Lucas DuBoisModuleSevenLessonSevenActivity.ipynb - Colaboratory
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Lucas DuBoisModuleSevenLessonSevenActivity.ipynb - Colaboratory
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1n0Lr2A9PcWOJqrBJOOSYzIPoyt-zWcDO#scrollTo=-IYqDMaWkIS9&printMode=true
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I learned about containment operator precedence and identity
I did not have trouble
Lucas DuBois 12/11/23
Containment (in, not in)
Identity (is, is not)
Operator precedence
Students will be able to:
Test whether a list contains a certain element
Test whether a string is contained in another string
Test the identity of objects (i.e. int, ±oat, lists, string)
Recognize the effects of operator precedence (including assignment (=), relational (<, >=,...), Boolean (and, or, not), arithmetic (/ // % * + -),
identity (is), and containment (in))
Before submission
: Remember for max credit, you need to add a complete header comment in a code cell at the very top of this
²le and descriptive comments in each code cell below (examples AND tasks) that explains what your code is doing.
ALL
functions need a formatted docstring – see the bottom of Mod 3 Lesson 1 Activity for the requirements.
Module Seven Lesson Seven Activity
Concepts
View Containment (in, not in) video
You will commonly encounter the need to test whether an element is contained in another container (i.e. list, tuple, string, etc.). For example, you
might want to test whether
5
is an element of the list
[4, 8, 5, 6]
, or you might need to know if a substring
"or"
is contained within another
string
"Hello World"
. It is possible to perform these tests by iterating over the elements of the container (list) and comparing them one by one
to the element of interest. However, because this procedure is commonly used, Python has a containment operator (
in
), which can perform this
procedure much more e³ciently.
NOTE: You can test if an element is NOT contained in another container by using the (
not in
) operator.
Containment (
in
,
not in
)
Examples
Is a number contained in a list?
In this example, you will see how to test if a number is contained in another list of numbers
List containment
12/11/23, 12:14 PM
Lucas DuBoisModuleSevenLessonSevenActivity.ipynb - Colaboratory
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1n0Lr2A9PcWOJqrBJOOSYzIPoyt-zWcDO#scrollTo=-IYqDMaWkIS9&printMode=true
2/9
lst_container = [4, 8, 5, 6]
x = 5
if (x in lst_container):
print(x, "is contained in list")
else:
print(x, "is NOT contained in list")
x = 10
if (x in lst_container):
print(x, "is contained in list")
else:
print(x, "is NOT contained in list")
A Python list can contain elements of different types. In this example, you will test if an element is contained in a list containing a: number, list,
string.
Is an element contained in a list?
lst_container = [4, [7, 3], 'string element']
# 4 is an element in lst_container
x = 4
print(x, "contained in lst_container:", x in lst_container)
# 7 is an element of a list inside lst_container, but it is NOT an element of the lst_container
x = 7
print(x, "contained in lst_container:", x in lst_container)
# [7, 3] is an element of lst_container
x = [7, 3]
print(x, "contained in lst_container:", x in lst_container)
You can test if a substring is contained in another larger string.
String containment
sentence = "This is a test sentence"
word1 = "test"
word2 = "something"
# testing if word1 is a substring of sentence
if (word1 in sentence):
print(word1, "is contained in:", sentence)
else:
print(word1, "is not contained in:", sentence)
# testing if word2 is a substring of sentence
if (word2 in sentence):
print(word2, "is contained in:", sentence)
else:
print(word2, "is not contained in:", sentence)
# another method to test if word2 is a substring of sentence
# using the not operator
if (word2 not in sentence):
print(word2, "is not contained in:", sentence)
else:
print(word2, "is contained in:", sentence)
Number Containment (
in
,
not in
)
Write a program to prompt the user for an integer input between 0 and 100
print if the number is contained in
lst
Task 1
12/11/23, 12:14 PM
Lucas DuBoisModuleSevenLessonSevenActivity.ipynb - Colaboratory
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1n0Lr2A9PcWOJqrBJOOSYzIPoyt-zWcDO#scrollTo=-IYqDMaWkIS9&printMode=true
3/9
lst = [22, 89, 69, 78, 58, 22, 56, 13, 74, 8, 32, 58, 8, 63, 46, 79, 9, 38, 25, 96] #You enter a number 0-100 and if its on the list it
num = int(input("Enter a number between 0 and 100: "))
if (num in lst):
print(num, "is contained in",lst)
else:
print(num, "is not contained in",lst)
Enter a number between 0 and 100: 67
67 is not contained in [22, 89, 69, 78, 58, 22, 56, 13, 74, 8, 32, 58, 8, 63, 46, 79, 9, 38, 25, 96]
List Containment (
in
,
not in
)
The
records
list below contains information about a company's employees
Each of the elements in
records
is a list containing the name and ID of an employee.
Write a program to test if the
applicant
below is contained in
records
and display an appropriate message
Task 2
records = [['Colette', 22347], ['Skye', 35803], ['Alton', 45825], ['Jin', 24213]] #If the applicant is in the companys employess record
applicant = ['Joana', 20294]
if applicant in records:
print(applicant, "is in the company's employees record")
else:
print(applicant, "is not in the company's employees record")
['Joana', 20294] is not in the company's employees record
String Containment (
in
,
not in
)
Write a program to prompt the user for a letter (capital or small)
Print if the letter is a vowel
HINT: Use a string containing all the vowels and the
in
or
not in
operator
Task 3
letter = input("Enter a letter (capital or small): ").lower() #If a letter is a vowel upper or lowercase it will tell you
vowels = "aeiou"
if letter in vowels:
print(letter,"is a vowel")
else:
print(letter,"is not a vowel")
Enter a letter (capital or small): A
a is a vowel
Concepts
View Identity (is, is not) video
Python is an object-oriented programming language that utilizes objects. You have been using objects; however, you have called them variables
and lists. Python saves objects in certain memory locations, knowing the locations is of little importance; however, knowing if two seemingly
different objects are at the same memory location is important. This will be critically important when dealing with sequences such as list, tuples,
strings, and dictionaries.
In Python, the concepts of identity and equality are related but not the same, for example:
When two objects are saved in the same memory location, they are equal and identical
Identity (
is
,
is not
)
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12/11/23, 12:14 PM
Lucas DuBoisModuleSevenLessonSevenActivity.ipynb - Colaboratory
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1n0Lr2A9PcWOJqrBJOOSYzIPoyt-zWcDO#scrollTo=-IYqDMaWkIS9&printMode=true
4/9
When two objects are saved in different memory locations and contain the same information, they are equal but not identical
When two objects are saved in different memory locations and contain different information, they are not equal nor identical
You can test whether two objects contain the same information using the equality operators
==
or
!=
. To test whether two objects are identical,
you need to use the identity operators
is
or
is not
.
Examples
In the following examples, when objects are identical, it is implied they are saved in the same memory location.
int
literals
Equal
int
literals are saved in the same memory location
Identity of variables containing numerical literals
# x, y: equal, identical
x = 5
y = 5
print("x equal y ? ", x == y)
print("x is identical to y ?", x is y)
# x, y: not equal, not identical
x = 5
y = 6
print("x equal y ? ", x == y)
print("x is identical to y ?", x is y)
Equal
float
literals are not identical. In other words, equal
float
literals are saved in different memory locations.
float
literals
# x, y: equal, not identical
x = 5.6
y = 5.6
print("x equal y ? ", x == y)
print("x is identical to y ?", x is y)
# x, y: not equal, not identical
x = 5.6
y = 10.6
print("x equal y ? ", x == y)
print("x is identical to y ?", x is y)
The following examples are particularly important to understanding the concept of identity and equality. You will see how you can create two
equal but not identical lists, then you will see how to create two identical (and equal) lists and the effect of changing one on the other.
Identity of variables containing lists
You can create two equal but not identical lists, by assigning the same list literal to two different variables. A change in one of the list does not
have any effect on the content of the other.
Equal but not identical lists
12/11/23, 12:14 PM
Lucas DuBoisModuleSevenLessonSevenActivity.ipynb - Colaboratory
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1n0Lr2A9PcWOJqrBJOOSYzIPoyt-zWcDO#scrollTo=-IYqDMaWkIS9&printMode=true
5/9
# Different lists containing the same data
x = [4, 9, 8]
y = [4, 9, 8]
# x and y are equal, because they contain the same data
# x and y are NOT identical, because they are saved in different memory locations
print("x equal y ? ", x == y)
print("x is identical to y ?", x is y)
# Because they are not identical, changing x does not affect y
x[1] = 5
print()
print("After changing x[1]")
print("x =", x)
print("y =", y)
print("x equal y ? ", x == y)
print("x is identical to y ?", x is y)
Two variables referring to the same list are called identical variables. They can be treated as two names for the same list; in other words, both of
the variables refer to the same memory location and a change in one is re±ected as the same change in the other. You can simply create an
identical variable by assigning it the variable of interest. The following example illustrates this idea.
Equal and identical lists
# Identical list
x = [4, 9, 8]
y = x
# x and y are equal, because they contain the same data
# x and y are identical, because they are saved in the same memory location
print("x equal y ? ", x == y)
print("x is identical to y ?", x is y)
# Because they are identical, changing x also changes y
x[1] = 5
print()
print("After changing x[1]")
print("x =", x)
print("y =", y)
print("x equal y ? ", x == y)
print("x is identical to y ?", x is y)
String identity and equality is very similar to that of lists. However, when you assign equal strings to different variables, the interpreter might
detect this and optimize the code by making the variables identical.
Identity of variables containing string literals
# s1, s2: equal, not identical
s1 = 'whole milk'
s2 = 'whole milk'
print("s1 equal s2 ? ", s1 == s2)
print("s1 is identical to s2 ?", s1 is s2)
print("s1 is not identical to s2 ?", s1 is not s2)
# s1, s2: equal, identical
s1 = 'whole milk'
s2 = s1
print("s1 equal s2 ? ", s1 == s2)
print("s1 is identical to s2 ?", s1 is s2)
print("s1 is not identical to s2 ?", s1 is not s2)
# s1, s2: equal, identical (after interpreter optimization)
s1 = 'python'
s2 = 'python'
print("s1 equal s2 ? ", s1 == s2)
print("s1 is identical to s2 ?", s1 is s2)
print("s1 is not identical to s2 ?", s1 is not s2)
12/11/23, 12:14 PM
Lucas DuBoisModuleSevenLessonSevenActivity.ipynb - Colaboratory
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1n0Lr2A9PcWOJqrBJOOSYzIPoyt-zWcDO#scrollTo=-IYqDMaWkIS9&printMode=true
6/9
# s1, s2: not equal, not identical
s1 = 'python'
s2 = 'java'
print("s1 equal s2 ? ", s1 == s2)
print("s1 is identical to s2 ?", s1 is s2)
print("s1 is not identical to s2 ?", s1 is not s2)
Identity of variables containing strings(
is
,
is not
)
Write a program to:
Create a variable
e
that is equal but NOT identical to
s
Test the equality and identity of
s
and
e
and print the results
Create a variable
i
that is equal and identical to
s
Test the equality and identity of
s
and
i
and print the results
Test the equality and identity of
e
and
i
and print the results
Task 4
# In this code, the '==', 'is', and 'is not' operators are used to test if variables s, e, or i are equal, identical, and not identical.
e = "Whole Wheat Bread"
print("s equal e ? ", s == e)
print("s is identical to e ?", s is e)
print("s is not identical to e ?", s is not e)
print()
i = s
print("s equal i ? ", s == i)
print("s is identical to i ?", s is i)
s = "Whole Wheat Bread"
# Since s and e equal "Whole wheat bread", they are equal. However, they are not identical because they are saved in different memory lo
# Changing one doesn't affect the other.
# Since s and i equal "Whole wheat bread", they are equal.They are also identical because they are saved in the same memory location. Ch
# the other.
# Lastly, e and i equal "Whole wheat bread", so they are equal. However, they are not identical because they are saved in different memo
print("s is not identical to i ?", s is not i)
print()
print("e equal i ? ", e == i)
print("e is identical to i ?", e is i)
print("e is not identical to i ?", e is not i)
s equal e ? True
s is identical to e ? False
s is not identical to e ? True
s equal i ? True
s is identical to i ? True
s is not identical to i ? False
e equal i ? True
e is identical to i ? False
e is not identical to i ? True
Identity of variables containing lists(
is
,
is not
)
Write a program to:
Create a variable
e
that is equal but NOT identical to
x
Test the equality and identity of
x
and
e
and print the results
Create a variable
i
that is equal and identical to
x
Test the equality and identity of
x
and
i
and print the results
Test the equality and identity of
e
and
i
and print the results
Task 5
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Lucas DuBoisModuleSevenLessonSevenActivity.ipynb - Colaboratory
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# In this code, the '==', 'is', and 'is not' operators are used to test if variables x, e, or i are equal, identical, and not identical.
e = [[-1, 2],[3, 4],[-5, 6]]
print("x equal e ? ", x == e)
print("x is identical to e ?", x is e)
print("x is not identical to e ?", x is not e)
print()
i = x
print("x equal i ? ", x == i)
print("x is identical to i ?", x is i)
print("x is not identical to i ?", x is not i)
x = [[-1, 2],[3, 4],[-5, 6]]
# Since x and e equal "Whole wheat bread", they are equal. However, they are not identical because they are saved in different memory lo
# Changing one doesn't affect the other.
# Since x and i equal "Whole wheat bread", they are equal. They are also identical because they are saved in the same memory location. C
# the other.
# Lastly, e and i equal "Whole wheat bread", so they are equal. However, they are not identical because they are saved in different memo
print()
print("e equal i ? ", e == i)
print("e is identical to i ?", e is i)
print("e is not identical to i ?", e is not i)
x equal e ? True
x is identical to e ? False
x is not identical to e ? True
x equal i ? True
x is identical to i ? True
x is not identical to i ? False
e equal i ? True
e is identical to i ? False
e is not identical to i ? True
Concepts
View Operator Precedence video
You have seen that the Boolean operator
not
has a higher precedence than the Boolean operators
and
and
or
. You also know that in arithmetic
expressions, multiplication has a higher precedence than addition and subtraction. In Python, you can combine different operator types in the
same expression (
3 + 1 > 5
); when you do, operator precedence still applies. The following table summarizes operator precedence from
lowest precedence to highest precedence. Operators in the same row have the same precedence, and the precedence is resolved from left to
right, for example in (
3 * 6 / 9
),
*
and
/
have the same precedence, and Python will perform the multiplication ²rst (
18 / 9
) followed by the
division (
2
).
Operator
Short Description
or
Boolean or
and
Boolean and
not
Boolean not
in, not in, is , is not, <, <=, >, >=, !=, ==
Containment and identity test, relational comparison
+, -
Arithmetic addition and subtraction
*, /, //, %
Arithmetic, multiplication, division, int division, modulo
**
Exponentiation
(), [], {}
Parentheses, brackets
NOTE: When in doubt, use the parentheses operator to control the precedence in an expression
Operator Precedence
Examples
Use the operator precedence table to predict the outcome of these examples before looking at the answers.
Arithmetic operations
# * has higher precedence
2 + 3 * 6
12/11/23, 12:14 PM
Lucas DuBoisModuleSevenLessonSevenActivity.ipynb - Colaboratory
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# To change precedence, we add ( )
(2 + 3) * 6
Combined operations
# Arithmetic and relational operations
3 * 2 < 10
# Exponentiation has a higher precedence
2**3 + 1 == 16
# Adding () changes the precedence of 3 + 1 and the exponentiation operator
2 ** (3 + 1) == 16
# Arithmetic, relational, and Boolean operators
2 ** (3 + 1) == 16 and 3 * 2 < 10
# Arithmetic, relational, Boolean, and containment operators
2 ** (3 + 1) != 16 or 3 * 2 in [5, 6, 3]
The following 2 examples generate unexpected outcomes!
Unexpected outcome!
# Unexpected outcome!
6 < 10 != True
# Unexpected outcome!
6 < 10 != False
What is actually being evaluated is:
First case:
(6 < 10) and (10 != True)
Second case:
(6 < 10) and (10 != False)
In both cases, 10 is not logical and doesn't equal
True
or
False
. Therefore, both expressions are evaluated as (
True and True
) which is
True
.
You might face similar confusing cases. It is highly recommended that you use
()
to ²x and debug such cases.
# Expected outcome after adding ()
(6 < 10) != True
Operator Precedence
Correct the following expression so the answer is
True
Task 6
(6 + 2 < 9) == True # Had to put parenthesis
True
12/11/23, 12:14 PM
Lucas DuBoisModuleSevenLessonSevenActivity.ipynb - Colaboratory
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9/9
Operator Precedence
Correct the following expression so the answer is
True
Task 7
3 ** (2 + 1) >= 3 * (8 + 1) # Had to add parenthsis
True
Operator Precedence
Correct the following expression so the answer is
True
Task 8
(5 + 3) * 2 == 16 # Had to add parenthesis
True
Operator Precedence
Correct the following expression so the answer is
True
Task 9
(
3
d
)
d t
dd
th
i
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