ACCT_3610_Exam_01_Fall_2023

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John M. Olin School of Business ACCOUNTING 3610 – FALL 2023 INTERMEDIATE FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING THEORY I EXAM # 1 (100 Points) There are a total of 100 points on this exam. There are five problems, and the total amount of points allocated to each problem is as follows: Points Earned Problem 1 – 20 Points _______ Problem 2 – 25 Points _______ Problem 3 – 15 Points _______ Problem 4 – 15 Points _______ Problem 5 – 25 Points _______ Total - 100 Points _______ Each problem is composed of multiple parts, and the points allocated to each part are indicated. The contribution of this exam to your final score for the class is equal to the percentage of points you earn on this exam multiplied by ( 30 less the sum of your scores on Quiz 1 and Quiz 2). You may use one page (both sides) of summary notes for the exam. You should write your Student ID # on your page, and you are required to submit this page your exam . You may also use a calculator. You may not use your textbook. You have eighty minutes to complete the exam. Partial credit will be given, so be sure to provide support for you answers. Please note that by taking this exam you agree to abide by the Olin School Honor Code, and may be subject to appropriate action for violation of any of its covenants. GOOD LUCK! Student ID # ________________
Problem 1 (20 Points) – Conceptual Issues For each of the following questions, please provide the appropriate answer related to the applicable part of the conceptual framework: A. (4) _____ Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding “Concepts Statement # 8” (Objectives of Financial Reporting), which was issued in the Fall of 2010 as part of the joint FASB/IASB Conceptual Framework Project? A. Concept Statement # 8 indicates that the financial statements should Provide useful information to lenders as well as to equity investors. B. Concept Statement # 8 indicates that financial statements should be be written to be understood by everyone, regardless of their business background and including individuals with no familiarity with economic activity. C. Both A and B D. None of the above B. (4) _____ Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding “Accounting Standards Updates (ASUs)”? A. ASUs are document issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to explain the SEC’s position on various matters related to financial reporting. B. Any accounting rules/standards promulgated (i.e. issued) in an ASU which have not been superceded may also be found in the Accounting Standards Codification. C. Both A and B D. None of the above 2
C. (4) You are CEO of Olin Airlines. At the annual meeting, one of Olin Airline’s shareholders indicates that he would be in a much better position to value the company if you disclosed the amount of revenue from each “route” that Olin Airlines flies, and requests that you begin doing so immediately. Would you agree to the shareholders’ request? Support your answer by referring to the applicable costs and/or benefits of disclosure. D. (4) ____ Which of the following accounting procedures / conventions result from the accounting concept of “relevance”? A. The fact that accountants estimate “Allowance for Doubtful Accounts” rather than waiting until final collections are determined before releasing a balance sheet. B. The fact that when uncertainly exists, US GAAP generally requires firms to take a “conservative”approach. C. Both A and B D. None of the above. E. (4) Do you AGREE or DISAGREE with the following statement: “Under Current (2023) US GAAP, the financial statements of a firm are adjusted for inflation.” Circle either AGREE or DISAGREE , and BRIEFLY support your answer. 3
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Problem 2 (25 Points) – Revenue Recognition Today is February 20, 2024. You were just promoted to a Manager position within your accounting firm, and as the end of February approaches, a lot of your clients have revenue recognition issues that need to be resolved before their Dec. 31, 2023 financial statements can be filed with the SEC. For each of the following situations, please indicate the appropriate amount of revenue that the client may report for the fiscal year ending Dec. 31, 2023 in accordance with US GAAP. Please support your answer in order to receive full credit. In addition, please note that the correct answer is presumably the same regardless of whether you answer the question using the “legacy” revenue guidance (ASC 605) or the five step revenue recognition framework (ASC 606) A. (5) On December 26, 2023, a ship carrying 50,000 tons of iron ore left a dock in Duluth, Minnesota en route to its final destination in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Minnesota Mining Company had paid Great Lakes Shipping to deliver the iron ore. The iron ore had a selling price of $ 70 per ton, and since the terms of the sale were FOB destination, Minnesota Mining Company paid Great Lakes Shipping $ 250,000 to ship the ore. As of December 31, 2023, the ship was 60% of the way from Duluth to Pittsburgh, and arrived in Pittsburgh on January 4, 2024. Assuming that the customer may be relied upon to pay any amounts owed, how much revenue, if any, may Minnesota Mining record for the fiscal year ending Dec. 31, 2023 related to the transaction described above? 4
B. (5) Popular Publications is a magazine distribution company. Popular has agreements with many grocery stores via which Popular places magazines in the magazine racks and checkout counters of the grocery stores. According to the terms of the agreement, Popular owns the magazines until a customer purchases the magazine from the grocery store. When a customer purchases a magazine from a grocery store, the grocery store simultaneously purchases it from Popular. Popular charges a grocery store $ 1 per magazine, and the grocery store typically charges the customer $ 4 per magazine. In December 2023, Popular Publications delivered magazines to grocery stores which had a total retail price of $ 840,000. By December 31, 2023, customers had purchased magazines with a total price of $ 360,000. In January 2024, Popular Publications picked up the unsold December magazines, replaced them with January magazines, and received a payment of $ 90,000 from the grocery stores. How much revenue, if any, may Popular Publications record during the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023 for the magazines placed in the store during December 2023? C. (5) Home Supply Store, Inc. has provided you with a “purchase order” from a customer of theirs named Top Notch Construction. The purchase order is dated December 28, 2023, and orders merchandise with a selling price of $ 480,000 from Home Supply Store. The purchase order indicates that the merchandise is to be delivered on June 30, 2024, and that Top Notch is required to make payment within 30 days of delivery. Historically, Top Notch has wanted immediate delivery whenever an order was placed, and when asked why in this case delivery was delayed, Top Notch indicated that this is what Home Supply Store had requested as part of the deal. How much revenue, if any, may Home Supply Store record for the fiscal year ending Dec. 31, 2023 related to the transactions described above? 5
D. (5) On December 22, 2023, BigIron Computer Company signed a contract with Healthy Medical Practices, Inc. According to the terms of the contract, Healthy Medical Practices purchased a mainframe computer which would be installed by BigIron. Normally, a mainframe of the type purchased would have selling price of $ 600,000, and Big Iron would charge $ 40,000 to install the computer. There are a number of companies that would install the mainframe for a similar rate, but since Healthy Medical agreed to have BigIron install the computer, BigIron agreed to provide the computer and installation for a combined price of $ 620,000, which Healthy Medical paid to BigIron on December 23, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, the mainframe computer had been delivered to Healthy Medical, but hadn’t yet been installed. While Healthy Medical has the right to return the mainframe at any time prior to installation, they are not expected to do so. Further, BigIron plans on installing the mainframe on January 5, 2024, and does not anticipate any problems in doing so. How much revenue, if any, may BigIron report for the year-ending Dec. 31, 2023 Related to the transaction described above? E. (5) On January 4, 2023, Delicious Food Products electronically transferred $ 36,000 to the bank account of Grocery Chain, Inc. The payment was made to ensure that Delicious Food Products received preferred product placement for the two years ending Dec. 31, 2024. During 2023, Grocery Chain, Inc. purchased $ 540,000 of product from Delicious Food Products, and had paid for the entire amounts ordered. How much revenue, if any, may Delicious Food Products report for the year-ending Dec. 31, 2023 related to the transaction described above? 6
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Problem 3 (15 Points) – Percentage of Completion Method Bedrock Construction obtained the contract to build the Midwestern Airport. Construction began on January 1, 2020, and was completed on November 30, 2022. Bedrock agreed to build the airport for a fixed fee of $ 500,000,000. Originally, Bedrock estimated that the cost of building the airport would be $300,000,000. However, as time passed it became increasingly clear that the actual construction cost would be higher than the original estimate. Information related to the contract was as follows: Completion Dec. 31, 2020 Dec. 31, 2021 Nov. 30, 2022 Cumulative Costs 90,000,000 252,000,000 400,000,000 Expected Cost to Complete 210,000,000 108,000,000 ------- Billings to Date 300,000,000 400,000,000 500,000,000 Cash Collected to Date 250,000,000 350,000,000 500,000,000 Bedrock Construction uses the Percentage of Completion Method to recognize revenue, and estimates the percentage completed by dividing cumulative costs to date by expected total costs. A. (4) What is the amount of " revenue ” that Bedrock Construction will report on the airport contract for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2020 ? B. (4) What is the amount of “ gross profit ” that Bedrock Construction will report on the airport for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2021 ? 7
C. (4) _____ With respect to the airport construction contract, on what date(s) does a liability account titled “Billings in Excess of Construction in Process” appear on Bedrock Construction’s Balance Sheet? A. December 31, 2020 B. December 31, 2021 C. Both December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2021 D. Neither December 31, 2020 nor December 31, 2021 D. (3) Suppose that Bedrock Construction has 10,000,000 shares of common stock outstanding. If Bedrock Construction wanted to INCREASE Pre-Tax 2021 Net Income by $ 0.20 per share (relative to the appropriate amount as calculated using the original information), Bedrock would “estimate” that “Expected Costs to Complete” the contract as of December 31, 2021 are $ ________________________. Problem 4 (15 Points) - Adjusting Entries & Related 8
Tiger Company has a fiscal year that ends on December 31, and “closes” their books once a year at the end of the year. An excerpt from the December 31, 2022 Pre-Closing “Adjusted” Trial Balance of Tiger Company appeared as follows: DEBIT CREDIT Inventory $ 200,000 Purchase Discounts 5,000 Cost of Goods Sold 450,000 Supplies 26,000 Prepaid Insurance 18,000 Unearned Revenue 300,000 Wages Payable 8,000 Supplies Expense 73,000 Insurance Expense 12,000 Wages Expense 208,000 Sales Revenue 850,000 Dividends 38,000 Retained Earnings 162,000 A. (4) If $ 68,000 of Supplies were purchased during the year, what was the balance of “Supplies” on January 1, 2022 ? B. (4) If the amount in “Wages Payable” reflects a full pay period, how frequently are employees of Tiger Company paid? C. (4) If the customers of Tiger Company always pay in advance (i.e. Tiger Company never 9
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has any Accounts Receivable), and the balance of Unearned Revenue on January 1, 2022 was (a credit balance) $ 360,000, how much cash did Tiger Company collect from customers during 2022? D. (3) Assuming that Tiger Company correctly closes the applicable accounts, what is Tiger Company’s post-closing balance in Retained Earnings on December 31, 2022? Problem 5 (25 Points) 10
A. (4) _____ During the year, Total Assets decreased by $ 20,000, while Total Liabilities increased by $ 10,000. If “contributed capital” was unchanged during the year (i.e. no stock was issued by the firm nor was any repurchased), and Comprehensive Income is equal to Net Income, we are able to conclude which of the following: A. Net Income for the year was negative B. No Dividends were declared and paid during the year C. Both A and B are true statements D. None of the above B. (4) _____ Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding materiality? A. An item which could potentially increase Earnings Per Share by $ 0.02 would be material if last year the firm reported Earnings Per Share of $ 2.86 and this year, prior to considering the item, Earnings Per Share would be $ 2.85. B. According to SAB # 99, any item that could impact Net Income by more than 1% is automatically considered material. C. Both statements A and B are true. D. None of the above statements is true. C. (4) Do you AGREE or DISAGREE with the following statement: “A firm using LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) and the financial capital maintenance approach to measure income would always report the same income that it would report if it measured income using the physical capital maintenance approach.” Circle either AGREE or DISAGREE , and BRIEFLY support your answer. D. (4) Cousin Fuji began business on January 1, 2021 with a Balance Sheet that listed 11
$ 400,000 of Cash and $ 400,000 of Shareholders’ Equity. During 2021, the following inventory related transactions took place: Produced 40,000 units of inventory @ a cost of $ 10 per unit Delivered 28,000 units of inventory to customers with a selling price of $ 15 per unit Collected $ 300,000 of cash related to 20,000 units of delivered inventory The above transactions were the only transactions for the firm, and the “year-end” Selling price of inventory is $ 15. If Cousin Fuji recognizes revenue at the Completion of Production, Total Assets on Cousin Fuji’s December 31, 2021 Balance Sheet will be $ ____________________ HIGHER THAN/ LOWER THAN/ THE SAME AS the Total Assets that he would report if he recognized revenue at the “Time of Delivery” ( Circle either Higher Than, Lower Than, or The Same As, and fill in the blank with the correct amount or zero.) E. (3) The following statement is TRUE / FALSE (circle one): “If a firm fails to file their audited financial statements with the SEC on a timely basis, some stock exchanges will “delist” that firm (i.e. the shares of the firm will no longer be allowed to trade on the exchange)” F. (3) The following statement is TRUE / FALSE (circle one): “Under Current (2023) US GAAP, an SEC Registrant is allowed to report “Comprehensive Income” on a distinct “Statement of Comprehensive Income”. G. (3) The following statement is TRUE / FALSE (circle one): “As part of their review process, the SEC reviews the audited financial statements of each ‘registrant”, and publishes a list of those entities that the SEC believes are not a “Going Concern”. SOLUTION TO ACCT 3610 – EXAM # 1 - FALL 2023 12
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Problem 1 A. The correct answer is A. Answer B is incorrect as US GAAP is targeted towards users with some familiarity with business and a willingness to invest time in understanding the financials. B. The correct answer is B. Answer A is incorrect as Accounting Standard Updates are issued by the FASB, rather than the SEC. Once rules have been promulgated, those rules are incorporated into the Accounting Standards Codification, and thus answer B is correct. C. DISAGREE with the statement While Olin Airlines is likely to have this information, disclosing might be considered as a revelation of proprietary information, which could potentially be used against Olin Airlines. D. The correct answer is “A”. Accountants estimate “Doubtful Accounts”, rather than waiting for resolution, so that the financial statements may be released on a timely (relevant) basis. Answer B is incorrect in that by reporting “conservative” numbers (e.g. potentially understating the value of intangibles for sake of objectivity), users of financial statements may not have the information they would like in order to make the decisions. E. DISAGREE with the statement. Historically, the United States has faced relatively low inflation, and thus the relative purchasing power of monetary units may be thought to be consistent over time, suggesting that there is no need to adjust financials for inflation. Problem 2 A. Since the terms of the transaction were Free on Board (FOB) Destination, the seller, Minnesota Mining Company, may not recognize revenue until the goods have been delivered. as the ship had not reached its destination as of December31, 2023, delivery has not yet occurred, and thus none of the revenue is recognized. B. The situation described is a “consignment” arrangement, in which Popular Publications is the consignor. In accordance with US GAAP, Popular Publications may not recognize revenue until the “risks of ownership” are transferred to their customer. In this case, that risk is transferred when the grocery stores purchase the magazines from Popular Publications. accordingly, Popular Publications may recognize $ 90,000 of revenue from magazines sold to the grocery stores in the month of December. C. This is a “Bill-and-Hold” arrangement. SAB # 101 indicates that when the seller of Merchandise requests a “bill-and-hold” arrangement, the seller may not recognize revenue Until the merchandise is delivered. Accordingly, no revenue may be recognized for the Year-ending December 31, 2023. D. The first accounting question to be addressed is whether the mainframe and the installation 13
are “separate units of account” that should be reported separately. While there is a “right of return” related to the mainframe prior to installation, the fact that the mainframe has standalone value, and that BigIron expects to install the mainframe and installation is under its control result in the first part of the transaction being eligible for revenue recognition. The mainframe plus installation would independently cost $ 640,000 (i.e. $ 600,000 + 40,000). Since the mainframe accounts for 93.75% of the total (i.e. $ 600,000 = 93.75% ) 600,000 + 40,000 a total of $ 581,250 (i.e. 93.75% x $ 620,000) of revenue may be recognized in 2023. E. Since the $ 36,000 payment from Delicious Foods to Grocery Chain was not made for an identifiable benefit distinct from the sale of merchandise from Delicious Foods to Grocery Chain, Delicious Foods should consider the payment a reduction of revenue. Presumably, this amount would be spread over the two-year life of the agreement, with a reduction of $ 18,000 of revenue being reflected each year. If the amount of merchandise purchased by Grocery Chain in 2023 was $ 540,000, a total of $ 522,000 of revenue would be recognized in 2023 (i.e. $ 540,000 – ($ 36,000 / 2 years). Problem 3 A. As of December 31, 2020, the project was 30% complete (equal to $ 90,000,000 / $ 90,000,000 of Costs Incurred Plus $ 210,000,000 of Expected Costs to Complete). Accordingly, Cumulative Revenue recorded through Dec. 31, 2020 would be $ 150,000,000 (i.e. 30% x $ 500,000,000), and since 2020 is the first year of the project, $ 150,000,000 of revenue would be recorded in 2020. B. The amount of revenue recorded in 2021 would be $ 200,000,000, calculated as: ( $ 252,000,000 x $ 500,000,000) - $ 150,000,000 = $ 200,000,000 $ 252,000,000 + 108,000,000 Costs of $ 162,000,000 (i.e. $ 252,000,000 – 90,000,000) were incurred during 2021, and would be recorded as expenses. Thus, “Gross Profit” of $ 38,000,000 (i.e. $ 200,000,000 less $ 162,000,000) would be recorded in 2021. Alternatively, the amount could also be calculated as the cumulative gross profit recognized through the end of 2021 less the cumulative gross profit recognized in 2020: {70% x ($ 500,000,000 – (252,000,000 + 108,000,000)}–{30% x ($ 500,000,000 – 300,000,000)} = 70% x (140,000,000) - 30% x (200,000,000) = $ 98,000,000 – 60,000,000 = $ 38,000,000 14
C. Under the “Percentage of Completion” Method, a liability would be recorded when “Billings to Date” exceed the amount of “Construction in Progress”. In this case, “Construction in Progress” is equal to “Cumulative Revenue”, and thus a liability is recorded on Dec. 31, 2020 (as $ 300,000,000 is greater than $ 150,000,000), and a liability is also recorded on Dec. 31, 2021 (as $400,000,000 is greater than $ 350,000,000) Thus, the correct answer is “ C . D. If Bedrock Construction had 10,000,000 common shares outstanding, they would have to increase Pre-Tax Income by $ 2,000,000 in order to meet their objective. Thus, gross profit in 2021 would have had to have been $ 40,000,000, relative to the $ 38,000,000 calculated in Part B. Revenue reported in 2020, and costs incurred in 2021 would not be changes as a result of this “revision of estimate”, so the amount at which the remaining costs would need to result in $ 202,000,000 of revenue (i.e. since costs incurred in 2021 were $ 162,000,000, revenue in 2021 would have to be $ 202,000,000 in order for 2021 gross profit to be equal to $ 40,000. ( $ 252,000,000 _ x $ 500,000,000) - $ 150,000,000 = $ 202,000,000 $ 252,000,000 + “Revised Remaining Costs $ 252,000,000 = $ 202,000,000 + 150,000,000 = 70.4% $ 252,000,000 + “Revised Remaining Costs” $ 500,000,000 $ 252,000,000 = .704 x ($ 252,000,000 + Revised Remaining Costs) .296 x $ 252,000,000 = .704 x Revised Remaining Costs .296 x $ 252,000,000 = Revised Remaining Costs = $ 105,954,545 .704 Thus, Bedrock would have to lower their estimate of remaining costs by a little over $ 2 Million in order to meet their earnings objective. Problem 4 15
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A. _____Supplies_____ Beg. Bal. $ ???? | 73,000 Amount used in 2022 2022 Purchases 68,000 | _________| __________ Ending Balance 26,000 | Thus, the January 1, 2022 Balance may be determined by solving the equation: Beginning Balance + $ 68,000 - 73,000 = $ 26,000 Beginning Balance = $ 26,000 + 73,000 - 68,000 = $ 31,000 B. Since the books are only closed once each year, the $ 208,000 of Wages Expense would represent one year of wages. Assuming employees earned the same wage each pay period, $ 208,000 of total wage expense divided by the wages earned in one pay period, $ 8,000, Would imply that there are 26 pay periods in a year (i.e. $ 208,000/$ 8,000 = 26). Thus, employees are presumably paid every two weeks. C. _____Unearned Revenue_____ | $ 360,000 Beg. Balance Revenue “Earned” in 2022 850,000 | ?????? Collected from Customers _________| __________ | $ 300,000 End. Balance The amount collected from customers would satisfy the equation: $ 360,000 + Collections - $ 850,000 = $ 300,000 Collections = $ 300,000 + 850,000 – 360,000 = $ 790,000 D. Retained Earnings would be increased by Net Income, and decreased by any dividends Related to 2022. Net Income would be calculated as: Sales Revenue $ 850,000 Less: Expenses: Cost of Goods Sold $ 450,000 Supplies Expense 73,000 Insurance Expense 12,000 Wage Expense 208,000 Total Expense $ 743,000 Net Income 107,000 Thus, the ending Retained Earnings Balance would be $ 231,000 , calculated as the Beginning Balance of $ 162,000 plus Net Income of $ 107,000 less Dividends of $ 38,000. In addition, please note that this answer presumes that “Purchase Discounts” is “closed” to the Inventory account. Problem 5 16
A. Given that Total Assets decreased by $ 20,000 and Total Liabilities increased by $ 10,000, the Balance Sheet Equation would imply that Total Equities decreased by $ 30,000. However, we are unable to conclude that either answer A or answer B is correct (for example, the firm could have had positive income of $ 15,000 and paid dividends of $ 45,000). Thus, the correct answer is “D” – none of the above. B. The correct answer is “A”. Any item which could reveal/mask a trend in EPS could be material, while answer “B” is not correct as the SEC does not have a quantitative threshold for materiality. C. DISAGREE with the statement. The LIFO Inventory Method is based on units of Inventory that were actually acquired, while the Physical Capital Maintenance approach is premised on the “replacement cost” of inventory, regardless of whether that inventory is replenished or not. In many cases, the numbers would be similar, but in the event a firm allowed the number of units of inventory to decline, the differences could be quite substantial. D. Under Completion of Production, all 40,000 units “produced” would be reflected at a value of $ 15 per unit (either in Cash, Accts. Receivable, or some other asset account), for a total of $ 600,000. If revenue was recognized at time of delivery, the 28,000 delivered units would be reflected at $ 15 each – either in Cash or Accounts Receivable) for a total of $ 420,000, and the 12,000 units not yet delivered would be reported at their production cost of $ 10 per unit, or $ 120,000, resulting in $ 540,000 of assets. Accordingly, if revenue was recognized at the Completion of Production. TOTAL ASSETS would be $ 60,000 HIGHER . E. The statement is TRUE. F. The statement is TRUE – Under Current (2023) US GAAP, Comprehensive Income must Be reported in either a separate statement, or a separate section added on to the Net Income Statement. G. The statement is FALSE . While the SEC periodically reviews some financial statements, the SEC does NOT evaluate which firms are/are not a “Going Concern”. ACCT 3610 – FALL 2023 17
EXAM 1 - DISTRIBUTION BY TOTAL Score Number >94.5 0 90-94.5 4 85-89.5 6 80-84.5 2 75.79.5 3 70-74.5 4 65-69.5 3 60-64.5 0 < 60 1 Mean 79.15 Std. Dev. 9.93 EXAM 1 - DISTRIBUTION BY QUESTION Question Average Possible 1 15.87 20 2 20.39 25 3 10.96 15 4 10.67 15 5 21.26 25 TOTAL 79.15 100 DISTRIBUTION BY MODULE (QUIZ 1, QUIZ 2, EXAM 1) Score Number >28.5 1 27-28.5 6 25.5-27 5 24-25.5 4 22.5-24 5 21-22.5 1 19.5-21 1 18-19.5 0 < 18 0 Mean 25.44 Std. Dev. 2.27 18
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