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University of Illinois, Chicago *

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Computer Science

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Feb 20, 2024

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1 BioS 230 Homework 1 Instructions: 1. Please write/type out your answers using different color (e.g. blue/red) in this document or in a separate paper. Make sure TA is able to read your handwriting! 2. Click on the Homework link on Blackboard, it will bring you to the Gradescope platform. Submit your assignment in PDF , JPG , or PNG format. Gradescope does not accept Word document. 3. Two ways to submit assignment: a) Save your answers for each question in a separate file; b) Submit your answers in a single pdf file and select the pages corresponding to each question. Make sure you assign the correct page number to your questions , or else your answers will not appear on the grading platform. Notes: Check and make sure you upload the right answer for each question. 1. Use Lamark ’ s theory and Darwin ’ s theory of evolution to explain how an organism evolved to produce a certain character. You must present an existing example in the real world to illustrate the difference between Lamarck’s theory and Darwin’s theory of evolution. You CANNOT use organisms that are described in the lectures (e.g. giraffe’s neck , elephant’s trunk , angler fish, etc.), the following examples ( polar bear’s fur, cheetah adaptation on running, webbed feet in duck), and mythical creatures (e.g. dragon, unicorn). Your answers should clearly demonstrate your understanding on Lamarck ’ s and Darwin ’ s theory. Be creative and have fun! (10 pts) Note: One extra point will be given to student(s) who present an evolutionary system that fascinates us. (a) Select an adaptive trait from your organism of interest. Attach an image of that trait below (1 pt). Briefly describe that trait in a few sentences. (b) Use Lamarck’s theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics to explain how the trait in Q1(a) developed. (3 pts) (c) Use Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection to explain how the trait in Q1(a) evolved. A complete answer should include Darwin’s four postulates of evolution. (4 pts) (d) Why Darwin’s theory was better at explaining the evolution of the trait in Q1(a) than Lamarck’s theory? (2 pts)

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2 2. Industrial melanism refers to the dark pigmentation that evolved in some insects giving them protective coloration on vegetation darkened by soot in heavily industrialized areas prior to air pollution regulation. In 1895, 98% of the Mancunian peppered moths were black due to the presence of a dominant gene for melanism. At this locus, allele B (black) is dominant over allele b (white). Assuming the moth population is in HWE, estimate both the frequency of the dominant allele and the proportion of moths that are heterozygous in the population. Show your work and round numbers to 3 decimal places. (5 pts)

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3 3. Black color in horses is determined primarily by a recessive allele at the A locus. AA and Aa horses are nonblack colors such as bay, while aa horses are black. Although other genes may override the effect of the A locus, we will ignore that for now. We sample a horse population and find 2440 bay horses (with a base color of brown) and 1560 black horses. Assuming the population is in HWE, answer the questions below. Show your work and round numbers to 3 decimal places. (5 pts) a) What are the allele frequencies of A and a in this population? (2 pts) b) What fraction of the bay horses is heterozygous at the fur color A locus? Note: heterozygous out of nonblack horses, not out of the entire population. (3 pts)

4 4. A group of Pacific Islanders were assayed for CCR5-del32 deletion polymorphism. Researchers found that 528 were +/+, 378 were +/del32, and 94 were del32/del32. Use the given table below to conduct a chi-square test to determine whether this population is under HWE. Show your work and round numbers to 3 decimal places. (5 pts) Genotype Observed Number (O) Expected Number (E) Deviation (O − E) (O − E) 2 (O − E) 2 /E +/+ +/del32 del32/del32 Total X 2 =

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