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Humidification
University of Illinois at Chicago
Humidification
Final Lab Report
Unit Operations Lab 3
October 15, 2023
Group 1
Emmanuel Risasi
Kevin Malec
Angelo Giles
Zuhai Wang
Unit Operation #3 ChE-381 Group No. 1
Fall 2023
10/15/2023
Tuesday , 1 PM section
Humidification
University of Illinois at Chicago
1. Executive Summary (10 pts)
In this experiment, heat transfer and mass transfer coefficients were calculated at
three different air flow rates in a humidification column. The flow rates that were used
were 3, 5, and 7 SCFM. There were a total of 6 trials performed. Three of them had no
flow of steam to heat up the air, while the other three did. The independent variables were
water flow rate, air flow rate, incoming air pressure, and steam flow. Parameters that
were measured were air flow rate, water flow rate, incoming air temperature, incoming
air pressure,
incoming water temperature, sump temperature, three temperatures in the
humidification column, dry bulb temperature at the exit, wet bulb temperature at the exit,
and percent humidity.
These parameters were used to calculate heat and mass transfer
coefficients, as well as Reynolds, Schmidt, and Sherwood numbers so that they can be
compared.
2. Introduction (10 pts)
This experimental purpose was to observe and understand heat and mass transfer through
a wetted column with counter-current air and water flow. This is determined by the mass
and heat transfer coefficients for both air and water, in addition to the Sherwood’s
number. They are calculated from the temperatures of air and water throughout the
column and the air outflow stream’s humidity. These calculations will be plotted as
functions of Reynold’s number against the adiabatic saturation temperatures and
gas/water phase mass transfer coefficients for wetted columns. This can be obtained from
a psychrometric chart using the temperatures and humanities obtained from the outlet air
stream. The apparatus features a long column containing multiple valves, thermocouples,
gauges, and a pump. The valves control air, water, and steam flows while the pump
pushes the steam and the water. For the data gathered at various temperatures, the
experimental values were higher than the associated values. The quantity of equilibrium
stages needed to achieve the specified mass transfer determines the number of transfer
units.
3. Theory (10 pts)
q
=
h×ΔT
[
Eq.1
]
N
A
=
k
c
× Δ c
A
[
Eq.2
]
Where:
●
q is the heat flux (J)
●
N
A
is the mass flux (
mol
m
2
s
)
●
ΔT is the characteristic temperature difference (K)
●
ΔC
A
is the characteristic concentration difference (
mol
m
3
)
●
h is the heat transfer coefficient (
W
m
2
℃
)
Unit Operation #3 ChE-381 Group No. 1
Fall 2023
10/15/2023
Tuesday , 1 PM section
Humidification
University of Illinois at Chicago
●
k
C
is the mass transfer coefficient
[Eq 1] and [Eq 2] are used to define the transport coefficients as the ratio of the flux to a
linear driving force such as temperature, partial pressure, and concentration.
Sh
=
0.023
×
ℜ
0.83
×Sc
0.44
[
Eq.3
]
Where:
●
Re is the Reynolds number based on the pipe diameter.
●
Sc is the Schmidt number
●
Sh is the Sherwood number defined as
○
Sh
=
k
c
L
D
AB
[
Eq.4
]
○
Where:
■
k
c
is the mass transfer coefficient for the concentration driving
force.
■
L is the characteristic length scale defined for the system under
study.
■
D
AB
is the diffusion coefficient for the fluid through which the
mass occurs (Air, in this case)
The mass transfer coefficient defined by [Eq.4] is for low mass transfer rates and low
concentrations of the transferred material. If this is not the case, the mass transfer
coefficient in [Eq.3] must be corrected for non-equimolar counter diffusion before being
used in [Eq.2].
d
(
Gy
)=
k
c
c
(
y
i
−
y
)
dA
[Eq.5]
Where:
●
y
i
is the mole fraction of water at the interface
●
y is the mole fraction of water of the gas
●
c is the concentration of the gas
●
Gy is the total mass flow rate
●
dA is the area differential for the column height.
dA
=
Pdz
[
Eq.6
]
o
Where:
▪
P is the perimeter of the column.
▪
dz is the differential height.
[Eq.5] can only be used when mass transfer and concentration of the system are low.
Otherwise, the bulk flow term must be included to account for the non-equimolar
conditions.
Unit Operation #3 ChE-381 Group No. 1
Fall 2023
10/15/2023
Tuesday , 1 PM section
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University of Illinois at Chicago
MW
Water
MW
Air
❑
Y '
={
y
1
−
y
}
¿
)
[
Eq.7
]
Where:
●
MW
Water
is the molecular weight of water
●
MW
Air
is the molecular weight of air
(
G
S
)
d
(
Y '
)=
k
y
(
Y '
i
−
Y
)
Pdz
[
Eq.8
]
Where:
●
G
s
is the flow rate of dry air
k
y
=
k
C
(
MW
Air
)
c
(
1
−
y
)
M
[
Eq.9
]
Where:
●
k
y
is the mass transfer coefficient in terms of a mass ratio driving force.
●
(
1
−
y
)
m
is the log mean average of air over column length
○
Where:
■
(
1
−
y
)
m
=
{
y
1
−
y
2
}
ln
(
1
−
y
)
2
(
1
−
y
)
1
[
Eq.10
]
d
(
G C
p
T
)=
h
(
T
i
−
T
)
dA
[
Eq.11
]
Where:
●
C
P
is the molar heat capacity of air
●
T
i
is the interface temperature
●
T is the air temperature
●
d
(
G C
p
T
)=
G '
s
C '
s
dT
○
Where:
■
C’
s
is the heat capacity of the humid air
C '
s
=
C'
Air
+
Y ' C '
H
2
O
[
Eq.12
]
Where:
●
C’
Air
is the heat capacity of dry air
●
C’
H2O
is the heat capacity of water vapor
ln
{
Y '
i
−
Y '
1
Y '
i
−
Y '
2
}=
k
y
Pz
G
s
[
Eq.13
]
ln
{
T
i
−
T
1
T
i
−
T
2
}=
hPz
G
s
C
s
[
Eq.14]
Unit Operation #3 ChE-381 Group No. 1
Fall 2023
10/15/2023
Tuesday , 1 PM section
Humidification
University of Illinois at Chicago
Where:
●
Y’
1
is the inlet composition of humid air
●
T
1
is the inlet temperature
●
Y’
2
is the outlet composition of humid air
●
T
2
is the outlet temperature
4. Results (15 pts)
First, the heat and mass fluxes were established for a water system. From the fluxes of the
heat and mass transfer, we are able to calculate the heat transfer and mass transfer
coefficients to provide a good comparison (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Heat transfer coefficient v. air flow rate for the heat flux
The order of the air flow rate was the following: 3, 5, 7 SCFM, since we want to
control the air flow rate under 10.
Next, we can look at the graph of heat transfer coefficient versus the atmosphere air
temperature (Figure 2).
Unit Operation #3 ChE-381 Group No. 1
Fall 2023
10/15/2023
Tuesday , 1 PM section
Humidification
University of Illinois at Chicago
Figure 2: Heat transfer coefficient v. atmosphere air temperature for the heat flux
Within the humidification process, mass transfer coefficient is also changing with
different air flow rates. Below is a picture of the mass transfer coefficient related with the
air flow rate (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Mass transfer coefficient v. air flow rate for the mass flux
The mass transfer coefficient varies with the atmospheric air temperature as well (Figure
4).
Unit Operation #3 ChE-381 Group No. 1
Fall 2023
10/15/2023
Tuesday , 1 PM section
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Figure 4: Mass transfer coefficient v. atmosphere air temperature for the mass flux
Overall, we can use Reynolds number, Schmidt number, Sherwood number and take
logarithm of these values to compare the measured values of ky and h to values obtained
from the correlation given by the equation. Below is the comparison (Figure 5).
Figure 5: log(sh)/Sc^0.44 v. log(Re) comparison
The above graph shows that with the increasing of air temperature and air flow rate,
the heat and mass transfer coefficient should increase as well. After all, our correction for
Unit Operation #3 ChE-381 Group No. 1
Fall 2023
10/15/2023
Tuesday , 1 PM section
Humidification
University of Illinois at Chicago
comparing the measured values to values obtained from the correlation is a little bit off.
This is probably due to human error with recording and mathematical calculations.
However, we know that the heat transfer coefficient will be influenced by mass transfer
since the transferring species carries with it some energy. The goal is to conduct a
qualitative study of the expected effects. A quantitative comparison of the transmission
coefficients of the system variables was also performed.
5. Discussion (15 pts)
We were able to analyze the relationship between the mass and heat transfer
coefficients by varying the temperature of the compressed air along with the compressed
air flow rate. After performing the experiment and reading the theory section in our lab
manual, we were able to come to these conclusions:
Based on our changed variables we concluded that when the temperature and
pressure were adjusted, they had a direct correction to the mass and heat transfer
coefficients. By analyzing the data we can see that when we increase the temperature and
increase the flow rate the humidity value decreases. We were able to come to this
conclusion by having three different conditions (before opening the heat exchanger):
Analyzing the data at room temperature (22.5
℃
), with atmospheric air humidity of
(39.9%).
Analyzing the data at an increased temperature (23.3
℃
), and an increase of
atmospheric air humidity to (71.4%) with
three varying flow rates of 3 SCFM, 5 SCFM,
and 7 SCFM. Analyzing the data at an increased temperature (23.7
℃
), and a
decrease of atmospheric air humidity to (67.5%)
with three varying flow rates of 3
SCFM, 5 SCFM, and 7 SCFM. Analyzing the data at higher increased temperature (61.33
℃
), and a decrease of atmospheric air humidity to (64.7%)
with three varying flow
rates of 3 SCFM, 5 SCFM, and 7 SCFM.
[1]
Before performing the experiment, we believed that when the temperature and flow
rate was increased, our humidity percentage would also increase. This is because at a
hotter temperature and a faster flow rate, we believed that there would be more humidity
since usually hot air makes one feel hotter. However, after performing the experiment and
recording our data, we were proved wrong.
Further analyzing the data we can determine that the heat and mass transfer
coefficients had a direct correlation with the Reynolds number.
We also found out
volumetric flow rate and inlet flow velocity also had a clear correlation; as the volumetric
flow rate rose, so did the inlet flow velocity. The volume will rise along with the heat and
mass transfer coefficients as more mass and heat are transported.
6. References (10 pts)
1.
Zdunek, A, Humidification, Student Lab Manual, 2019.
2.
H. Scott Fogler,
Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering
, 6th ed. Pearson,
2021.
3.
R. B. Bird, W. E. Stewart, and E. N. Lightfoot,
Transport Phenomena
, 2nd ed.
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2002.
Unit Operation #3 ChE-381 Group No. 1
Fall 2023
10/15/2023
Tuesday , 1 PM section
Humidification
University of Illinois at Chicago
4.
Restrepo, Ruben D., and Brian K. Walsh. "Humidification during invasive and
noninvasive mechanical ventilation: 2012." Respiratory care 57, no. 5 (2012):
782-788.
5.
Day, D. E., J. L. Hand, C. M. Carrico, Guenter Engling, and W. C. Malm.
"Humidification factors from laboratory studies of fresh smoke from biomass
fuels." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 111, no. D22 (2006).
6.
Smietanska, Joanna (2023, June 5).
Kinematic viscosity of Air Calculator
. Omni
Calculator. https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/kinematic-viscosity-of-air
7.
Czernia, Dominik (2023, June 5).
Air Density Calculator
. Omni Calculator.
https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/air-density
Unit Operation #3 ChE-381 Group No. 1
Fall 2023
10/15/2023
Tuesday , 1 PM section
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7. Appendix I: Data Tabulation/Graphs (10 pts)
Table 1: Constants
Diameter
0.05m
Radius
0.025m
Length
1.22m
Perimeter
0.16m
Volume
0.002471m^3
Mw Air
28.97Kg/Kmol
Mw Water
18Kg/Kmol
Molar Concentration
0.045Kmol/m^3
Table 2: Data recorded for calculating the heat and mass transfer coefficient
Unit Operation #3 ChE-381 Group No. 1
Fall 2023
10/15/2023
Tuesday , 1 PM section
Humidification
University of Illinois at Chicago
Table 3: Calculation of Reynolds, Schmidt, and Sherwood numbers
8. Appendix II: Error Analysis (10 pts)
Two online calculators were used to calculate the kinematic viscosity
[6] [7]
. Not fully
seeing the equations that they used, there could be some errors introduced by using those
sites. Temperature of the air increased slowly over time during the experiment, which
means that the system was not quite at steady state during the time when steam was
supplied to the heat exchanger. This could cause errors in the heat exchange equations.
There can also be human errors in reading gauges and flow meters. This is called relative
uncertainty.This can be calculated using the equation:
relativeuncertainty
=
[
uncertainty
measured quantity
]
. For example, it is easy to be slightly off
when reading the air flow meter because the graduations on the meter are far apart. We
could have been off by about 0.5 SCFM when the reading was about 5 SCFM on average.
That makes the relative uncertainty:
relativeuncertainty
=
[
0.5
5
]
=
.1
or 10%.
9. Appendix III: Sample Calculations (10 pts)
Reynolds number
ℜ=
(
L×V
)
v
where L is length in meters, V is air velocity in
m
s
, and v is
kinematic viscosity in
m
2
s
.
Two online calculators were used to calculate kinematic
viscosity. one for air density, and the other for
kinematic viscosity.
[6] [7]
ℜ=
1.22
×
0.17
3.76
×
10
−
6
=
55118.5
Schmidt number
Unit Operation #3 ChE-381 Group No. 1
Fall 2023
10/15/2023
Tuesday , 1 PM section
Humidification
University of Illinois at Chicago
Sc
=
v
D
where
v is kinematic viscosity in
m
2
s
,
and D is diffusivity of water vapor
in air in
m
2
s
Sc
=
3.76
×
10
−
6
2.42
×
10
−
5
=
0.155
Sherwood number
Sh
=
0.023
×
ℜ
0.83
×Sc
0.44
Sh
=
0.023
×
55118.5
0.83
×
0.155
0.44
=
87.37
Unit Operation #3 ChE-381 Group No. 1
Fall 2023
10/15/2023
Tuesday , 1 PM section
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10. Appendix IV: Individual Team Contributions
Time (Hours)
Kevin
Zuhai
Angelo
Emmanuel
Lab Time
4
4
4
4
Experimental Objective (prelab)
.5
Apparatus (prelab)
1.5
Materials & Supplies (prelab)
.5
Procedure (prelab)
2
Project Safety Evaluation (prelab)
1
Final Lab Editing
2
2
2
2
Executive Summary (final lab)
1.5
Introduction (final lab)
2
Theory (final Lab)
2
Results (final lab)
1
1
1
1
Discussion (final lab)
2
2
2
2
References (final and/or prelab)
1
Data Tabulation/Graphs (final)
2
Error Analysis (final lab)
1
Sample Calculations (final Lab)
1
PowerPoint Presentation
1
1
1
1
Total
14
14
14
14
Unit Operation #3 ChE-381 Group No. 1
Fall 2023
10/15/2023
Tuesday , 1 PM section
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False A volumetric pipet should 'not be "blown out" to eject all liquid at the tip.
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enzyme
Sample 11
4.8 mM
0.081
1
Sample 2
1.2 mM
0 048
Sample 3
0.6 mM
0.035
Using graphing software like excel or a graphing calculator calculate the V max and Km for this
Sample 4
0.3 mM
0.02
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To ensure that you are not confused, I attached what the experiment was about. I highly recommend you read through it before going to the questions.
file:///Users/michaelzheng/Downloads/MeasuringEnergy%20(1).pdf
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Tooling for a vacuum deposition system is cleaned and reassembled. Unfortunately, a drop of water 0.125 cm3 in volume is left in the bottom of a screw hole. Due to the obstructed path to the pump, a negligible amount of water escapes during the early stages of pumpdown, and the drop becomes a virtual leak at a chamber pressure of 4.3E-06 torr. Find the volume of gas formed by the water at this pressure (assume it stays at room temperature). The density of water is 1g cm-3 and the molecular weight 18 g mole-1. (First, determine the number of moles in the drop of water, and use the ideal gas law to determine the volume)(b) To make this result clearer, what is the added time (in hours) to pump out this chamber due to this droplet if the pump, at that pressure, has a rate of 1480 L/s?
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Example: A GC-FID analysis was conducted on a soil sample containing pollutant X. The following separations were conducted: t (minutes) peak area Injection 1 21.1 ppm Toluene internal Standard 10.11 36,242 33.4 ppm 14.82 45,997 Injection 2 21.1 ppm Toluene Internal Standard 10.05 38,774 unknown concentration X 14.77 39,115 What is the concentration of X in the sample?
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Please try to answer both in 1 hour
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Given the following data in the Determination of Molar Mass of CO2 lab :
Mass (before rxn): test tube + HCl(aq) + stir bar + capsule
Mass (after rxn): test tube + HCl(aq) + stir bar + capsule
Volume of water displaced from squirt bottle
Temperature of CO₂(g)
26.611 g
25.783 g
144 mL
CO2(g) pressure
Gas constant R
293.6 K
0.986 atm
0.08206 L'atm/mol.K
a) Calculate the mass of CO₂(g) produced, in grams.
b) Calculate the density of CO₂(g) in g/L.
C) Calculate an experimental value for the molar mass of CO2 based on the mass,
volume, and temperature data from the Determination of Molar Mass of CO₂ lab.
d) Calculate the number of moles of CO₂(g) produced. Use the accepted value
for the molar mass of CO2.
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I am a bit lost on this one. Can you please show baby steps with cancelling units?
The collision cross section for neon is 0.24 nm2.Calculate the mean free path (in nanometers), between collisions for neon atoms at a pressure of 1.00 atm and a temperature of 31°C.
λ = _______ nm.
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Knowledge Check
Question 11
Iffa
is a cation or anion. In the second row, write the symbol for the ion that an atom of
Complete the table below. For example, in the first row decide whether Sc"
oxygen is mostly likely to form and then decide what type of ion it is.
most likely ion
element
symbol of ion
type of ion
scandium
3+
Sc
O cation
O anion
oxygen
O cation
anion
rubidium
O cation
O anion
chlorine
O cation
O anion
barium
O cation
O anion
I Don't Know
Submit
Ooo
OOOO
II
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0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Depth of H2O2 Solution (d)
2.1 cm
2.1 cm
2.1 cm
2.1 cm
2.1 cm
Trial 1 Time
180 sec
84.61 sec
43.52 sec
36.90sec
25.90 sec
Trial 2 Time
180 sec
92.25 sec
38.16 sec
34.36 sec
23.57sec
Trial 3 Time
32.53 sec
18.82 sec
Average Time (t)
180 sec
88.43 sec
40.84 Sec
34.5 sec
22.76 sec
Rate of the Reaction(R = d/t)
0.012 cm/sec
0.02 cm/sec
0.051 cm/sec
0.061 cm/sec
0.0923cm/sec
, graph rate of reaction on the y-axis and percent concentration of enzyme on the x-axis. If the points are linear, draw a “best-fit” straight line through or near all of the data points.
Based on the information in the data table and your graph, explain the relationship between percent concentration of catalase and rate of reaction.
Did your actual results match your hypotheses? If not, why?
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Consider a box model for an air shed over a city 1*10^5 m on a side, with a mixing depth of 1,200 m. Winds with no SO2 blow at 4 m/s against one side of the box. SO2 is emitted in the box at the rate of 20 kg/s. If SO2 is considered to be conservative, estimate the steady-state concentration in the air shed.
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Consider the following image of two buret
measurements, the initial and final
readings. What is the total volume of
liquid delivered in mL?
Buret initial reading
Buret final reading
11.
27
12-
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13-
29-
FEB
PAGES
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...
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I 21 1
1
DATA AND CALCULATIONS
Pressure
Volume
(kPa)
(mL)
5.8 mL
191.30
10.8
103.47
13.3
84.13
15.8
71.52
18.3
62.57
20.8
55.66
PROCESSING THE DATA/CONCLUSION
1. If the volume is doulbled from 5.0 mL to 10.0 mL, w
pressure? Slhow the pressure values in your answer.
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