Unit 7 Lab - Trisha Menon

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Electrical Engineering

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Apr 3, 2024

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PHY-222 Classical Physics II (online) Use think link: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-dc Some Properties of Electric Circuits (Uses CCK only) Learning Goals: Students will be able to • Discuss basic electricity relationships • Build circuits from schematic drawings • Use an ammeter and voltmeter to take readings in circuits. • Provide reasoning to explain the measurements and relationships in circuits. I. Observing voltage relationships Using the downloaded files or the PHeT web site, use the Circuit Construction Kit simulation (CCK). Drag out three batteries. Measure the voltage of each using the voltmeter and record the voltage in a table like the one shown. Then move the batteries end to end as below to measure combined voltage. a. Describe the relationship between the number of batteries and the voltage and explain what you think might be happening. The voltage is simply the sum of the voltages of each battery between the nodes. Since all the batteries are of the same voltage, the combined voltage is just a multiple of the number of batteries that are connected. b. What could you vary to test your description about the relationship? (Right click on the batteries to change characteristics ) Run several tests. Record your data in the table below. Now, instead of being multiples of the number of batteries, it is the sum of the voltages of each individual battery. This is because the batteries now have different voltages that the others. Battery Voltage (V) 1 9.00 V 2 9.00 V 3 9.00 V 1+2 18.00 V 1+3 18.00 V 2+3 18.00 V 1+2+3 27.00 V

PHY-222 Classical Physics II (online) Use think link: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-dc II. Using voltage Use the Circuit Construction Kit simulation to build a circuit with a battery and a light bulb in the Lifelike visual mode. a. Draw what your circuit looks like. b. How does the voltage of the battery compare to the light bulb voltage? Explain what you think is happening. The voltages of the battery and the light bulb are the same because the same number of volts are circulating through the circuit. The light bulb itself does not generate any voltage so it is simply getting them transferred from the battery. c. Vary the voltage of the battery and write observations about how the brightness is affected by voltage. As the voltage of the battery increases, the brightness increases. The same occurs when the voltage is decreases: the brightness decreases. This suggests that they are directly proportional. Battery Voltage (V) 1 42.00 V 2 6.00 V 3 25.00 V 1+2 48.00 V 1+3 67.00 V 2+3 31.00 V 1+2+3 73.00 V

PHY-222 Classical Physics II (online) Use think link: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-dc d. Think about a real light bulb and battery; explain what you think is happening that causes the changes in brightness. The more the currents travel through the lightbulb in the same period of time, meaning the amount of work required is the same, the more energy is converted to light energy from the circuit. III. Using voltage in series circuits Use CCK to build the circuits below with a battery at 12 volts and light bulb(s). Turn on the voltmeter and ammeter to measure voltage of the battery and current into it. Record your data in the table below. # of Bulbs Battery Voltage (V) Battery Current (A) Brightness of bulbs 1 -12.00 V 0.012 A brightest 2 -12.00 V 0.006 A kind of bright 3 -12.00 V 0.004 A not bright at all a. Summarize the relationships you observed and explain what you think is happening. Although the voltage of the circuits remain the same, as more lightbulbs are added, the current is being divided amongst them so the total current in each is much less. b. Test to see if changing the battery voltage causes you to modify any of your conclusions. Explain what you measured and any conclusions you draw from your tests. Regardless of the total voltage of the battery, the more lightbulbs in the circuit, the less current will be left in the total circuit.

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PHY-222 Classical Physics II (online) Use think link: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-dc c. What happens when you take a wire out of a circuit? Explain what you think is happening. If you take a wire out of the circuit, the circuit is no longer connected and no current can be transported through. The lightbulbs will no longer light up. d. Test using the voltmeter or ammeter in different ways. For example: Does it matter if you take the reading on the left or right of the battery? Switch the meter ends? Describe your tests and results. If you flip the nodes of the voltmeter, the sign of the voltage flips. The ammeter results remain the same regardless of where on the circuit it is placed. IV. Using voltage in parallel circuits Use CCK to build the circuits below with a battery at 12 volts and light bulb(s). Turn on the voltmeter and ammeter to measure voltage of the battery and current into it. Record your data in the table below. # of Bulbs Battery Voltage (V) Battery Current (A) Brightness of bulbs 1 -12.00 V 0.012 A Same brightness 2 -12.00 V 0.02 A Same brightness 3 -12.00 V 0.04 A Same brightness

PHY-222 Classical Physics II (online) Use think link: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-dc a. Summarize the relationships you observed and explain what you think is happening. Regardless of how many lightbulbs were added, the brightness remained the same, as did the voltage of the battery. However, the ammeter did have higher readings as the number of lightbulbs increased. Because these are examples of parallel circuits, the amount of resistance that the current must face is much less, meaning more lightbulbs actually increases the current flowing through the battery. b. Test to see if changing the battery voltage causes you to modify any of your conclusions. Explain what you measured and any conclusions you draw from your tests. Increasing or decreasing the voltage did not change any my conclusions. c. For the circuit with three light bulbs, what happens when you take a wire out of a circuit? For example, what happens if you take out a wire connected to the battery? A wire that goes to a light bulb? Explain what you think is happening. If you take out a wire that is connected to the battery all the bulbs will go out because the circuit is no longer closed. However, if you take out a wire that is only connecting one light bulb to the rest of the circuit, all the other bulbs besides that one will continue to light up because they all have complete circuits connected to the battery. d. Test using the voltmeter or ammeter in different ways. For example: Does it matter if you take the reading on the left or right of the battery? At a light bulb? Switch the meter ends? Describe your tests and results. If you flip the nodes of the voltmeter, the sign of the voltage flips. The ammeter results remain the same regardless of where on the circuit it is placed. V. Observing voltage and current relationships with resistors Use CCK to build the circuit below. Vary the voltage of the battery. Record the battery voltage and the current in the circuit in the table below. Voltage (V) Resistance (Ohm) Current (A) 1300.00 V 250 Ohms 5.20 A 1200.00 V 250 Ohms 4.80 A 1100.00 V 250 Ohms 4.40 A 1000.00 V 250 Ohms 4.00 A 900.00 V 250 Ohms 3.60 A 800.00 V 250 Ohms 3.20 A 700.00 V 250 Ohms 2.80 A 600.00 V 250 Ohms 2.40 A 500.00 V 250 Ohms 2.00 A

PHY-222 Classical Physics II (online) Use think link: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-dc a. Explain what might be happening to cause the change in current. As the voltage decreases, the amount of current decreases as well. b. How are current and battery voltage related? What is the shape of the graph? They are directly proportional so the graph is a linear graph with a positive slope starting from the origin. c. Describe how you could use the simulation to verify the relationship. Test your ideas and make modifications to your original answers if necessary. Be sure to explain your reasoning. If we vary the voltage and calculate the new current for each one, we could gather data points from which to calculate a slope. This slope should be constant and positive, which will prove my answer from before. VI. Observing voltage and current relationships for variable resistors Build the circuit below. Vary the value of resistor at least ten times. Record Resistance, Current, and Voltage for each trial in the table below. 400.00 V 250 Ohms 1.60 A 300.00 V 250 Ohms 1.20 A 200.00 V 250 Ohms 0.80 A 100.00 V 250 Ohms 0.40 A Voltage (V) Resistance (Ohm) Current (A) 1000.00 V 100 Ohms 10.00 A 1000.00 V 200 Ohms 5.00 A 1000.00 V 300 Ohms 3.33 A 1000.00 V 400 Ohms 2.50 A 1000.00 V 500 Ohms 2.00 A 1000.00 V 600 Ohms 1.67 A 1000.00 V 700 Ohms 1.43 A 1000.00 V 800 Ohms 1.25 A 1000.00 V 900 Ohms 1.11 A 1000.00 V 1000 Ohms 1.00 A 1000.00 V 1100 Ohms 0.91 A 1000.00 V 1200 Ohms 0.83 A 1000.00 V 1300 Ohms 0.77 A

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PHY-222 Classical Physics II (online) Use think link: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-dc a. Chart and determine the algebraic relationship for resistance and current. Voltage = Resistance * Current b. Chart and determine the algebraic relationship for resistance and voltage. c. Explain the relationships in terms what you think is happening in the circuit. Include how this experiment is like the one where you added light bulbs. When the voltage of the battery remains the same, only the amount of resistance affects the current flowing through the circuit. This is similar to the experiment with the lightbulbs because the lightbulbs acted as resistors; so when more lightbulbs were added, the resistance changed and therefore affected the total current flowing through the circuit. The resistance and voltage are not correlated and do not affect each other when a change occurs in either. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Current (A) Resistance (Ohm) Current vs. Resistance 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Voltage (V) Resistance (Ohm) Resistance vs. Voltage

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