EMP Attack Annotated Bibliography (HLS375)

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1 Option#2: Electromagnetic Pulse Attack (EMP) Scenario Briefing Module 5: Portfolio Milestone Alfred Lewis Pemberton III Colorado State University - Global Campus (HLS375-1) Risk Analysis and Mitigation Dr. Njoku February 25, 2024

2 Annotated Bibliography Hamid, F., Yahya, A., Yeow You, K., Swee Tan, T., & Sim, M. (2022). Mikrotalasna revija Recent Trends of Electromagnetic Pulse Mean for Denied Vehicular Access Application or Vehicle Immobilization . http://www.mtt-serbia.org.rs/files/MWR/MWR-2022jul/Vol28No1- 2233-6-Hamid.pdf The authors, Hamid et al. (2022), investigate modern EMP technologies that could be applied in vehicle-access denial and immobilization scenarios. The study delves into three key EMP sources: HEMP stands for high-altitude electromagnetic pulse, ultrawideband, or UWB, and high-power microwave, abbreviated as HPM. After considering co-collaboration between the company and government, the existing commercial products, and the arc profile of the antenna, the authors have come up with the average effective distance of the vehicle being immobilized ranging from 3 to 200 meters using the S or L-band. Efficacy is dependent on the power at maximum wave electromagnetic, between 0.007 W and 4 GW. In particular, the article underscores the indispensability of corporation-government relationships and looks into the design issues of the turnstile systems. Kim, S.-G., Lee, E., Hong, I.-P., & Yook, J.-G. (2022). Review of Intentional Electromagnetic Interference on UAV Sensor Modules and Experimental Study. Sensors , 22 (6), 2384. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062384 The study by Kim et al. (2022) provides insights into the increasing threats arising from the illegal utilization of drones, and counter-drone techniques are researched. The paper focuses on intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI), which is assessed by using categories according to power, such as fiber optics conveying critical data and wireless linking. The authors looked at the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), camera, and optical flow sensor, which are the

3 three main sensor modules. These were put through different IEMI conditions. A high-power continuous-wave signature had a limited range of influence on the inertial measurement unit. However, the in-band jamming caused a more severe impact on older signal-processing cameras based on analog and digital communication protocols. The latter one was particularly susceptible to rapid signal changes. When lasers from outside hit optical flow sensors, they showed a big change in the way the data was correlated, which suggests that electromagnetic interference could be used. Majcher, K., Musiał, M., Pakos, W., Różański, A., Sobótka, M., & Trapko, T. (2020). Methods of Protecting Buildings against HPM Radiation—A Review of Materials Absorbing the Energy of Electromagnetic Waves. Materials , 13 (23), 5509. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235509 The work of Majcher et al. (2020) investigates the countermeasures against pulsed high- and-power microwave radiation (HPM), which has existed on a global scale for a couple of decades and has destructive purposes. Drawing attention to the computers and telecommunications systems that are in danger of failure, the article discusses shielding materials for buildings and wave absorption. The main focus of the procedure lies in improving natural materials like concrete and synthetic resins. The survey encompasses materials comprising carbonaceous admixtures, nickel powder, iron powders, ferrites, magnetite, and polymers. Nickel is one of the most magnetic and porous materials, which makes it well-suited for microwave absorption. The application of its film layer is widely used. Iron powder alone helps but is more effective when complemented with other technologies, such as graphite pairing. Hexagonal ferrites, especially barium ferrite powders, are generally used in structural concrete manufacturing. The magnetite alloy, which is ferromagnetic and semiconducting, is a promising low-cost material for composite absorbers if used as a coating for silica.

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4 The article takes into account the use of polymers, one of which is polyaniline, for hybrid composites with graphene and magnetite. Apart from this, it also gives information on materials with shaped structures for HPM protection, such as rubber foams with carbon and iron mixtures. The research stresses the significance of particle dimensions, distribution, and form, as they are the governing factors that could be manipulated in material modification for better absorbent properties. However, the current solutions have shown efficiency in limited frequency ranges, indicating the need for a wide range of protection in the electromagnetic wave frequencies, which will be across the range through hybrid multilayer wall methods. Qiu, W., Zhang, L., Yin, H., Markel, L. C., Liao, D., McConnell, B. W., & Liu, Y. (2023). Modeling, testing, and mitigation of electromagnetic pulse on PV systems. Solar Energy , 264 , 112010–112010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2023.112010 In their paper, Qiu et al. addressed the vital matter of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) threats to power systems, stressing the increased danger with the rising number of renewable energy sources. In addition, outdoor-exposed solar PV facilities are even more vulnerable to EMP. The paper reviews and evaluates the matter of the thread via an extensive review of several models and tests aimed at describing the influence of EMP on PV systems. It also classifies the analytical methodologies concerning their pros and cons, presents EMP-related incidents, and forms a taxonomy of EMP research. The comparison of computational processes for purposes of building, testing, and suppressing EMP at the component and system levels is presented. It is also noted that solar inverters also fall prey to EMPs, as depicted by experiments involving pulse current injection.

5 Sayakkara, A., Le-Khac, N.-A., & Scanlon, M. (2019). A survey of electromagnetic side-channel attacks and discussion on their case-progressing potential for digital forensics. Digital Investigation , 29 , 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2019.03.002 The paper by Sayakkara et al. (2019) showed the increasing relevance of IoT devices in criminal investigations, given their popularity. Confronted by the fact that a majority of these gadgets have limited communication interfaces, such as USB ports or wireless interfaces, and that the user data is encrypted on the device, analyzing the data derived from the IoT devices is nothing less than a battle. The authors explore the domain of electromagnetic (EM) side-channel analysis, an undetectable technique that exploits these very electromagnetic leakages to perform eavesdropping on executed commands. However, this approach is considered the most prospective direction for digital forensics, especially with regard to IoT devices. Therefore, it does not involve modification of an item under investigation. This article evaluates EM side- channel analysis attack techniques for relevance to IoT device investigations, highlights potential EM side-channel attack methods as they are currently developed, and provides avenues for future research to overcome the current digital investigation limitations. Solkin, M. (2021). Electromagnetic interference hazards in flight and the 5G mobile phone: Review of critical issues in aviation security. Transportation Research Procedia , 59 , 310–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.11.123 Solkin (2021) scrutinizes the potential EMI risks to aviation systems with regard to PEDs, outer electromagnetic sources, and HEMP from a nuclear explosion or simulation. The study shows that effective EMI (IEMI), mainly from devices such as mobile phones, which have been activated on 5G phones, becomes a source of some danger when interference with avionics and jeopardizing safety is concerned. With a limited amount of information on EMI caused by

6 the use of drugs on flights, the paper addresses regulatory challenges and the uncertainty of the literature, emphasizing the need for whole aircraft mitigation strategies in the areas of aeronautic design and security plans. Weiss, M., & Weiss, M. (2019). An assessment of threats to the American power grid. Energy, Sustainability and Society , 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-019-0199-y The paper evaluates the threats to the U.S. power grid, looking at both cyber and kinetic threats as well as the inherent vulnerabilities in the grid resources, existing control systems, and communication channels. It highlights a self-replicating Stuxnet worm that affected SCADA systems in 2010, which highlights this fact. Even those who say cyber threats are inflated, DOJ addresses such pervasive vulnerabilities. The article reveals the 2018 DHS bulletin by stating that Russian cyberattacks can bring down power plants. Questions are asked about the dependability of grid functions in the event of automated actions and the increasing vulnerability issues as SCADA systems are adopted. Besides, the issue of the likely threat of kinetic attack is also discussed in the article, quoting that the FERC memo indicates possible grid failure. It draws attention to the issue of cost-benefit financing in the case of implementing such measures, suggesting an unaligned structure between the interests of grid security and the company's CEO’s compensation schemes. Zhang, Z., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Y., & Qian, B. (2024). Strong Electromagnetic Interference and Protection in UAVs. Electronics , 13 (2), 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13020393 The focus of the article by Zhang et al. (2024) is the rapidly increasing electromagnetic obstacles that UAVs encounter in the current space era. The vulnerability of UAVs to electromagnetic interference (EMI) is increasing, and this is covered in the paper, which emphasizes the critical subsystems of datalink, flight control, and power systems. While much of

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7 the current research focus is on front-door sphere coupling in datalink systems, the aspect of back-door coupling has been overlooked more often. The methodology involves both testing and simulation, and we aim to improve the measured accuracy of the monitoring and simulation methods. The conventional way of safeguarding cannot meet the need, and the new materials and technologies have yet to progress out of the initial research state. The article suggests filling in research gaps by improving experimental methods, using different modeling approaches, and using new electromagnetic protection methods when designing and building UAV systems that can handle strong electromagnetic interference (EMI) attacks on both national critical infrastructure and possible electromagnetic pulse attacks.

8 References Hamid, F., Yahya, A., Yeow You, K., Swee Tan, T., & Sim, M. (2022). Mikrotalasna revija Recent Trends of Electromagnetic Pulse Mean for Denied Vehicular Access Application or Vehicle Immobilization . http://www.mtt-serbia.org.rs/files/MWR/MWR-2022jul/Vol28No1-2233-6-Hamid.pdf Kim, S.-G., Lee, E., Hong, I.-P., & Yook, J.-G. (2022). Review of Intentional Electromagnetic Interference on UAV Sensor Modules and Experimental Study. Sensors , 22 (6), 2384. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062384 Majcher, K., Musiał, M., Pakos, W., Różański, A., Sobótka, M., & Trapko, T. (2020). Methods of Protecting Buildings against HPM Radiation—A Review of Materials Absorbing the Energy of Electromagnetic Waves. Materials , 13 (23), 5509. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235509 Qiu, W., Zhang, L., Yin, H., Markel, L. C., Liao, D., McConnell, B. W., & Liu, Y. (2023). Modeling, testing, and mitigation of electromagnetic pulse on PV systems. Solar Energy , 264 , 112010–112010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2023.112010 Sayakkara, A., Le-Khac, N.-A., & Scanlon, M. (2019). A survey of electromagnetic side-channel attacks and discussion on their case-progressing potential for digital forensics. Digital Investigation , 29 , 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2019.03.002 Solkin, M. (2021). Electromagnetic interference hazards in flight and the 5G mobile phone: Review of critical issues in aviation security. Transportation Research Procedia , 59 , 310–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.11.123 Weiss, M., & Weiss, M. (2019). An assessment of threats to the American power grid. Energy, Sustainability and Society , 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-019-0199-y

9 Zhang, Z., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Y., & Qian, B. (2024). Strong Electromagnetic Interference and Protection in UAVs. Electronics , 13 (2), 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13020393

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