to the input, while the "non-inverting" configuration maintains the same polarity. Discussions: I. Inverting Amplifier

Plot for the 2 waveforms in X-Y Mode at 1khz Plot for the 2 waveforms in X-Y Mode at 100hz Plot for the 2 waveforms in X-Y Mode at 10khz

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Plot for Vout vs. Vin in short by gradually increasing the 100-Hz input Vin amplitude until distinct clipping occurs on both upper and lower peaks of the output waveform. Set the scope to X-Y mode with Vout on the vertical axis and Vin on the horizontal axis. Record the resulting X-Y plot. plot of Vout versus Vin by adjusting the function generator to produce a 100 Hz with DC power supplies to +5 V and -15 V.

3. Discuss the maximum allowable output signal level in Fig. 1. What determines the saturation levels of Vout? The maximum allowable output signal level in Fig. 1 is 15V. when the output voltage exceeds the maximum positive or minimum negative supply voltage, the op-amp becomes saturated. 4. Why is the measured gain of Fig. 1 frequency dependent? The measured gain of Fig. 1 is frequency-dependent due to the finite gain and bandwidth limitations of the '741 op-amp. II. Non-inverting Amplifier

Plot for the 2 waveforms in X-Y Mode at 1khz III. Integrator Plot for the 2 waveforms in X-Y Mode at 1khz 5. Predict the ideal transfer function of Fig. 3 if R2 were omitted.

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If R2 were omitted in Fig. 3, the ideal transfer function would be altered, affecting the feedback network and the gain of the circuit. 6. Why is the integrator output voltage not zero with zero input signal? The integrator output voltage may not be zero with zero input signal due to offset voltages and bias currents in the op-amp. 7. What happens when R2 is pulled? Why? Pulling R2 alters the feedback resistance, affecting the integrator's behavior and potentially causing changes in output voltage.

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