Revolutions and Retrenchment in a Global Age

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Chemistry

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Jan 9, 2024

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Homework Ten For Homework Ten, you need to answer the following questions based on information available in the presentations, slides, or book. You will receive no credit for this assignment if you do not base your responses on those sources. Including evidence from the readings or presentations is important. You should also identify any additional sources you use, including outside apps such as ChatGPT. If you are using the slides, use the following format ( Origins of Western Civilization, Slide 34). If you use your book, be sure to include the page number (Hunt, 45). 1.) What was the Cold War, and how did it begin? The Cold War was the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union from 1945 to 1989 that led to massive growth in nuclear weapons on both sides (Ch27 The Cold War and the Remaking of Europe pg995). The conflict began when Stalin had suspicions about the Allies using the USSR as a buffer zone against German expansionism as part of their anti-communist strategy. This was fueled by members of the U.S. State Department who depicted Stalin as a tyrant thirsting for world domination. (Origins of the Cold War Ch27 pg996) 2.) What was the Marshall Plan, and how was it significant? The Marshall Plan was a program initiated by the United States after World War II to help Europe recover from the ruins of war and to decrease the attraction of communism in that region. It played a crucial role in the revival of European prosperity during the 1950s. However, Stalin viewed the Marshall Plan as a political ploy by the US, as the USSR was severely damaged and had limited aid to offer the countries in eastern and central Europe. He stopped the Eastern European governments from receiving US assistance and used this as an opportunity to suppress democracy in Hungary, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. The people were so tolerant of the takeover that Communist Party leaders compared it to "cutting butter with a knife." (Ch27 Origins of The Cold War pg1002) 3.) What happened to the French and British empires after the war? The end of World War II marked the end of Europe's global leadership. Numerous nations were in ruins during the summer of 1945. Despite being victorious, Britain was bombed and dealing with bankruptcy and was unable to provide food for its citizens. (World Politics Transformed Ch27 Pg997). France lost control of their colonies when Viet Minh guerrillas, with support from the US, defeated their technologically advanced army. The Geneva Conference then divided Vietnam into North and South Vietnam and created an independent Laos, marking the end of French control over the region(End of Empire in Asia Ch27 pg1016). 4.) What was NATO, and why was it established? NATO, which stands for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, is a security alliance that was created in 1949 with the objective of establishing a unified military force for the United States, Canada, and their allies in Western Europe and Scandinavia. (Ch27 The Division of Germany pg 1004) 5.) What happened to Germany after the war? How and when was it reunited? Following World War II, Germany was divided into four zones controlled by one of the four principal victors - the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, and France. While the Western Allies decided to merge their zones to form a West German state, this led to political tensions, and a few months later, the

USSR established an East German state. (Ch27 The Division of Germany pg1004) It wasn't until 1989 that Germany was reunified, after guards at the Berlin Wall allowed free passage to the West, enabling East Berliners to witness firsthand the success of a post-industrial society. In the aftermath of this, citizens from both the East and the West vented years of frustration by attacking the Berlin Wall with sledgehammers . (Ch28 Collapse of Communism in the Soviet Bloc pg 1070) 6.) What were some key events in the Eastern and Western Blocs in 1968? A key event in the Eastern Bloc was the "Prague Spring," a period characterized by the distribution of uncensored publications, crowded uncensored theater performances, and constant political discussions in Czechoslovakia due to the Slovak branch of the party calling for more openness. (Ch28 1968: A Year of Crisis pg1055) . A key event that took place in the Western Bloc was the student protests, where they invaded administrative offices to express their dissatisfaction with what they viewed as a substandard education system. They referred to themselves as the proletariat and didn't support Soviet communism; instead, they believed they were part of the New Left movement, unlike the traditional Communist or Socialist left . (Ch28 1968: A Year of Crisis pg1055) 7.) What were some new states established in Europe's former overseas empires after the war? (A number of them were established between 1947 and 1954.) In the aftermath of the protests and strikes by Indians against British rule, some new states were established in Europe's former overseas empires. India and Pakistan gained independence from the British. The British government accepted the reality and decided to partition the old colony into two independent countries. As a result, India was created for Hindus, while Pakistan emerged as a separate state . Elsewhere, as some half a billion Asians achieved their independence, Britain’s sole remaining Asian colony of note was Hong Kong (End of an Empire in Asia Ch27 pg1014) . In addition, the Geneva Conference established a separate nation of Laos and partitioned Vietnam into two parts, North Vietnam and South Vietnam, which were no longer under French rule (End of an Empire in Asia Ch27 pg1014) . Open warfare broke out in the Middle East, eventually resulting in victory for Jewish military forces. On May 14, 1948, the state of Israel was established. Lastly One of the neighbors, Egypt, gained its independence from Britain at the end of the war. (The Struggle for Identity in the Middle East Ch27 pg1016)

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