Lecture 9 Semi-Supervised Learning and Unsupervised Distribution Alignment

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OPTIMIZATI

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Computer Science

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Oct 30, 2023

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±6S294-158 °eep Unsupervised !'earning 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, ==;=VSi (00.eter) ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s, ±lex !%%VSi, <<:<VSilson >><>;AA?A>n 6646² ´erkeley !'ecture 9: (a) 6Semi-6Supervised !'earning (Kb) Unsupervised °istriKbution ²lignment
!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²ovVSid AA?A>nd &&VSid-442emester 6646pdAA?A>te - <<:<e SURhope everyone AA?A>nd tSURheVSir QSPfAA?A>mVSilVSies AA?A>re AA?A>IIGIFble to keep SURheAA?A>ltSURhy durVSinRTQg tSURhese unusuAA?A>l tVSimes. 00.leAA?A>se prVSiorVSitVSize your SURheAA?A>ltSURh AA?A>nd well-IIGIFbeVSinRTQg! ±JJHJGcJJHJGcordVSinRTQgly, pleAA?A>se don't SURhesVSitAA?A>te to let us know VSiQSPf tSURhVSis JJHJGclAA?A>ss would VSinterQSPfere wVSitSURh tSURhAA?A>t, AA?A>nd we'll IIGIFbe SURhAA?A>ppy to QSPfVSiRTQgure sometSURhVSinRTQg out on AA?A> JJHJGcAA?A>se IIGIFby JJHJGcAA?A>se IIGIFbAA?A>sVSis! - 442VSinJJHJGce we AA?A>re just pAA?A>st tSURhe mVSiddle oQSPf tSURhe semester, AA?A>nd sVSinJJHJGce tSURhere VSis some re-plAA?A>nnVSinRTQg per tSURhe JJHJGcurrent sVSituAA?A>tVSion, SURhere VSis AA?A> quVSiJJHJGck overvVSiew oQSPf wSURhAA?A>t's stVSill AA?A>SURheAA?A>d: - 4/1: !'9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg; 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment [tSURhVSis leJJHJGcture! :) ] - 4/8: !'10 ²ompressVSion - 4/13: ³inal 2roject 3-page milestone : VSinstruJJHJGctVSions - 4/15: !'11 !%%AA?A>nRTQguAA?A>RTQge &&odels [¶uest ·nstruJJHJGctor: ±leJJHJGc 331AA?A>dQSPford ())pen±·)] - 4/22: (idterm - 4/29: !'12 331epresentAA?A>tVSion !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg VSin 331eVSinQSPforJJHJGcement !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg - 5/6: 331331331 <<:<eek (no leJJHJGcture) - 5/13: ³inal 2roject 2resentations + ³inal 2roject 5Reports due 2
!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ))utlVSine - ·ntro - >XQOb`mYW->upXQOrvYWsXQOVO !/XQOKDrcanYWcanWU - 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 3
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s <<:<SURhAA?A>t VSis 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg? 4 upervised±cVUeßrning
!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s <<:<SURhAA?A>t VSis 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg? 5 upervised±cVUeßrning
!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s <<:<SURhAA?A>t VSis 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg? 6 upervised±cVUeßrning emi- upervised±cVUeßrning
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s <<:<SURhAA?A>t VSis 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg? 7 upervised±cVUeßrning emi- upervised±cVUeßrning
!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s <<:<SURhAA?A>t VSis 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg? 8 upervised±cVUeßrning emi- upervised±cVUeßrning
!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg ● lßssificßtion:±Mully± upervised ○ Ғrßining±dßtß:±(imßge,±lßbel),±predict±lßbel±for±new±imßges. ● ±«hßt±if±we±hßve±ß±few±lßbeled±sßmples±ßnd±mßny±unlßbeled±sßmples?± cVUßbeling±is±generßlly±time-consuming±ßnd±expensive±in±certßin±domßins. ● emi- upervised±cVUeßrning ○ Ғrßining±dßtß:±cVUßbeled±dßtß±(imßge,±lßbel)±ßnd±×—nlßbeled±dßtß± (imßge) ○ hĴijȯĵŞÕÕƔÖÕǑ×ĀǦĨħȣĩŒ̷< œɏŕžùùƸúùǵûĤ<ɖŜƅĒǑēĒȎĔĽùùƸúùǵûĤ<ɛšƊĮĭȩįŘǦĨħȣĩŒÕÕƔÖÕǑ×ĀîîƭïîǪðęùùƸúùǵûĤǦĨħȣĩŒùùƸúùǵûĤõõƴöõDZ÷Ġ<õõƴöõDZ÷ĠÕÕƔÖÕǑ×ĀɖŜƅÕÕƔÖÕǑ×Ā<ɖŜƅĴijȯĵŞ<ǫĭĬȨĮŗÕÕƔÖÕǑ×ĀǣĥĤȠĦŏùùƸúùǵûĤ<œɏŕžɛšƊŌɈŎŷùùƸúùǵûĤŏɋőźɮŴƝĕǔĖĕȑėŀœɏŕžùùƸúùǵûĤõõƴöõDZ÷Ġ<ǦĨħȣĩŒùùƸúùǵûĤÕÕƔÖÕǑ×ĀŏɋőźĮĭȩįŘĕǔĖĕȑėŀĮĭȩįŘčnjĎčȉďĸ< îîƭïîǪðęùùƸúùǵûĤttùùƸúùǵûĤŏɋőź 9
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s «hy± emi- upervised±cVUeßrning? cVUßbeled±%ßtß ×—nlßbeled±%ßtß lide:±Ò’hßng±cVUuong 10
!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s «hy± emi- upervised±cVUeßrning? lide:±Ò’hßng±cVUuong 11
!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²gendß ■ ore±concepts ■ onfidence±vs±;ntropy ■ ;ntropy±minimizßtion ■ {Ņseudo±cVUßbeling ■ êªirtußl±²dversßrißl±Ò’rßining± ■ cVUßbel± onsistency ■ i\[¥eßke±sure±ßugmentßtions±of±the±sßmple±hßve±the±sßme±clßss ■ {Ņi-i\[¥eodel,±Ò’emporßl±;nsembling,±i\[¥eeßn±Ò’eßcher± ■ ~Ȉegulßrizßtion±± ■ «eight±decßy ■ %ropout ■ %ßtß-²ugmentßtion±(i\[¥eixחp,± utcb¬lut) ■ ח%²,±i\[¥eixi\[¥eßtch ■ o-Ғrßining±/± elf-Ғrßining±/±{Ņseudo±cVUßbeling±(]\¦foisy± tudent) 12
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²gendß ■ ore±concepts ■ onfidence±vs±;ntropy ■ ;ntropy±minimizßtion ■ {Ņseudo±cVUßbeling ■ êªirtußl±²dversßrißl±Ò’rßining± ■ cVUßbel± onsistency ■ i\[¥eßke±sure±ßugmentßtions±of±the±sßmple±hßve±the±sßme±clßss ■ {Ņi-i\[¥eodel,±Ò’emporßl±;nsembling,±i\[¥eeßn±Ò’eßcher± ■ ~Ȉegulßrizßtion±± ■ «eight±decßy ■ %ropout ■ %ßtß-²ugmentßtion±(i\[¥eixחp,± utcb¬lut) ■ ח%²,±i\[¥eixi\[¥eßtch ■ o-Ғrßining±/± elf-Ғrßining±/±{Ņseudo±cVUßbeling±(]\¦foisy± tudent) 13
!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²gendß ■ ore±concepts ■ onfidence±vs±;ntropy ■ ;ntropy±minimizßtion ■ {Ņseudo±cVUßbeling ■ êªirtußl±²dversßrißl±Ò’rßining± ■ cVUßbel± onsistency ■ i\[¥eßke±sure±ßugmentßtions±of±the±sßmple±hßve±the±sßme±clßss ■ {Ņi-i\[¥eodel,±Ò’emporßl±;nsembling,±i\[¥eeßn±Ò’eßcher± ■ ~Ȉegulßrizßtion±± ■ «eight±decßy ■ %ropout ■ %ßtß-²ugmentßtion±(i\[¥eixחp,± utcb¬lut) ■ ח%²,±i\[¥eixi\[¥eßtch ■ o-Ғrßining±/± elf-Ғrßining±/±{Ņseudo±cVUßbeling±(]\¦foisy± tudent) 14
!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²gendß ■ ore±concepts ■ onfidence±vs±;ntropy ■ ;ntropy±minimizßtion ■ {Ņseudo±cVUßbeling ■ êªirtußl±²dversßrißl±Ò’rßining± ■ cVUßbel± onsistency ■ i\[¥eßke±sure±ßugmentßtions±of±the±sßmple±hßve±the±sßme±clßss ■ {Ņi-i\[¥eodel,±Ò’emporßl±;nsembling,±i\[¥eeßn±Ò’eßcher± ■ ~Ȉegulßrizßtion±± ■ «eight±decßy ■ %ropout ■ %ßtß-²ugmentßtion±(i\[¥eixחp,± utcb¬lut) ■ ח%²,±i\[¥eixi\[¥eßtch ■ o-Ғrßining±/± elf-Ғrßining±/±{Ņseudo±cVUßbeling±(]\¦foisy± tudent) 15
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²gendß ■ ore±concepts ■ onfidence±vs±;ntropy ■ ;ntropy±minimizßtion ■ {Ņseudo±cVUßbeling ■ êªirtußl±²dversßrißl±Ò’rßining± ■ cVUßbel± onsistency ■ i\[¥eßke±sure±ßugmentßtions±of±the±sßmple±hßve±the±sßme±clßss ■ {Ņi-i\[¥eodel,±Ò’emporßl±;nsembling,±i\[¥eeßn±Ò’eßcher± ■ ~Ȉegulßrizßtion±± ■ «eight±decßy ■ %ropout ■ %ßtß-²ugmentßtion±(i\[¥eixחp,± utcb¬lut) ■ ח%²,±i\[¥eixi\[¥eßtch ■ o-Ғrßining±/± elf-Ғrßining±/±{Ņseudo±cVUßbeling±(]\¦foisy± tudent) 16
!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²gendß ■ ore±concepts ■ onfidence±vs±;ntropy ■ ;ntropy±minimizßtion ■ {Ņseudo±cVUßbeling ■ êªirtußl±²dversßrißl±Ò’rßining± ■ cVUßbel± onsistency ■ i\[¥eßke±sure±ßugmentßtions±of±the±sßmple±hßve±the±sßme±clßss ■ {Ņi-i\[¥eodel,±Ò’emporßl±;nsembling,±i\[¥eeßn±Ò’eßcher± ■ ~Ȉegulßrizßtion±± ■ «eight±decßy ■ %ropout ■ %ßtß-²ugmentßtion±(i\[¥eixחp,± utcb¬lut) ■ ח%²,±i\[¥eixi\[¥eßtch ■ o-Ғrßining±/± elf-Ғrßining±/±{Ņseudo±cVUßbeling±(]\¦foisy± tudent) 17
!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²gendß ■ ore±concepts ■ onfidence±vs±;ntropy ■ ;ntropy±minimizßtion ■ {Ņseudo±cVUßbeling ■ êªirtußl±²dversßrißl±Ò’rßining± ■ cVUßbel± onsistency ■ i\[¥eßke±sure±ßugmentßtions±of±the±sßmple±hßve±the±sßme±clßss ■ {Ņi-i\[¥eodel,±Ò’emporßl±;nsembling,±i\[¥eeßn±Ò’eßcher± ■ ~Ȉegulßrizßtion ■ «eight±decßy ■ %ropout ■ %ßtß-²ugmentßtion±(i\[¥eixחp,± utcb¬lut) ■ ח%²,±i\[¥eixi\[¥eßtch ■ o-Ғrßining±/± elf-Ғrßining±/±{Ņseudo±cVUßbeling±(]\¦foisy± tudent) 18
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²gendß ■ ore±concepts ■ onfidence±vs±;ntropy ■ ;ntropy±minimizßtion ■ {Ņseudo±cVUßbeling ■ êªirtußl±²dversßrißl±Ò’rßining± ■ cVUßbel± onsistency ■ i\[¥eßke±sure±ßugmentßtions±of±the±sßmple±hßve±the±sßme±clßss ■ {Ņi-i\[¥eodel,±Ò’emporßl±;nsembling,±i\[¥eeßn±Ò’eßcher± ■ ~Ȉegulßrizßtion± ■ «eight±decßy ■ %ropout ■ %ßtß-²ugmentßtion±(i\[¥eixחp,± utcb¬lut) ■ ח%²,±i\[¥eixi\[¥eßtch ■ o-Ғrßining±/± elf-Ғrßining±/±{Ņseudo±cVUßbeling±(]\¦foisy± tudent) 19
!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²gendß ■ ore±concepts ■ onfidence±vs±;ntropy ■ ;ntropy±minimizßtion ■ {Ņseudo±cVUßbeling ■ êªirtußl±²dversßrißl±Ò’rßining± ■ cVUßbel± onsistency ■ i\[¥eßke±sure±ßugmentßtions±of±the±sßmple±hßve±the±sßme±clßss ■ {Ņi-i\[¥eodel,±±i\[¥eeßn±Ò’eßcher± ■ ~Ȉegulßrizßtion ■ «eight±decßy ■ %ropout ■ %ßtß-²ugmentßtion±(i\[¥eixחp,± utcb¬lut) ■ ח%²,±i\[¥eixi\[¥eßtch ■ o-Ғrßining±/± elf-Ғrßining±/±{Ņseudo±cVUßbeling±(]\¦foisy± tudent) 20
!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²gendß ■ ore±concepts ■ ± onfidence±vs±;ntropy ■ ;ntropy±minimizßtion ■ {Ņseudo±cVUßbeling ■ êªirtußl±²dversßrißl±Ò’rßining± ■ cVUßbel± onsistency ■ i\[¥eßke±sure±ßugmentßtions±of±the±sßmple±hßve±the±sßme±clßss ■ {Ņi-i\[¥eodel,±Ò’emporßl±;nsembling,±i\[¥eeßn±Ò’eßcher± ■ ~Ȉegulßrizßtion±± ■ «eight±decßy ■ %ropout ■ %ßtß-²ugmentßtion±(i\[¥eixחp,± utcb¬lut) ■ ח%²,±i\[¥eixi\[¥eßtch ■ o-Ғrßining±/± elf-Ғrßining±/±{Ņseudo±cVUßbeling±(]\¦foisy± tudent) 21
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²gendß ■ ore±concepts ■ ± onfidence±vs±;ntropy ■ ;ntropy±minimizßtion ■ {Ņseudo±cVUßbeling ■ êªirtußl±²dversßrißl±Ò’rßining± ■ cVUßbel± onsistency ■ i\[¥eßke±sure±ßugmentßtions±of±the±sßmple±hßve±the±sßme±clßss ■ {Ņi-i\[¥eodel,±Ò’emporßl±;nsembling,±i\[¥eeßn±Ò’eßcher± ■ ~Ȉegulßrizßtion±± ■ «eight±decßy ■ %ropout ■ %ßtß-²ugmentßtion±(i\[¥eixחp,± utcb¬lut) ■ חnsupervised±%ßtß±²ugmentßtion±(ח%²),±i\[¥eixi\[¥eßtch ■ o-Ғrßining±/± elf-Ғrßining±/±{Ņseudo±cVUßbeling±(]\¦foisy± tudent) 22
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²gendß ■ ore±concepts ■ ± onfidence±vs±;ntropy ■ ;ntropy±minimizßtion ■ {Ņseudo±cVUßbeling ■ êªirtußl±²dversßrißl±Ò’rßining± ■ cVUßbel± onsistency ■ i\[¥eßke±sure±ßugmentßtions±of±the±sßmple±hßve±the±sßme±clßss ■ {Ņi-i\[¥eodel,±Ò’emporßl±;nsembling,±i\[¥eeßn±Ò’eßcher± ■ ~Ȉegulßrizßtion±± ■ «eight±decßy ■ %ropout ■ %ßtß-²ugmentßtion±(i\[¥eixחp,± utcb¬lut) ■ חnsupervised±%ßtß±²ugmentßtion±(ח%²),±i\[¥eixi\[¥eßtch ■ o-Ғrßining±/± elf-Ғrßining±/±{Ņseudo±cVUßbeling±(]\¦foisy± tudent) 23
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ;ntropy±i\[¥einimizßtion 24
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s {Ņseudo±cVUßbeling 25
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s onfidence±vs±;ntropy ■ onsider±imßge±x,±clßsses±{y1,±y2,±y3}. ± ■ lßssifier±²:±{Ņrobßbilities±for±y:±[0.1,±0.8,±0.1] ± ■ lßssifier±³:±{Ņrobßbilities±for±y:±[0.1,±0.6,±0.3] ± ■ lßssifier±²±is± ǫĭĬȨĮŗĴijȯĵŞŏɋőźùùƸúùǵûĤ<ïïƮðïǫñĚĴijȯĵŞĮĭȩįŘǭõõƴöõDZ÷ĠùùƸúùǵûĤĮĭȩįŘɖŜƅ<ÕÕƔÖÕǑ×ĀĮĭȩįŘõõƴöõDZ÷Ġ<ĒǑēĒȎĔĽÕÕƔÖÕǑ×Āœɏŕž<ǦĨħȣĩŒĴijȯĵŞŵƞùùƸúùǵûĤŏɋőź<ùùƸúùǵûĤĮĭȩįŘɖŜƅŏɋőźĴijȯĵŞŌɈŎŷŻƤ̵ ± ± ■ ;ntropy±minimizßtion±ßkin±to±trßining±on±confident±predictions±ßs± pseudo±lßbels. 26
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s onfidence±vs±;ntropy ■ onsider±imßge±x,±clßsses±{y1,±y2,±y3}. ± ■ lßssifier±²:±{Ņrobßbilities±for±y:±[0.1,±0.8,±0.1] ± ■ lßssifier±³:±{Ņrobßbilities±for±y:±[0.1,±0.6,±0.3] ± ■ lßssifier±²±is± ǫĭĬȨĮŗĴijȯĵŞŏɋőźùùƸúùǵûĤ<ïïƮðïǫñĚĴijȯĵŞĮĭȩįŘǭõõƴöõDZ÷ĠùùƸúùǵûĤĮĭȩįŘɖŜƅ<ÕÕƔÖÕǑ×ĀĮĭȩįŘõõƴöõDZ÷Ġ<ĒǑēĒȎĔĽÕÕƔÖÕǑ×Āœɏŕž<ǦĨħȣĩŒĴijȯĵŞŵƞùùƸúùǵûĤŏɋőź<ùùƸúùǵûĤĮĭȩįŘɖŜƅŏɋőźĴijȯĵŞŌɈŎŷŻƤ̵ ± ± ■ ;ntropy±minimizßtion±ßkin±to±trßining±on±confident±predictions±ßs± pseudo±lßbels. 27
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s onfidence±vs±;ntropy ■ onsider±imßge±x,±clßsses±{y1,±y2,±y3}. ± ■ lßssifier±²:±{Ņrobßbilities±for±y:±[0.1,±0.8,±0.1] ± ■ lßssifier±³:±{Ņrobßbilities±for±y:±[0.1,±0.6,±0.3] ± ■ lßssifier±²±is± ǫĭĬȨĮŗĴijȯĵŞŏɋőźùùƸúùǵûĤ<ïïƮðïǫñĚĴijȯĵŞĮĭȩįŘǭõõƴöõDZ÷ĠùùƸúùǵûĤĮĭȩįŘɖŜƅ<ÕÕƔÖÕǑ×ĀĮĭȩįŘõõƴöõDZ÷Ġ<ĒǑēĒȎĔĽÕÕƔÖÕǑ×Āœɏŕž<ǦĨħȣĩŒĴijȯĵŞŵƞùùƸúùǵûĤŏɋőź<ùùƸúùǵûĤĮĭȩįŘɖŜƅŏɋőźĴijȯĵŞŌɈŎŷŻƤ̵ ± ± ■ ;ntropy±minimizßtion±ßkin±to±trßining±on±confident±predictions±ßs± pseudo±lßbels. 28
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s onfidence±vs±;ntropy ■ onsider±imßge±x,±clßsses±{y1,±y2,±y3}. ± ■ lßssifier±²:±{Ņrobßbilities±for±y:±[0.1,±0.8,±0.1] ± ■ lßssifier±³:±{Ņrobßbilities±for±y:±[0.1,±0.6,±0.3] ± ■ lßssifier±²±is± ǫĭĬȨĮŗĴijȯĵŞŏɋőźùùƸúùǵûĤ<ïïƮðïǫñĚĴijȯĵŞĮĭȩįŘǭõõƴöõDZ÷ĠùùƸúùǵûĤĮĭȩįŘɖŜƅ<ÕÕƔÖÕǑ×ĀĮĭȩįŘõõƴöõDZ÷Ġ<ĒǑēĒȎĔĽÕÕƔÖÕǑ×Āœɏŕž<ǦĨħȣĩŒĴijȯĵŞŵƞùùƸúùǵûĤŏɋőź<ùùƸúùǵûĤĮĭȩįŘɖŜƅŏɋőźĴijȯĵŞŌɈŎŷŻƤ̵ ± ± ■ ;ntropy±minimizßtion±ßkin±to±trßining±on±confident±predictions±ßs± pseudo±lßbels. 29
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s onfidence±vs±;ntropy ■ onsider±imßge±x,±clßsses±{y1,±y2,±y3}. ± ■ lßssifier±²:±{Ņrobßbilities±for±y:±[0.1,±0.8,±0.1] ± ■ lßssifier±³:±{Ņrobßbilities±for±y:±[0.1,±0.6,±0.3] ± ■ lßssifier±²±is± ǫĭĬȨĮŗĴijȯĵŞŏɋőźùùƸúùǵûĤ<ïïƮðïǫñĚĴijȯĵŞĮĭȩįŘǭõõƴöõDZ÷ĠùùƸúùǵûĤĮĭȩįŘɖŜƅ<ÕÕƔÖÕǑ×ĀĮĭȩįŘõõƴöõDZ÷Ġ<ĒǑēĒȎĔĽÕÕƔÖÕǑ×Āœɏŕž<ǦĨħȣĩŒĴijȯĵŞŵƞùùƸúùǵûĤŏɋőź<ùùƸúùǵûĤĮĭȩįŘɖŜƅŏɋőźĴijȯĵŞŌɈŎŷŻƤ̵ ± ± ■ ;ntropy±minimizßtion±ßkin±to±trßining±on±confident±predictions±ßs± pseudo±lßbels. 30
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s onfidence±vs±;ntropy ■ onsider±imßge±x,±clßsses±{y1,±y2,±y3}. ± ■ lßssifier±²:±{Ņrobßbilities±for±y:±[0.1,±0.8,±0.1] ± ■ lßssifier±³:±{Ņrobßbilities±for±y:±[0.1,±0.6,±0.3] ± ■ lßssifier±²±is± ǫĭĬȨĮŗĴijȯĵŞŏɋőźùùƸúùǵûĤ<ïïƮðïǫñĚĴijȯĵŞĮĭȩįŘǭõõƴöõDZ÷ĠùùƸúùǵûĤĮĭȩįŘɖŜƅ<ÕÕƔÖÕǑ×ĀĮĭȩįŘõõƴöõDZ÷Ġ<ĒǑēĒȎĔĽÕÕƔÖÕǑ×Āœɏŕž<ǦĨħȣĩŒĴijȯĵŞŵƞùùƸúùǵûĤŏɋőź<ùùƸúùǵûĤĮĭȩįŘɖŜƅŏɋőźĴijȯĵŞŌɈŎŷŻƤ̵ ± ± ■ ;ntropy±minimizßtion±ßkin±to±trßining±on±confident±predictions±ßs± pseudo±lßbels. 31
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s cVUßbel± onsistency±with±%ßtß±²ugmentßtion 32
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s cVUßbel± onsistency±with±%ßtß±²ugmentßtion ould±be±×—nlßbeled±or±cVUßbeled 33
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s cVUßbel± onsistency±with±%ßtß±²ugmentßtion 34
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s cVUßbel± onsistency±with±%ßtß±²ugmentßtion i\[¥eßke±sure±thßt±the±logits±ßre±similßr 35
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s i\[¥eore±%ßtß±²ugmentßtion±->±~Ȉegulßrizßtion± 36
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ~Ȉeßlistic±;vßlußtion±of± emi- upervised±cVUeßrning 37
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s cb¬lutline ■ ~Ȉeßlistic±;vßlußtion±of± emi- upervised±cVUeßrning± ± ■ pi-model± ■ Ғemporßl±;nsembling ■ i\[¥eeßn±Ò’eßcher ■ êªirtußl±²dversßrißl±Ò’rßining ± 38
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s pi-i\[¥eodel 39 553emporAA?A>l ¸nsemIIGIFblVSinRTQg QSPfor 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s pi-i\[¥eodel 40 553emporAA?A>l ¸nsemIIGIFblVSinRTQg QSPfor 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s Ғemporßl±;nsembling 41 553emporAA?A>l ¸nsemIIGIFblVSinRTQg QSPfor 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s Ғemporßl±;nsembling 42 553emporAA?A>l ¸nsemIIGIFblVSinRTQg QSPfor 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s i\[¥eeßn±Ò’eßcher 43 &&eAA?A>n 553eAA?A>JJHJGcSURhers AA?A>re IIGIFbetter role models
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s êªirtußl±²dversßrißl±Ò’rßining 44 ;;9;VSirtuAA?A>l ±dversAA?A>rVSiAA?A>l 553rAA?A>VSinVSinRTQg: ± 331eRTQgulAA?A>rVSizAA?A>tVSion &&etSURhod QSPfor 442upervVSised AA?A>nd 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s êªirtußl±²dversßrißl±Ò’rßining 45
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s «ide±~Ȉes]\¦fet 46 <<:<VSide 331esVSiduAA?A>l ''etworks
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ompßrison 47
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ompßrison 48
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ompßrison 49
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s lßss±%istribution±i\[¥eismßtch 50
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s êªßrying±number±of±lßbels 51
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s cVUessons ■ tßndßrdized±ßrchitecture±±+±equßl±budget±for±tuning± hyperpßrßmeters ± ■ חnlßbeled±dßtß±from±ß±different±clßss±distribution±not±thßt±useful± ± ■ i\[¥eost±methods±don’t±work±well±in±the±very±low±lßbeled-dßtß±regime± ± ■ Ғrßnsferring±{Ņre-Ғrßined±VLmßgenet±produces±lower±error±rßte± ± ■ onclusions±bßsed±on±smßll±dßtßsets±though 52
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²gendß ● 6646nsupervVSised µAA?A>tAA?A> ±uRTQgmentAA?A>tVSion QSPfor ²onsVSistenJJHJGcy 553rAA?A>VSinVSinRTQg ● &&VSix&&AA?A>tJJHJGcSURh: ³olVSistVSiJJHJGc ±pproAA?A>JJHJGcSURh to 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg ● ''oVSisy 442tudent (442elQSPf-553rAA?A>VSinVSinRTQg AA?A>t 442JJHJGcAA?A>le) 53
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s חnsupervised±%ßtß±²ugmentßtion lides±/±Migures±from±Ò’hßng±cVUuong 54
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s חnsupervised±%ßtß±²ugmentßtion 55
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s חnsupervised±%ßtß±²ugmentßtion 56
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s חnsupervised±%ßtß±²ugmentßtion aTSey±VLdeß:±²pply± cb¬lҒ²±%ßtß±²ugmentßtion±to±unlßbeled± dßtß±viß±consistency±trßining±in±semi-supervised±leßrning 57
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Consistency Training in Semi-Supervised Learning $dd noise to regularize model prediction" V$T [Miyato et al±² ³´µ ]
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Consistency Training in Semi-Supervised Learning $dd noise to regularize model prediction" V$T [Miyato et al±² ³´µ ]
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Consistency Training in Semi-Supervised Learning $dd noise to regularize model prediction" V$T [Miyato et al±² ³´µ ]
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Consistency Training in Semi-Supervised Learning $dd noise to regularize model prediction" V$T [Miyato et al±² ³´µ ]
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Label propagation NDrßph±tßken±from±êª²Ò’±(i\[¥eiyßto±et±ßl.±2017)
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Unsupervised Data Augmentation (UDA)
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Augmentation provides Diverse and Valid Perturbations ● ³ßck±trßnslßtion±for±Ò’ext± lßssificßtion: ○ ;nglish±–>±Mrench±–>±;nglish ○ ßmpling:± diverse ±(high-temperßture)±vs± vßlid ±(low-temperßture).
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Augmentation injects task-specific knowledge ● ²uto²ugment±for±VLmßge± lßssificßtion:± ○ ;xßmple±policies:±(~Ȉotßte,±0.8,±2),±(³rightness,±0.8,±4)
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential 5anguage .xperiments
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Text Classification
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Text Classification ● Mour±initißlizßtion±settings ● 3-4±orders±mßgnitude±less±dßtß
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Text Classification SOTA on IMDb with 20 examples!
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Training Signal Annealing (TSA) ● {Ņrevent±overtrßining±on±lßbeled±dßtß
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Training Signal Annealing (TSA) ● {Ņrevent±overtrßining±on±lßbeled±dßtß ● Mask out labeled examples based on confidence scores
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Training Signal Annealing (TSA) ● {Ņrevent±overtrßining±on±lßbeled±dßtß ● Mask out labeled examples based on confidence scores
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential IMDb Results with Different Labeled Data Sizes
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Vision .xperiments
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential SSL Benchmarks on CIFAR-10 and SVHN
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential SSL Benchmarks on CIFAR-10 and SVHN 30% error reduction from the previous SOTA with WRN-28-2.
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential SSL Benchmarks on CIFAR-10 and SVHN Further advancing the SOTA with larger networks.
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential With only 4k labeled examples, UDA nearly matches the fully supervised results Results with more advanced architectures
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Ablation study on data augmentation State-of-the-art augmentation is important!
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Summary ● %ßtß±ßugmentßtion±is±ßn±effective±perturbßtion±for± cVU. ● ח%²±significßntly±improves±for±both±lßngußge±ßnd±vision. ● ח%²±combines±well±with±trßnsfer±leßrning,±e.g.,±³;~ȈҒ.
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential ImageNet 10% Labeled Examples Experiments ´µ¶ labeled data ·Res7et¸°µ¹ Unlabeled data## 2mage7et
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential ImageNet Full Data Experiments • ))IIGIFbtAA?A>VSinVSinRTQg extrAA?A> VSin-domAA?A>VSin unlAA?A>IIGIFbeled dAA?A>tAA?A>: • µVSireJJHJGctly usVSinRTQg out-oQSPf-domAA?A>VSin unlAA?A>IIGIFbeled dAA?A>tAA?A> SURhurts perQSPformAA?A>nJJHJGce • 6646se IIGIFbAA?A>selVSine to lAA?A>IIGIFbel out-oQSPf-domAA?A>VSin VSimAA?A>RTQges to VSinQSPfer tSURhe lAA?A>IIGIFbels QSPfor out-oQSPf-domAA?A>VSin dAA?A>tAA?A> • ¹or eAA?A>JJHJGcSURh JJHJGcAA?A>teRTQgory, oIIGIFbtAA?A>VSin tSURhe ones wVSitSURh tSURhe SURhVSiRTQgSURhest proIIGIFbAA?A>IIGIFbVSilVSitVSies /ull labeled data ·Res7et¸°µ¹ Unlabeled data## ´²º6 images from 3/T
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Ablation study on TSA • >><>;elp-5: • ± lot oQSPf unlAA?A>IIGIFbeled exAA?A>mples • !%%VSimVSited numIIGIFber oQSPf lAA?A>IIGIFbeled exAA?A>mples • ¸xp-sJJHJGcSURhedule VSis tSURhe IIGIFbest • ²·¹±331-10: • 4,000 lAA?A>IIGIFbeled exAA?A>mples • 50,000 lAA?A>IIGIFbeled exAA?A>mples • !%%VSineAA?A>r-sJJHJGcSURhedule VSis tSURhe IIGIFbest
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Additional Techniques ● Ғechniques±to± shßrpen±predictions : ○ ;ntropy±minimizßtion ○ oftmßx±temperßture±controlling ○ onfidence-bßsed±mßsking ● %omßin-relevßnce±dßtß±filtering:±filter±in-domßin±unlßbeled±dßtß±from± out-of-domßin±unlßbeled±dßtß
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s i\[¥eixi\[¥eßtch 85
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s i\[¥eixi\[¥eßtch 86
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s i\[¥eixi\[¥eßtch i\[¥eixחp 87
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s i\[¥eixi\[¥eßtch 88
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s i\[¥eixi\[¥eßtch 89
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s i\[¥eixi\[¥eßtch 90
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s i\[¥eixi\[¥eßtch 91
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ]\¦foisy± tudent lides±/±Migures±from±Ò’hßng±cVUuong 92
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Background: Semi-supervised Learning (SSL) ³elief±of±mßny±i\[¥ecVU±prßctitioners ³elief±of±mßny± cVU±reseßrchers Migure±credit:±êªincent±êªßnhoucke
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Self-training with Noisy Student
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential ● ]\¦foise:± ○ VLnput±noise:± ~Ȉßnd²ugment± dßtß±ßugmentßtion. ○ i\[¥eodel±noise:±%ropout,± tochßstic±depth. ● ²rchitecture:±;fficient]\¦fets. ● {Ņseudo-lßbels:±soft±pseudo-lßbels±(continuous). ● cVUßbeled±dßtßset:±VLmßge]\¦fet±(1.3i\[¥e±imßges).± ● חnlßbeled±dßtßset:±Q_RMҒ±(300i\[¥e±unlßbeled±imßges).± ● VLterßtive±trßining:±³7->cVU2->cVU2->cVU2 Experiment Settings
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential ImageNet Results ● 2%±improvement±of±top-1±ßccurßcy. ● 35%±error±reduction±of±top-5±ßccurßcy. ● cb¬lne±order±of±mßgnitude±less±dßtß±without±lßbels. ● Ғwice±ßs±smßll±in±the±number±of±pßrßmeters. Method ± Param Extra Data Top°² Acc³ Top°´ Acc³ *Pipe ¶¶·M ¸ ¹±º» !·±´» (fficientNet¸%· ¼¼M ¸ ¶±´» !·±³» (fficientNet¸L³ ¹ ´M ¸ ¶±¶» !·±¶» ResNeXt¸µ´µ WSL ³!M º±¶% instagram images labeled with tags ¶±¹» !·±¼» )ixRes ResNeXt¸µ´µ WSL ³!M º±¶% instagram images labeled with tags ¼±¹» ! ±´» Noisy Student µEfficientNet°L¶· ¹ ´M º´´M unlabeled images ¸¸³¹º »¸³¼º
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Performance on small models without iterative training ● Ғhe±sßme±model±is±used±ßs±the±teßcher±ßnd±the±student. ● i\[¥euch±better±trßdeoff±in±terms±of±ßccurßcy±ßnd±model±size.
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Robustness results on ImageNet-A VLmßge]\¦fet-²:±difficult±imßges±thßt±cßuse±significßnt±drops±in±ßccurßcy±to±stßte-of-the-ßrt±models.
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Robustness results on ImageNet-C, P ● VLmßge]\¦fet- ±ßnd±{Ņ:±imßges±with±common±corruptions±ßnd±perturbßtions±such±ßs±blurring,±fogging,±rotßtion±ßnd± scßling. ● cVUower±is±better±for±meßn±corruption±error±(m ;)±ßnd±meßn±flip±rßte±(mM~Ȉ).
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Qualitative Analysis on ImageNet-A, C and P ³lßck±texts±ßre±correct±predictions±mßde±by±our±model±ßnd±red±texts±ßre±incorrect±predictions±by± our±bßseline±model.
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Qualitative Analysis on ImageNet-A œɏŕžùùƸúùǵûĤÕÕƔÖÕǑ×Ā<ǦĨħȣĩŒĕǔĖĕȑėŀĴijȯĵŞĮĭȩįŘ ±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±± lighthouse õõƴöõDZ÷ĠŏɋőźÕÕƔÖÕǑ×ĀčnjĎčȉďĸĴijȯĵŞĮĭȩįŘflŻƤ ±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±± bull±frog
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential Qualitative Analysis on ImageNet-C ŌɈŎŷÕÕƔÖÕǑ×ĀŏɋőźǣĥĤȠĦŏĕǔĖĕȑėŀĮĭȩįŘčnjĎčȉďĸ<ǫĭĬȨĮŗùùƸúùǵûĤɖŜƅùùƸúùǵûĤŏɋőź ±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±± vßcuum œɏŕžŵƞĕǔĖĕȑėŀĮĭȩįŘčnjĎčȉďĸ ±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±± mosquito±net
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Source## 5orem ipsum dolor sit amet± consectetur adipiscing elit² -uis non erat sem 9roprietary ³ ,onfidential ● tßndßrd±dßtß±ßugmentßtion±±is±used±when±we±use±1.3i\[¥e±unlßbeled±imßges. ● ~Ȉßnd²ugment±is±used±when±we±use±130i\[¥e±unlßbeled±imßges. The Importance of Noise in Self-training «hy±cßn±the±student±model±outperform±the±teßcher±model?
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s 442ummAA?A>ry oQSPf 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg ■ 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg VSis AA?A> prAA?A>JJHJGctVSiJJHJGcAA?A>lly VSimportAA?A>nt proIIGIFblem QSPfor two sJJHJGcenAA?A>rVSios: ■ !%%ot oQSPf lAA?A>IIGIFbeled dAA?A>tAA?A> AA?A>nd AA?A> lot more unlAA?A>IIGIFbeled dAA?A>tAA?A> ■ ;;9;ery lVSittle lAA?A>IIGIFbeled dAA?A>tAA?A> AA?A>nd plenty oQSPf unlAA?A>IIGIFbeled dAA?A>tAA?A> ■ 00.romVSise eAA?A>rly on AA?A>nd lAA?A>tely exJJHJGcellent results QSPfor tSURhe seJJHJGcond sJJHJGcenAA?A>rVSio ■ ''ot muJJHJGcSURh QSPfor tSURhe QSPfVSirst sJJHJGcenAA?A>rVSio untVSil reJJHJGcently ■ ''oVSisy 442tudent 104
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ))utlVSine - ·ntro - 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg - @cansupXQOrvYWsXQOVO ±YWstrYWSLutYWocan ²a_lYWWUcanb`mXQOcant 105
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 00.roIIGIFblem ■ ·mAA?A>RTQge to ·mAA?A>RTQge 106 ½,sola et al² ³´µ·¾
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 00.roIIGIFblem ■ ·mAA?A>RTQge to ·mAA?A>RTQge 107 ½,sola et al² ³´µ·¾
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 00.roIIGIFblem ■ ·mAA?A>RTQge to ·mAA?A>RTQge 108 ½,sola et al² ³´µ·¾
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 00.roIIGIFblem ■ ·mAA?A>RTQge to ·mAA?A>RTQge 109 ½,sola et al² ³´µ·¾
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 00.roIIGIFblem ■ 553ext to text 110 https"¿¿ai±googleblog±com¿³´µ¼¿´!¿a¸neural¸network¸for¸machine±html
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s 442upervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment ■ ·mAA?A>RTQge to ·mAA?A>RTQge: pVSix2pVSix (·solAA?A> et AA?A>l, 2017) ■ 553ext to text: mAA?A>JJHJGcSURhVSine trAA?A>nslAA?A>tVSion ■ ·mAA?A>RTQge to text: JJHJGcAA?A>ptVSionVSinRTQg ■ 553ext to ·mAA?A>RTQge, voVSiJJHJGce to text, text to voVSiJJHJGce … . ■ ·t’s sVSimply QSPfVSittVSinRTQg JJHJGcondVSitVSionAA?A>l dVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion p(AA?A>|IIGIFb) ■ <<:<e SURhAA?A>ve AA?A>JJHJGcJJHJGcess to (AA?A>, IIGIFb) pAA?A>VSirs ■ <<:<SURhAA?A>t VSiQSPf (AA?A>, IIGIFb) pAA?A>VSirs AA?A>re expensVSive to oIIGIFbtAA?A>VSin or just don’t exVSist? 111
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment ■ ·mAA?A>RTQge to ·mAA?A>RTQge 112 ½Zhu et al² ³´µ·¾
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment ■ ·mAA?A>RTQge to ·mAA?A>RTQge 113 ½Zhu et al² ³´µ·¾
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment ■ ± lot oQSPf AA?A>pplVSiJJHJGcAA?A>tVSions: ■ trAA?A>nslAA?A>tVSion to/QSPfrom smAA?A>ll lAA?A>nRTQguAA?A>RTQges tSURhAA?A>t AA?A>re not eJJHJGconomVSiJJHJGcAA?A>l to lAA?A>IIGIFbel ■ AA?A>uRTQgment lAA?A>IIGIFbeled exAA?A>mples ■ style trAA?A>nsQSPfer etJJHJGc ■ ·s tSURhVSis even AA?A> QSPfeAA?A>sVSiIIGIFble proIIGIFblem? ■ <<:<e SURhAA?A>ve AA?A>JJHJGcJJHJGcess to sAA?A>mples QSPfrom p(AA?A>) AA?A>nd p(IIGIFb) ■ <<:<VSitSURhout AA?A>ny AA?A>JJHJGcJJHJGcess to sAA?A>mples QSPfrom p(AA?A>, IIGIFb) we need to estVSimAA?A>te p(AA?A>|IIGIFb) AA?A>nd p(IIGIFb|AA?A>) 114
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s &&AA?A>rRTQgVSinAA?A>l &&AA?A>tJJHJGcSURhVSinRTQg ■ <<:<e wVSill try to leAA?A>rn tSURhe relAA?A>tVSionsSURhVSip IIGIFbetween ± AA?A>nd ´: ■ ±pproxVSimAA?A>te p(AA?A>|IIGIFb) IIGIFby q θ (AA?A>|IIGIFb) AA?A>nd p(IIGIFb|AA?A>) IIGIFby q θ (IIGIFb|AA?A>) ■ 553SURhe mAA?A>rRTQgVSinAA?A>ls VSinduJJHJGced IIGIFby AA?A>pproxVSimAA?A>te mAA?A>ppVSinRTQg q sSURhould mAA?A>tJJHJGcSURh orVSiRTQgVSinAA?A>l mAA?A>rRTQgVSins: ■ ·n lVSiterAA?A>ture, q(IIGIFb|AA?A>) VSis oQSPftentVSimes just AA?A> determVSinVSistVSiJJHJGc mAA?A>ppVSinRTQg, wSURhVSiJJHJGcSURh we JJHJGcAA?A>ll ¶ ±´ : ± -> ´ 115
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s &&AA?A>rRTQgVSinAA?A>l &&AA?A>tJJHJGcSURhVSinRTQg ■ [SURhAA?A>nd-drAA?A>w 1d exAA?A>mple] 116
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s &&AA?A>rRTQgVSinAA?A>l &&AA?A>tJJHJGcSURhVSinRTQg ■ [1d exAA?A>mple, AA?A>mIIGIFbVSiRTQguVSity] 117
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²yJJHJGcle ²onsVSistenJJHJGcy ■ &&AA?A>ny nAA?A>mes VSin tSURhe lVSiterAA?A>ture: ²yJJHJGcle ²onsVSistenJJHJGcy, µuAA?A>l !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg, ´AA?A>JJHJGck trAA?A>nslAA?A>tVSion, … ■ ²ore VSideAA?A>: ■ ·n tSURhe JJHJGcAA?A>se oQSPf determVSinVSistVSiJJHJGc mAA?A>ppVSinRTQg: ´± (¶ ±´ (AA?A>)) = AA?A> ±´ (¶ ´± (IIGIFb)) = IIGIFb 118
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s &&AA?A>rRTQgVSinAA?A>l &&AA?A>tJJHJGcSURhVSinRTQg ■ [1d exAA?A>mple, wVSitSURh reduJJHJGced AA?A>mIIGIFbVSiRTQguVSity] 119
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s (pAA?A>rtVSiAA?A>l) 6646nsupervVSised ±lVSiRTQgnment 00.rVSinJJHJGcVSiples ■ <<:<e SURhAA?A>ve JJHJGcome up wVSitSURh two VSinvAA?A>rVSiAA?A>nJJHJGces tSURhAA?A>t AA?A>re true QSPfor AA?A>ll AA?A>lVSiRTQgnment proIIGIFblems AA?A>nd we JJHJGcAA?A>n use tSURhem AA?A>s leAA?A>rnVSinRTQg sVSiRTQgnAA?A>ls ■ &&AA?A>rRTQgVSinAA?A>l &&AA?A>tJJHJGcSURhVSinRTQg ■ ²yJJHJGcle ²onsVSistenJJHJGcy ■ 553SURhese AA?A>re oIIGIFbvVSiously not enouRTQgSURh VSin RTQgenerAA?A>l. ■ ·n prAA?A>JJHJGctVSiJJHJGce, reseAA?A>rJJHJGcSURhers VSinjeJJHJGct AA?A>ddVSitVSionAA?A>l VSinduJJHJGctVSive IIGIFbVSiAA?A>ses VSinto leAA?A>rnVSinRTQg systems IIGIFby seleJJHJGctVSinRTQg AA?A>rJJHJGcSURhVSiteJJHJGctures, loss QSPfunJJHJGctVSions, AA?A>nd proIIGIFblems. 120
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²yJJHJGcle¶±'' ■ &&AA?A>rRTQgVSinAA?A>l mAA?A>tJJHJGcSURhVSinRTQg w/ ¶±'' ■ ²yJJHJGcle JJHJGconsVSistenJJHJGcy w/ determVSinVSistVSiJJHJGc mAA?A>ppVSinRTQg & !%%1 loss 121 ½Zhu et al² ³´µ·¾
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²yJJHJGcle¶±'' ½Zhu et al² ³´µ·¾ 122
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²yJJHJGcle¶±'' ½Zhu et al² ³´µ·¾ 123
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²yJJHJGcle¶±'' ½Zhu et al² ³´µ·¾ 124
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²yJJHJGcle¶±'' 125 ½Zhu et al² ³´µ·¾
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²yJJHJGcle¶±'' 126 ½Zhu et al² ³´µ·¾
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²yJJHJGcle¶±'' QSPfAA?A>VSilure JJHJGcAA?A>ses 127 ½Zhu et al² ³´µ·¾
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s 442toJJHJGcSURhAA?A>stVSiJJHJGc &&AA?A>ppVSinRTQg ■ 442ometVSimes determVSinVSistVSiJJHJGc (one-to-one) mAA?A>ppVSinRTQgs AA?A>re too restrVSiJJHJGcted, e.RTQg. semAA?A>ntVSiJJHJGc mAA?A>sk <> VSimAA?A>RTQge ■ ))ne strAA?A>VSiRTQgSURhtQSPforwAA?A>rd wAA?A>y to extend ²yJJHJGcle¶±'' VSis to mAA?A>ke tSURhe mAA?A>ppVSinRTQg tAA?A>ke VSin AA?A>n AA?A>ddVSitVSionAA?A>l noVSise sourJJHJGce (µuAA?A>l¶±'') ±´ (AA?A>, z) : ± x @@>@= -> ´ VSinsteAA?A>d oQSPf ¶ ±´ (AA?A>) : ± -> ´ ■ ³owever, we AA?A>lso need to JJHJGcSURhAA?A>nRTQge JJHJGcyJJHJGcle-JJHJGconsVSistenJJHJGcy l1 loss sVSinJJHJGce otSURherwVSise z wVSill sVSimply IIGIFbe VSiRTQgnored ■ ´± (¶ ±´ (AA?A>, z), z’) = AA?A>, wSURhVSiJJHJGcSURh meAA?A>ns tSURhe JJHJGcSURhoVSiJJHJGce oQSPf z, z’ VSis VSirrelevAA?A>nt 128 ½$lmahairi et al² ³´µ·¾
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ±uRTQgmented ²yJJHJGcle¶±'' 129 ½$lmahairi et al² ³´µ·¾
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ±uRTQgmented ²yJJHJGcle¶±'' 130 ½$lmahairi et al² ³´µ·¾
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²yJJHJGcle¶±'' JJHJGcAA?A>n “JJHJGcSURheAA?A>t” ■ ·t “JJHJGcAA?A>n” RTQgenerAA?A>te dVSiverse mAA?A>ppVSinRTQgs 131 ½$lmahairi et al² ³´µ·¾
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²yJJHJGcle¶±'' JJHJGcAA?A>n “JJHJGcSURheAA?A>t” ■ ±nd IIGIFbe JJHJGcyJJHJGcle-JJHJGconsVSistent AA?A>t tSURhe sAA?A>me tVSime 132 ½$lmahairi et al² ³´µ·¾
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ±uRTQgmented ²yJJHJGcle¶±'' 133 ½$lmahairi et al² ³´µ·¾
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ±uRTQgmented ²yJJHJGcle¶±'' 134 ½$lmahairi et al² ³´µ·¾
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ²AA?A>n we do IIGIFbetter? ■ ²AA?A>n we do IIGIFbetter tSURhAA?A>n only relyVSinRTQg on 1) &&AA?A>rRTQgVSinAA?A>l mAA?A>tJJHJGcSURhVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 2) ²yJJHJGcle JJHJGconsVSistenJJHJGcy? ■ ''ot JJHJGcleAA?A>r wSURhAA?A>t otSURher VSinvAA?A>rVSiAA?A>nJJHJGces we JJHJGcAA?A>n rely on (RTQgood open proIIGIFblem) ■ ²ore proIIGIFblem VSis tSURhAA?A>t AA?A>lVSiRTQgnVSinRTQg p(AA?A>) AA?A>nd p(IIGIFb) wVSitSURhout knowVSinRTQg wSURhAA?A>t’s VSinsVSide AA?A> & IIGIFb VSis too dVSiQSPfQSPfVSiJJHJGcult. ■ ))ne dVSireJJHJGctVSion: AA?A> & IIGIFb AA?A>re usuAA?A>lly SURhVSiRTQgSURh-dVSimensVSionAA?A>l; tSURhere VSis AA?A>ddVSitVSionAA?A>l struJJHJGcture VSin tSURhem ■ (JJHJGcurrent VSimAA?A>RTQge-VSimAA?A>RTQge AA?A>lVSiRTQgnment works tSURhAA?A>t use ²onv''et or pAA?A>tJJHJGcSURh-IIGIFbAA?A>sed dVSisJJHJGcrVSimVSinAA?A>tor AA?A>re AA?A>lreAA?A>dy VSimplVSiJJHJGcVSitly usVSinRTQg tSURhVSis prVSinJJHJGcVSiple) 135
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!%%9 442emVSi-442upervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg AA?A>nd 6646nsupervVSised µVSistrVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2020 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s ±n ''!%%00. ¸xAA?A>mple ■ !%%et’s sAA?A>y ± = AA?A>ll enRTQglVSisSURh sentenJJHJGces, ´ = AA?A>ll QSPfrenJJHJGcSURh sentenJJHJGces ■ 553wo semAA?A>ntVSiJJHJGcAA?A>lly unrelAA?A>ted sentenJJHJGces AA?A>, IIGIFb mVSiRTQgSURht SURhAA?A>ve tSURhe sAA?A>me QSPfrequenJJHJGcy p(AA?A>) = p(IIGIFb) AA?A>nd JJHJGcyJJHJGcle-JJHJGconsVSistenJJHJGcy won’t rule tSURhAA?A>t out eVSitSURher ■ ''evertSURheless, we know eAA?A>JJHJGcSURh sentenJJHJGce VSis mAA?A>de up oQSPf words AA?A>nd VSit’s unlVSikely tSURhe words VSin tSURhose two unrelAA?A>ted sentenJJHJGces SURhAA?A>ve tSURhe sAA?A>me stAA?A>tVSistVSiJJHJGcs. ■ ³ere we stAA?A>rt to mAA?A>ke AA?A>ddVSitVSionAA?A>l AA?A>ssumptVSion, suIIGIFb-JJHJGcomponents (e.RTQg. words) oQSPf AA?A> lAA?A>rRTQge rAA?A>ndom vAA?A>rVSiAA?A>IIGIFble (e.RTQg. sentenJJHJGces) JJHJGcAA?A>n SURhAA?A>ve tSURheVSir own AA?A>lVSiRTQgnment. ■ ±nd we JJHJGcAA?A>n mAA?A>ke use oQSPf JJHJGco-oJJHJGcJJHJGcurrenJJHJGce stAA?A>tVSistVSiJJHJGcs oQSPf tSURhe suIIGIFb-JJHJGcomponents. word2veJJHJGc! 136
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6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2019 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s -- !%%9 6646nsupervVSised µ·strVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment reJJHJGcAA?A>p: word2veJJHJGc - 442kVSip ¶rAA?A>m 137 442kVSip-RTQgrAA?A>m model µon’t SURhAA?A>ve to SURhAA?A>ve tSURhe denomVSinAA?A>tor over AA?A>ll words VSin tSURhe voJJHJGcAA?A>IIGIFbulAA?A>ry - ²AA?A>n use neRTQgAA?A>tVSive sAA?A>mplVSinRTQg
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6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2019 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s -- !%%9 6646nsupervVSised µ·strVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment reJJHJGcAA?A>p: word2veJJHJGc 138
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6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2019 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s -- !%%9 6646nsupervVSised µ·strVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment reJJHJGcAA?A>p: word2veJJHJGc 139
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6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2019 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s -- !%%9 6646nsupervVSised µ·strVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment word2veJJHJGc AA?A>lVSiRTQgnment ■ ·QSPf sVSimVSilAA?A>r veJJHJGctor JJHJGcAA?A>lJJHJGculus SURholds VSin AA?A>ll lAA?A>nRTQguAA?A>RTQges, JJHJGcAA?A>n we AA?A>lVSiRTQgn word emIIGIFbeddVSinRTQgs VSin dVSiQSPfQSPferent lAA?A>nRTQguAA?A>RTQges just IIGIFby unJJHJGcoverVSinRTQg some AA?A>QSPfQSPfVSine trAA?A>nsQSPformAA?A>tVSion? 140 ½)acebook blog¾
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6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2019 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s -- !%%9 6646nsupervVSised µ·strVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment word2veJJHJGc AA?A>lVSiRTQgnment ■ &&AA?A>RTQgVSiJJHJGcAA?A>lly VSit’s only AA?A> rotAA?A>tVSion AA?A>wAA?A>y (&&VSikolov et AA?A>l. 2013, ==;=VSinRTQg et AA?A>l 2015) 141 ½)acebook blog¾
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6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2019 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s -- !%%9 6646nsupervVSised µ·strVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646nsupervVSised <<:<ord ±lVSiRTQgnment ■ (²onneAA?A>u et AA?A>l. 2018) proposed tSURhe QSPfollowVSinRTQg AA?A>lVSiRTQgnment AA?A>lRTQgorVSitSURhm AA?A>. ±pproxVSimAA?A>te mAA?A>rRTQgVSinAA?A>l mAA?A>tJJHJGcSURhVSinRTQg IIGIFby AA?A>dversAA?A>rVSiAA?A>l trAA?A>VSinVSinRTQg IIGIFb. 331eQSPfVSined rotAA?A>tVSion IIGIFby solvVSinRTQg QSPfor exAA?A>JJHJGct AA?A>lVSiRTQgnment QSPfrom AA?A>) top pAA?A>VSirs 142
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6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2019 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s -- !%%9 6646nsupervVSised µ·strVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646nsupervVSised <<:<ord ±lVSiRTQgnment 143 ½&onneau et al± ³´µ ¾
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6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2019 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s -- !%%9 6646nsupervVSised µ·strVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646nsupervVSised &&AA?A>JJHJGcSURhVSine 553rAA?A>nslAA?A>tVSion ■ (!%%AA?A>mple et AA?A>l. 2018) leverAA?A>RTQges AA?A>ll 3 JJHJGcore prVSinJJHJGcVSiples: ■ word-level AA?A>lVSiRTQgnment (= suIIGIFb-JJHJGcomponent level stAA?A>tVSistVSiJJHJGcs) ■ monolVSinRTQguAA?A>l lAA?A>nRTQguAA?A>RTQge models (= mAA?A>rRTQgVSinAA?A>l mAA?A>tJJHJGcSURhVSinRTQg) ■ IIGIFbAA?A>JJHJGck trAA?A>nslAA?A>tVSion (= JJHJGcyJJHJGcle JJHJGconsVSistenJJHJGcy) 144 ½&onneau et al± ³´µ ¾
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6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2019 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s -- !%%9 6646nsupervVSised µ·strVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646nsupervVSised &&AA?A>JJHJGcSURhVSine 553rAA?A>nslAA?A>tVSion 145 ½&onneau et al± ³´µ ¾
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6646² ´erkeley -- 442prVSinRTQg 2019 -- µeep 6646nsupervVSised !%%eAA?A>rnVSinRTQg -- 00.VSieter ±IIGIFbIIGIFbeel, 00.eter ²SURhen, °onAA?A>tSURhAA?A>n ³o, ±rAA?A>vVSind 442rVSinVSivAA?A>s -- !%%9 6646nsupervVSised µ·strVSiIIGIFbutVSion ±lVSiRTQgnment 6646nsupervVSised &&AA?A>JJHJGcSURhVSine 553rAA?A>nslAA?A>tVSion 146 ½&onneau et al± ³´µ ¾
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