Lit review 12 papers

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1 Table of 30 Literature Papers Paper Title Number of Citations Abstract Barkenbus, J. (2017). Electric vehicles: Climate saviors, or not? 10 Abstract: This paper examines the role of electric vehicles in mitigating climate change. Baatar, B., Kassidy, H., Hoang, T., Jarvis, R., & Sakhiya, P. (2019). Preparing rural America for the electric vehicle revolution. Washington DC. 12 Abstract: This paper discusses the challenges and opportunities in rural America for the adoption of electric vehicles. National Research Council. (2013). Overcoming barriers to electric-vehicle deployment: Interim report. National Academies Press. 28 Abstract: This report focuses on overcoming barriers to the deployment of electric vehicles. Carey, J. (2023). The other benefit of electric vehicles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(3), e2220923120. 5 Abstract: This paper explores the additional benefits of electric vehicles. Jamerson, F. E. (2020). History and prospects for electric vehicles and electric bikes: Pathway to sustainable carbon free energy and transportation (No. 2020-01- 0974). SAE Technical Paper. - Abstract: This paper examines the history and prospects of electric vehicles and electric bikes in achieving sustainable transportation. Glitman, K., Farnsworth, D., & Hildermeier, J. (2019). The role of electric vehicles in a decarbonized economy: Supporting a reliable, affordable and efficient electric system. The Electricity Journal, 32(7), 106623. 36 Abstract: This article discusses the role of electric vehicles in a decarbonized economy and their contribution to a reliable and efficient electric system. Ajanovic, A. (2015). The future of electric vehicles: prospects and impediments. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, 4(6), 521-536. 136 Abstract: This review paper explores the future prospects and challenges of electric vehicles. Nieuwenhuis, P., Cipcigan, 21 Abstract: This chapter

2 L., & Sonder, H. B. (2020). The electric vehicle revolution. In Future energy (pp. 227-243). Elsevier. discusses the electric vehicle revolution and its implications. Bansal, P. (2015). Charging of electric vehicles: technology and policy implications. Journal of Science Policy & Governance, 6(1), 1-20. 52 Abstract: This paper discusses the technology and policy implications of charging electric vehicles. Crabtree, G. (2019). The coming electric vehicle transformation. Science, 366(6464), 422-424. 207 Abstract: This article explores the transformation brought by electric vehicles. Brown, A. L., Fleming, K. L., & Safford, H. R. (2020). Prospects for a highly electric road transportation sector in the USA. Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports, 7, 84-93. 18 Abstract: This paper discusses the prospects for a highly electric road transportation sector in the USA. Davis, L. W. (2019). How much are electric vehicles driven?. Applied economics letters, 26(18), 1497-1502. 76 Abstract: This paper investigates the driving patterns of electric vehicles. Malmgren, I. (2016). Quantifying the societal benefits of electric vehicles. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 8(4), 996-1007. 115 Abstract: This paper quantifies the societal benefits of electric vehicles. Graham, J. D., Cisney, J., Carley, S., & Rupp, J. (2014). No time for pessimism about electric cars. Issues in Science and Technology, 31(1), 33. 12 Abstract: This article discusses the optimism surrounding electric cars. Lutsey, N. (2015). Global climate change mitigation potential from a transition to electric vehicles. The International Council on Clean Transportation, 5. 56 Abstract: This paper assesses the global climate change mitigation potential through the transition to electric vehicles. Kapustin, N. O., & Grushevenko, D. A. (2020). Long-term electric vehicles outlook and their potential 180 Abstract: This paper explores the long-term outlook of electric vehicles and their potential impact on the

3 impact on electric grid. Energy Policy, 137, 111103. electric grid. Hall, D., Moultak, M., & Lutsey, N. (2017). Electric vehicle capitals of the world. ICCT White Paper. 47 Abstract: This white paper identifies the electric vehicle capitals of the world. Wellings, J., Greenwood, D., & Coles, S. R. (2021). Understanding the future impacts of electric vehicles— an analysis of multiple factors that influence the market. Vehicles, 3(4), 851-871. 15 Abstract: This paper analyzes the factors influencing the future market for electric vehicles. Coignard, J., MacDougall, P., Stadtmueller, F., & Vrettos, E. (2019). Will electric vehicles drive distribution grid upgrades?: The case of California. IEEE Electrification Magazine, 7(2), 46-56. 45 Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of electric vehicles on distribution grid upgrades in California. Mock, P., & Yang, Z. (2014). Driving electrification. A global comparison of fiscal incentive policy for electric vehicles.(White Paper). Washington, DC. 34 Abstract: This white paper compares fiscal incentive policies for electric vehicles globally. Wilson, L. (2013). Shades of green: electric cars' carbon emissions around the globe. 63 Abstract: This paper analyzes the carbon emissions of electric cars worldwide. Schmid, A. (2017). An analysis of the environmental impact of electric vehicles. Missouri S&T’s Peer to Peer, 1(2), 2. 19 Abstract: This analysis assesses the environmental impact of electric vehicles. Serra, J. V. F. (2013). Electric vehicles: technology, policy and commercial development. Routledge. 58 Abstract: This book explores the technology, policy, and commercial development of electric vehicles. Hossain, M. S., Kumar, L., El Haj Assad, M., & Alayi, R. (2022). Advancements and future prospects of electric vehicle technologies: a comprehensive review. Complexity, 2022, 1-21. 16 Abstract: This comprehensive review discusses advancements and future prospects of electric vehicle technologies.

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4 Pickett, L., Winnet, J., Carver, D., & Bolton, P. (2021). Electric vehicles and infrastructure. House of Commons Library: London, UK. 6 Abstract: This document addresses electric vehicles and their infrastructure. Engel, H., Hensley, R., Knupfer, S., & Sahdev, S. (2018). The potential impact of electric vehicles on global energy systems. report, McKinsey Center for Future Mobility. 52 Abstract: This report assesses the potential impact of electric vehicles on global energy systems. Jenn, A. (2023). Emissions of electric vehicles in California’s transition to carbon neutrality. Applied Energy, 339, 120974. 2 Abstract: This paper discusses the emissions of electric vehicles in California's transition to carbon neutrality. Slowik, P., & Lutsey, N. (2018). The continued transition to electric vehicles in US cities. White paper. The International Council of Clean Transportation (ICCT). 38 Abstract: This white paper explores the continued transition to electric vehicles in US cities. Smit, R., Whitehead, J., & Washington, S. (2018). Where are we heading with electric vehicles?. Air Quality and Climate Change, 52(3), 18-27. 17 Abstract: This paper discusses the future direction of electric vehicles. Milberg, J., & Schlenker, A. (2010). Plug into the Future. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 9(1), 56-65. 23 Abstract: This paper explores the future of electric vehicles. Kreith, F., Norton, P., & Potestio, D. (1995). Electric vehicles: promise and reality. Transportation Quarterly, 49(2). 13 Abstract: This paper discusses the promise and reality of electric vehicles. Anair, D., & Mahmassani, A. (2012). State of charge. Union of Concerned Scientists, 10. 155 Abstract: This report discusses the state of charge for electric vehicles. Figenbaum, E., Kolbenstvedt, M., & Elvebakk, B. (2014). Electric Vehicles– 104 Abstract: This paper explores the environmental, economic, and practical aspects of

5 environmental, economic and practical aspects. As seen by current and potential users, (1329). electric vehicles from the perspective of current and potential users. Literature Review of 12 Papers Literature Review: "Electric Vehicles: Climate Saviors, or Not?" Introduction The global transportation sector stands as a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, primarily due to the widespread use of petroleum-driven vehicles. In an effort to mitigate climate change, the introduction and adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) have gained considerable attention. One of the key factors driving the popularity of EVs is their potential to reduce carbon emissions. As the future of EVs remains uncertain and largely dependent on battery technology advancements, understanding the current and potential impact of EVs on climate change becomes crucial. Jack Barkenbus's paper, "Electric Vehicles: Climate Saviors, or Not?" delves into this important subject by exploring the relationships between the location of EVs, electricity grid carbon intensity, and the timing of recharging, shedding light on the complexities of EVs' climate-saving potential. Carbon Intensity and Grid Location Barkenbus emphasises that the effectiveness of EVs in reducing carbon emissions varies significantly at an international level. A pivotal determinant in this context is the carbon intensity of a country's electrical grid. In countries where the electrical grid relies heavily on carbon- intensive sources, primarily coal, the emissions saved by EVs are limited. This observation underlines the fact that the success of EVs in reducing carbon emissions is intrinsically linked to

6 the broader context of the energy grid's sustainability. Therefore, transitioning towards cleaner and renewable energy sources is imperative to maximise the benefits of EVs. Regional Variations in Electricity Generation Another crucial aspect highlighted by Barkenbus is the regional variation in electricity generation sources within a country. In both Canada and the United States, studies have revealed significant disparities in the carbon intensity of electricity generation across different regions. This regional disparity is an essential consideration when evaluating the overall impact of EVs. It reinforces the importance of not only promoting EV adoption but also advocating for sustainable energy policies at the regional level to ensure the success of EVs in mitigating climate change. Temporal Dimension of Recharging Barkenbus's analysis extends to the temporal dimension of EV recharging. The timing of recharging vehicles can significantly influence their impact on reducing carbon emissions. Charging EVs during periods of high renewable energy generation can maximise their environmental benefits. However, the current infrastructure in the United States does not incentivise such behaviour. Conclusion Jack Barkenbus's investigation of the correlation between EVs and warming helps clarify this issue. It drives home the point that broad adoption of electric cars alone won't be enough to significantly cut carbon emissions from the transportation sector. Cooperative efforts are necessary to realise the full climate-saving potential of EVs. Some examples include efforts to charge during renewable energy's peak hours, promote cleaner energy sources, and reduce power production disparities across regions. As Barkenbus's study comes to a close, it is clear that although EVs show promise as climate saviours, their full potential will not be realised without a

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7 holistic strategy that takes into account both cleaner energy networks and regional differences in energy production as well as time-based techniques for recharging. This knowledge offers essential direction for policymakers, academics, and industry players working to make electric cars a serious force in mitigating climate change. Literature Review: "Preparing Rural America for the Electric Vehicle Revolution" Introduction Baatar et al.'s "Preparing Rural America for the Electric Vehicle Revolution" discusses the possible effects of widespread EV adoption on rural areas of the United States. Given that transportation accounts for a significant share of global greenhouse gas emissions, it is clear that there is a pressing need to cut down on emissions from typical commutes. This report acknowledges the potential of EV technology to drastically reduce emissions and thereby mitigate the effects of greenhouse gasses. It does, however, emphasise the need for forethought in the form of regulations and incentives to promote the broad adoption of electric vehicle technology and charging infrastructure, especially in rural areas of the United States. Challenges in Rural EV Adoption The paper identifies and delves into three primary challenges that hinder robust EV deployment and adoption in rural America: 1. Vehicle Cost, Range, and Design Limitations: One key challenge is the higher upfront purchasing costs of EVs compared to traditional combustion-engine vehicles. The paper mentions that this cost difference can be a significant barrier to adoption, especially for rural communities. Additionally, the limited electric range of some EVs raises concerns about the feasibility of travelling to destinations in spread-out rural areas. It highlights that electric pickup trucks, highly desirable among rural Americans, are not currently

8 available, but their development is underway. The authors suggest that federal and state funding for research on more robust and cost-effective batteries can support the development of such vehicles. 2. Electric Vehicle Market Uncertainty: Market uncertainties, including the potential rollback of federal tax incentives for purchasing new electric vehicles, can discourage vehicle manufacturers from investing in high-capacity, long-range, and lightweight batteries for EVs. The authors stress that these uncertainties also affect investments in charging station infrastructure, as fewer EVs manufactured and adopted result in lower utilisation of charging stations. They advocate for maintaining planned incentives and phase-out schedules to provide manufacturers with a clear market outlook, thereby encouraging investments in electric vehicle technology. 3. High Capital Cost and Remote Areas for Charging Infrastructure: The cost of installing and maintaining a charging network for EVs may add up quickly. The study explains why investors are hesitant to pay for this kind of infrastructure. Locations of public charging stations might be difficult to pinpoint in rural regions due to low population density and dispersed locations. The authors stress the need for regional and local transportation organisations to work together to build a more efficient and integrated network. Conclusion Baatar et al.'s paper serves as a valuable resource for understanding the specific challenges and opportunities related to EV adoption in rural America. The authors rightly stress the importance of proactive planning and cooperation between government, private entities, and cooperative

9 stakeholders to facilitate the robust deployment and adoption of electric vehicles in rural communities. In conclusion, this paper underscores that while electric vehicles offer a promising solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector, their successful adoption in rural areas necessitates addressing specific challenges related to vehicle cost, market uncertainties, and charging infrastructure. The policy principles proposed in the paper provide a roadmap for stakeholders, guiding them towards preparing rural America for the electric vehicle revolution. This insightful research contributes to the ongoing discussions on sustainable transportation solutions in the fight against climate change. Lit review - Overcoming barriers to electric-vehicle deployment: Interim report National Research Council - 2013 The electric vehicle (EV) holds the promise of addressing various critical issues, including increasing U.S. energy security, reducing petroleum dependence, combating climate change by decreasing greenhouse gas emissions, fostering long-term economic growth through technological innovation, and improving public health through cleaner air. However, the widespread adoption of electric vehicles faces substantial technical, social, and economic barriers. These barriers encompass factors such as the cost of EVs, limited driving range, extended charging times, and the need for a comprehensive charging infrastructure. Not only do many people not know what electric cars are, but they also may have different mobility demands that current electric vehicles can't solve. Importantly, although EV ownership may have individual advantages, such as lower greenhouse gas emissions, the expenses of obtaining these larger societal benefits fall largely on the shoulders of vehicle customers.

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10 To address market hurdles limiting EV sales and the deployment of critical infrastructure, Congress mandated a study by the Department of Energy (DOE) in light of these well-known obstacles to EV adoption. As a reaction to this request, the National Research Council (NRC), a component of the National Academies, organised the Committee on Overcoming Barriers to Electric Vehicle Deployment. The committee's findings were presented in two reports: a shorter, more focused interim report on short-term considerations and a longer, more in-depth study on longer-term considerations. The interim report addresses specific topics, including the infrastructure requirements for electric vehicles, the impediments to deploying this infrastructure, and the potential roles of the federal government in overcoming these barriers. While this interim report does not provide recommendations due to the ongoing data-gathering process, it lays the groundwork for a comprehensive final report, which is anticipated to be issued in late summer 2014. This report concentrates on the light-duty vehicle sector in the United States and narrows its discussion of electric vehicles to plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), comprising battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The defining feature of these PEVs is that they are charged by plugging into the electric grid. BEVs operate exclusively on electricity stored in a battery, with no supplementary power source, while PHEVs incorporate internal combustion engines to augment the electric powertrain. Notably, the committee acknowledges fundamental distinctions between PHEVs and BEVs. PHEVs can switch to gasoline when their batteries are depleted, providing a more familiar driving experience and alleviating range concerns compared to BEVs. These distinctions can influence the type, number, and locations of charging infrastructure required to support each vehicle type. While PHEVs have witnessed substantial growth in sales, propelled by increased

11 model availability and range options, BEVs have also gained market share compared to conventional vehicles. The choice between a PHEV and a BEV ultimately depends on how well each matches a customer's specific needs and price preferences, and this choice remains subject to market evolution. To identify the requirements and barriers associated with PEV deployment, the committee examined various stakeholders, including automobile manufacturers supplying the vehicles, customers purchasing or leasing the vehicles, charging infrastructure facilitating connection to the electric grid and battery recharging, and the electric grid as the power source for vehicle charging. The subsequent sections present the committee's findings and potential federal government roles in overcoming the identified barriers. Literature Review: "The Other Benefit of Electric Vehicles" Introduction The rising awareness of the need to battle climate change and cut greenhouse gas emissions has made the switch to electric vehicles (EVs) more than a pipe dream. Electric vehicles are becoming more popular, with around 11% of all newly sold automobiles being EVs. Additionally, new laws and regulations, such as tax incentives for EVs under the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and restrictions on the sale of fossil fuel-powered automobiles after 2035 in Europe and California, are hastening the worldwide move towards EVs. Notably, the automotive industry is investing heavily in the development and production of electric vehicles (EVs), with projections indicating a $1.2 trillion investment would be made by 2030. Both climate change and the critical component of public health stand to benefit greatly from this massive transition toward EVs. While EVs are typically touted for their ability to cut down on carbon dioxide emissions, their positive effects on public health are generally disregarded.

12 Cleaner Air and Healthier People Unlike conventional vehicles, which release toxic gases and particles into the atmosphere via their tailpipes and exhaust systems, electric vehicles (EVs) have no such emissions. As a result, there will be far less of the air pollution that has been connected to so many avoidable deaths throughout the globe. These premature deaths are caused by a wide variety of medical conditions, such as cardiovascular and respiratory disorders, cancer, and many more. As we move toward a mass transition to EVs, there is clear potential to ease this public health catastrophe. This change has the potential to improve the lives of people with asthma and reduce premature deaths, according to Susan Anenberg, director of the Climate and Health Institute at George Washington University in Washington, DC. In addition to helping people, EVs are good for the health of crops and other plants, providing a broader view of the advantages of EV use. Conclusion The potential to improve air quality and public health is highlighted in the article "The Other Benefit of Electric Vehicles," highlighting a vital and often ignored facet of the electric vehicle revolution. With the imminent transition to EVs, the potential to mitigate climate change by cutting carbon emissions is clear. The indirect advantage of better air quality and public health is, nevertheless, no less important. Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to save hundreds of thousands of lives yearly throughout the globe by lowering emissions of dangerous pollutants that lead to respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses, cancer, and other health concerns. Susan Anenberg's views underline that a broad transition to EVs may contribute to not just a decrease in premature mortality but also better asthma outcomes. Furthermore, the positive impacts extend to the environment, with the potential to benefit crops and vegetation. This multifaceted benefit underscores the compelling reasons to embrace EVs as

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13 a part of the solution to both climate change and public health challenges. The impending EV revolution offers a unique opportunity to not only reduce carbon emissions but also enhance the quality of the air we breathe, thereby contributing to the well-being of people and the planet. In a world where environmental sustainability and public health are paramount, recognising this dual benefit of electric vehicles is pivotal in reshaping our transportation sector and improving the lives of countless individuals. Literature Review: "History and Prospects for Electric Vehicles and Electric Bikes: Pathway to Sustainable Carbon Free Energy and Transportation" Introduction Jamerson's "History and Prospects for Electric Vehicles and Electric Bikes" goes into the development and perspective of electric transportation (including EVs and EBs) across time. The Electric Transportation Revolution (ETR) commenced in 1993 with key initiatives such as General Motors' USA EV1 and Yamaha's Japan Pedal Assist System (PAS) electric bike. As of the writing of this article, there are an astounding 300 million EBs on the road, with the vast majority located in China. Annual sales of EBs are over 40 million. The development and trajectory of EVs and EBs are influenced by a number of variables, including government requirements, subsidies, and consumer demand, all of which contribute to the ETR. In order to combat climate change and guarantee carbon-free energy and transportation systems, this literature study delves into the past and future of electric mobility. Historical Evolution of Electric Transportation The study underlines the revolutionary path of electric mobility, which began with important milestones in 1993. The Electric Transportation Revolution began with the launch of the General Motors EV1 in the United States and the Yamaha PAS electric bike in Japan. The vehicle and

14 bicycle industries have been profoundly impacted by this revolution, but it has also become an integral part of the global transportation system. The paper's numbers highlight the far-reaching effects of electric mobility, with an astounding 300 million EBs in use, mostly in China. Climate Change and Carbon-Free Energy The importance of electric mobility in combating climate change is discussed extensively, especially in relation to cutting down on emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). The study alludes to the EPA's conclusion of CO2 endangerment, which calls for a cutback in CO2 emissions in order to counteract Man-Made Carbon Dioxide Climate Change (MMCDCC). The theoretical computer models used to determine global temperature trends provide the basis for MMCDCC. The article, however, notes that doubts have been cast on the accuracy of these models, which are based on actual temperature readings. Sustainable, carbon-free energy and transportation solutions are proposed in this article. Nuclear power and hydrogen are highlighted as promising alternative energy and transportation fuels. In particular, the study discusses a technique for extracting uranium from saltwater, which would provide a steady supply of nuclear fuel that could be replaced by rainwater. Hydrogen for vehicle propulsion may be created by water electrolysis using this renewable nuclear power. The most important conclusion is that CO2 emissions from power plants and cars can be eliminated, making progress toward the goal of carbon-free transportation. Conclusion Jamerson's study examines the development of electric mobility from its inception to the present, including both cars and bikes powered by electricity. Since its inception in 1993, the Electric Transportation Revolution has resulted in an unprecedented proliferation of EBs on roads across the world. The importance of electric mobility in combating climate change and meeting the task

15 of lowering CO2 emissions is also highlighted in the report. It provides a picture of a sustainable future with nuclear power and hydrogen as sources of energy and automobile fuel, eventually eliminating CO2 emissions from both fields. This research sheds light on the complicated relationship between renewable energy, climate change, and electric vehicles. It highlights the significance of continuous R&D to propel the shift towards cleaner, more sustainable transportation solutions, not just in terms of carbon dioxide emissions but also in the larger context of environmental sustainability. This article advocates for increased research and development in the field of electric transportation in order to build a more sustainable future for our planet at a time when the need for carbon-free energy and transportation is crucial. Literature Review: "The Role of Electric Vehicles in a Decarbonized Economy: Supporting a Reliable, Affordable, and Efficient Electric System" Introduction Electric vehicles (EVs) play a crucial part in the movement toward a low-carbon, decarbonised economy, as investigated in "The Role of Electric Vehicles in a Decarbonized Economy" by Karen Gilman, David Farnsworth, and Julia Hildermeier. Examining the paper's most important results and takingaways is the major goal of this literature review. Evidence like this shows that the electrification of transportation is a key option for lowering GHG emissions in the United States. In order to create a dependable, low-cost, and efficient electric grid while combating climate change, the study highlights the interaction between policy, regulatory reforms, and the efficient administration of the expanding EV industry. Potentially Low-Carbon Benefits of Electrification

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16 The study explains how improvements in end-use application technology and decreases in the carbon intensity of power production have made widespread electrification possible. The transportation sector appears as a crucial emphasis area for electrification since it was responsible for 29% of total U.S. energy-related emissions in 2017. With over 263 million automobiles in the United States, the research underlines the huge potential for moving to electric transportation to decrease emissions. Different Electric Vehicles Light, medium, and heavy-duty electric vehicles that can be driven on the road are all discussed in the article. These vehicles' potential to improve electrical dependability, efficiency, and affordability while decreasing total energy expenditures are investigated. Possibilities may be increased or diminished depending on variables such as the number of vehicles owned (fleet or personal), how they are used, the capacity of their batteries, the availability of charging stations, and the possibility of pooling their charging loads. Controlled or Intelligent Fees In order to maximise EV charging during times of cheaper energy generation and supply while still meeting the demands of car owners, the idea of controlled or smart charging is presented. Electricity pricing methods, smart technology, and well-placed charging infrastructure all contribute to this method. The report highlights the possibility of smart charging to combine renewable energy sources, make the most of existing network infrastructure, and reduce the amount of money spent on new projects. Opportunities for EV Grid Integration in the Future This article examines the dynamic field of transportation electrification, arguing that electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to improve power system efficiency via higher demand

17 flexibility, deeper integration of variable energy supplies, and overall system savings. Beyond controlled charging, the future sees the use of EV batteries for controlled discharge, such as sending electricity to the grid or buildings, boosting system resilience. This shows the greater potential of EVs as a power system backup. Conclusions The report concludes by emphasising the need for a cleaner, more dispersed, and integrated electric power system that provides consumers with additional options for engaging in energy production, consumption, and savings. The electrification of transportation is positioned as an essential component of this shift, bringing enormous advantages for public health, the environment, and the economy. If handled properly, this transition may have a major impact on a low-carbon future and the decarbonisation of the American economy. Literature Review: "The Future of Electric Vehicles: Prospects and Impediments" Introduction Concerns about fossil fuel use in transportation have rekindled interest in electric cars (EVs), and the article "The Future of Electric Vehicles: Prospects and Impediments" by Amela Ajanovic digs into this revived interest. Ajanovic's presentation examines the obstacles and constraints that need to be solved for larger market adoption of EVs. The paper's primary results and insights are discussed in this literature review, with an eye on the potential for growth in the EV industry and the challenges that must be overcome. A Newfound Passion for EVs This study discusses the renewed enthusiasm for EVs over the last several years, arguing that they provide significant advantages over vehicles powered by fossil fuels in the battle against

18 climate change. Politicians in many nations are beginning to prioritise the research, production, and widespread use of EVs because of the positive impact they may have on the environment. Obstacles to Further Market Expansion According to Ajanovic, the limits of electric vehicle batteries are to blame for the high initial prices and short driving ranges that discourage broad EV adoption. The paper argues that the relative cost-effectiveness of EVs and conventional cars is a major factor in deciding the future of the EV industry. If electric vehicles are to capture a significant portion of the market, their total cost of ownership must be drastically reduced. Concerns for the Environment The article also discusses the environmental benefits of EVs, emphasising their significance as a primary reason to encourage and promote EV adoption. There is room for learning and growth as a result of the diversity of national EV support policies and programs. Conclusion The paper's main argument is that EVs only have a chance of succeeding if certain obstacles can be removed. The major goal should be to enhance energy storage capacities to lengthen driving ranges and reduce the costs associated with EV batteries via technical developments. In addition, it is critical that the electricity used to power EVs be produced from renewable energy sources in order to fully appreciate the environmental advantages of EVs. The importance of technology, economics, and environmental factors in influencing the future of EVs is emphasised throughout the study. It emphasises the need for deliberate efforts to make EVs more inexpensive and environmentally benign to achieve major market adoption. Further, a more long-lasting and broad adoption of EVs might result from the sharing of lessons learnt in EV adoption policies among nations. Focusing on the commercial potential and environmental

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19 effects of electric cars, Ajanovic's work gives vital insights into the issues and possible solutions in the industry. Literature Review: "The Electric Vehicle Revolution" Introduction Paul Nieuwenhuis, Liana Cipcigan, and Hasan Berkem Sonder write a chapter titled "The Electric Vehicle Revolution", in which they discuss the probable effects of the shift to EVs on energy consumption. Understanding the causes, challenges, policy efforts, technology, and consequences for energy generating and distribution networks is the subject of this research study. At the outset, this chapter explains why we're seeing a shift away from cars powered by internal combustion engines and toward electric vehicles. It delves into the environmental issues and sustainability aims that have spurred the EV revolution. This involves working to improve urban air quality and address health issues related to fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Challenges Facing the Spread of Electric Vehicles The obstacles to further EV adoption are also discussed in the report. Vehicle price, limits in battery technology, worries about charging infrastructure, and range anxiety are all examples of these problems. The chapter emphasises the need to address these obstacles to guarantee a broad and easy transition to electric transportation. Strategies for Implementation: Policies, Programs, and Tools This chapter examines the plans and programs that are pushing EVs into widespread use. Technology developments in battery and electric drivetrains are discussed as a means to explain

20 the spread of EV models, along with government programs, incentives, and laws designed to increase their use. Distribution and Production of Electricity The possible effects of electric cars on the current power generation and distribution infrastructures take up a large section of this chapter. Issues and possibilities related to the anticipated rise in power consumption due to widespread EV adoption are discussed. This chapter looks at how innovative technology and fresh approaches to doing business, like grid integration and smart charging solutions, may meet this rising need. In conclusion, "The Electric Vehicle Revolution” presents a thorough review of the transition to electric vehicles and its consequences for energy consumption, politics, and technology. This highlights the necessity for overcoming obstacles and developing novel solutions in preparation for the predicted increase in power consumption from EVs. This chapter sheds light on the interplay between the evolving transportation industry and the energy sector. The research of Nieuwenhuis, Cipcigan, and Sonder helps shed light on the benefits and drawbacks of the emerging electric car market. Literature Review: "Charging of Electric Vehicles: Technology and Policy Implications" Introduction Insights into the technological and policy aspects surrounding the charging infrastructure for electric cars (EVs) are provided in "Charging of Electric Vehicles: Technology and Policy Implications" by Prateek Bansal. Focusing on topics including wireless charging, infrastructure costs, policy suggestions, and the role of federal regulations and lobbying in EV growth, this review of the relevant literature examines the paper's primary results and conclusions. Powering electric vehicles wirelessly

21 The study digs into the revolutionary notion of wireless charging for EVs, addressing the basic issue of how a moving car can be wirelessly charged. It investigates the advantages of wireless charging in both static and active (moving) settings. The development of wireless charging technology has been heralded as a potential replacement for wired charging. The Expense of Infrastructure and the Various Charging Options Establishing a reliable charging infrastructure is cited as a key factor in facilitating the expansion of the EV industry. It sheds light on the present state of electric vehicle technology and the expenses involved in establishing different EV charging stations. Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) and associated upfront, ongoing, and sunk expenses are highlighted. Analysis of Financial Impact of Wireless Power Transfer This study compares the prices and benefits of plug-in charging vs wireless charging for Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) based on hard numbers and research. It finds that both approaches have equivalent billing costs. But it also emphasises the extra advantages of wireless charging, making the case for it as a viable alternative to wired charging. The study suggests that the government provide targeted subsidies or tax credits to encourage the use of wireless charging. Infrastructure Expenditures and the Price of Wireless Recharging This study presents the idea of dynamic wireless charging, which enables EVs to recharge while in motion. It assesses the expenses of implementing such a system and argues that it may be more economical than the installation of conventional public charging stations. It is said that dynamic wireless charging has the potential to revolutionise EV charging. Market-Based Mechanisms and Suggested Policy Changes Policy suggestions for widespread EV adoption in the US are provided by Prateek Bansal's research. It talks about time-of-use rates and energy-based prices for public charging, stressing

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22 the ramifications of both pricing systems. The report delves into the influence of common misunderstandings on the spread of EV infrastructure. It highlights the significance of government policies and financing to accelerate EV adoption and provides market-based solutions to accomplish this. Political Influence and National Policy The study expresses worry that lobbying activities by large oil firms would slow the spread of EV infrastructure. It reveals how such lobbying stunted the development of EV infrastructure. Discussion centres on government regulations designed to facilitate the expansion of electric vehicle infrastructure, as well as the factors that may have contributed to a recent reduction in such financing. Conclusion The report "Charging of Electric Vehicles: Technology and Policy Implications" provides a thorough analysis of the many methods, prices, and policy factors involved in recharging EVs. It underlines the promise of wireless charging, cost-effectiveness, and the need for smart strategies to accelerate its adoption. The necessity of government legislation in promoting a sustainable EV ecosystem is also emphasised, as is the role of lobbying in determining infrastructure development for electric vehicles. The research conducted by Prateek Bansal helps shed light on the nuances of electric vehicle (EV) charging and the necessary governmental measures for its broad adoption. Literature Review: "The coming electric vehicle transformation" Introduction In his book "The Coming Electric Vehicle Transformation," George Crabtree gives a comprehensive look at the potential of EVs to revolutionise the transportation industry. The

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23 paper's main results and insights are discussed in this literature review, with a particular emphasis on what prompted the widespread adoption of EVs, how they've altered transportation in numerous ways, and the difficulties inherent to their battery technology and raw-material supply chains. The article explains how electric cars have the potential to alter several areas of the transportation industry, including fuel sources, carbon emissions, maintenance procedures, and even driver habits. The urgent need for decarbonisation to address climate change is the fundamental reason driving the rising adoption of EVs. Given the severity of the climate change situation, the study emphasises decarbonisation is no longer an option. Climate and the Economy: Changing Dynamics According to the research, while reducing carbon emissions is a major factor in the growing popularity of electric vehicles (EVs), this is likely to change in the not-too-distant future. Electric cars are expected to outperform their gasoline-powered counterparts at a lower cost. The study stresses that the issue is no longer "if" but rather "how far" the shift will be made to electric automobiles. Geoeconomic and Energy System Effects The report raises key issues concerning the possible influence of extensive electrification of transportation on the energy system and geoeconomics. The potential impact of EVs on energy markets and the international economy is discussed. Beyond transportation, EVs have the potential to revolutionise a wide range of industries and even influence international politics. Technological Obstacles in Batteries

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24 The literature review discusses how battery technology is crucial to the future of electric cars. It recognises the importance of batteries to EV performance and highlights the need for advanced battery research. In order to increase battery life, charging speed, and overall vehicle performance, the study stresses the significance of technical breakthroughs in the EV business. Protecting the Flow of Materials In addition, the difficulties of establishing material supply chains for battery manufacture are examined in depth. It acknowledges the significance of a reliable and long-term supply chain for the essential materials used in battery production. Keeping up with the rising demand for electric cars requires a reliable supply of raw materials. Conclusion Electric cars provide substantial changes and difficulties to the transportation industry, and George Crabtree's "The coming electric vehicle transformation" presents a detailed view of these developments. It demonstrates the move from an emphasis on decarbonisation to a future where economics will drive EV uptake. The document promotes conversations about the article's wider implications for the energy system and geoeconomics. It also highlights the significance of secure material supply chains and improvements in battery technology to the overall success of the EV revolution. Crabtree's research is an excellent resource for learning about the dynamic field of electric cars and the far-reaching effects they have on the current world. Literature Review: "How much are electric vehicles driven?" Introduction The question of how often and how far electric cars (EVs) are driven is examined in "How much are electric vehicles driven?" by Lucas W. Davis. The purpose of this literature review is to offer

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25 a synopsis of the paper's main arguments and conclusions, with a particular emphasis on the role that EV range plays in those arguments and conclusions. Fuel Efficiency Improvements The purpose of this study is to evaluate electric cars with respect to their ability to lessen dependence on gasoline and, by extension, their effectiveness as a climate change remedy. The author believes that the efficacy of EVs in decreasing greenhouse gas emissions is dependent on how far these cars are driven and the mileage that would have otherwise been covered by gasoline-powered vehicles. Contrastive Study This research uses recently released nationwide representative data from the United States to compare the fuel efficiency of electric and gasoline-powered automobiles. The research shows that compared to their gasoline-powered equivalents, electric cars are driven much less miles annually. There is a statistically significant difference in mileage between fully electric and plug- in hybrid cars. Disparity Between Locales and Individual Homes The study goes further by analysing how driving habits change in various settings. It looks at how far electric vehicles travel in single- and multi-vehicle households in and out of California. This tendency does not seem to be confined to any one group of people or any one part of the world, as shown by the consistency of the results. Reasons That Could Be True Possible causes for the different behaviour of electric vehicles and conventional cars are discussed in the study. Range anxiety, charging infrastructure, and customer preferences are all explored as possible causes of electric cars' poorer mileage.

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26 Implications for Policy The study has significant consequences for policymaking. Given their reduced mileage, they imply that the environmental advantages of electric cars may be less than previously thought. This casts doubt on the efficacy of programs designed to encourage the use of electric vehicles as a method of combating climate change and lowering emissions of greenhouse gases. Conclusion The answer to the question "How much are electric vehicles driven?" might provide light on the use and mileage of these vehicles. By showing that electric cars drive much fewer kilometres on average, the research challenges the image of EVs as a one-to-one substitute for gasoline- powered vehicles in terms of mileage. A more sophisticated understanding of EV use and its implications for climate change mitigation is required, as this research demonstrates. The results stress the need to take into account driving styles and habits when calculating the environmental effect of EVs. Literature Review: "Prospects for a Highly Electric Road Transportation Sector in the USA" Introduction The transportation ramifications of deep decarbonisation are investigated in "Prospects for a Highly Electric Road Transportation Sector in the USA" by Austin L. Brown, Kelly L. Fleming, and Hannah R. Safford. Electrification's significance in reducing climate change, current technology, infrastructural needs, and policy choices for making the switch to a greener transportation sector are all discussed in this literature review. Addressing Climate Change Through Electrification

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27 The paper emphasises the pressing need to address climate change, given the ongoing increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Transportation is identified as a significant contributor to GHG emissions, both in the USA and globally. To combat the impacts of climate change effectively, experts concur that the electrification of road transportation is a critical step. Advances in Electric Vehicle Technology Recent advances in electric vehicle (EV) technology are highlighted as a pivotal development enabling electrification. These advancements have made electrification technically feasible, leading automakers to expand their offerings of commercially available EV models. The authors note that consumer awareness of EV technology is gradually increasing, signalling a shift in market acceptance. Key Takeaways and Policy Recommendations The paper concludes that credible pathways to achieving deep decarbonisation hinge on the complete or near-complete electrification of passenger vehicles. While the technical feasibility has improved, the authors emphasise the need for practical implementation. Prospects for electrifying medium- and heavy-duty vehicles are also discussed, recognising that the high mileage and heavy load requirements pose technical challenges. The study underscores the critical importance of expanding EV infrastructure, including charging networks and electric grid upgrades. Policymakers are encouraged to support rapid electrification through various means, such as tax rebates and incentives to promote EV adoption, regulations that prioritise electrification for transportation network companies, and increased public investment in EV infrastructure and research. Conclusion

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28 "Prospects for a Highly Electric Road Transportation Sector in the USA" provides a comprehensive overview of the role of electrification in addressing climate change and decarbonising the transportation sector. The paper underscores that electrification, while technically feasible, requires concerted efforts in policy, infrastructure, and technology to achieve widespread success. Policymakers are urged to play a pivotal role in driving the transition toward a cleaner and more sustainable transportation future.

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