Human-Microbe Interactions

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Apr 3, 2024

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1) Explain how the human body could be considered 90% prokaryotic.  The bacteria cells are 10X greater the number of human cells Theses bacteria can be found in the gut, the mouth, and on the skin and are essential for human health and are part of the human microbiome. 2) How do bacteria enable a baby to extract nutrition from the mother's milk? (See the paper and be very specific about the enzymes involved).  Eukaryotic bacteria help the baby extract all the nutrients from the mother's milk. A major player in the extraction of nutrients is beta-galactosidase, which cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose. Another is alpha-fucosidase, cleaves fucosylated oligosaccharides, which is in human milk there is a myriad. Glycocalyx helps to protect cells from dehydration and nutrient loss. *Questions 3 - 7. Use supportive evidence from the assigned reading and at least one additional source per question. *3) How could the bacterial microbiome impact obesity?  The bacteria in the microbiome could impact the metabolism which in turn effects obesity. In the article I read it discussed phylum Firmicutes with obesity and the phylum Bacteroidetes with weight loss. One of the ways in which they affect host metabolism is by suppressing fasting-induced adipocyte factor. The article suggests that utilizing probiotics to correct the gut microbiota composition can help to manipulate the metabolism. Bacteroides–Prevotella is shown to lower weight and body fat. We can derive that obese individuals have a different composition of gut bacteria compared to lean individuals due to the composition of the microbiome. *4.) What is Clostridium difficile and why is a Clostridium difficile infection so difficult to treat?  The article I looked at discussed that Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium difficile could potentially be life threating and is associated with infective diarrhea. However, the knowledge behind this infective disorder. It does appear to be related to antibiotics. C. difficile lets out toxins that can harm the intestinal lining and trigger inflammation. The treatment that helps with Clostridium difficile is more antibiotics and possibly surgery. I found it odd that the treatment was more antibiotics. *5.) How can bacteria impact cardiac disease?  Some bacteria can produce TAMO that impacts cardiac disease, TAMO effects cholesterol. The TAMO triggers inflammation, TAMO is present in red meat. According

to the article TMAO can promote atherosclerosis by increasing cholesterol deposition in the arterial wall. *6) How might the bacterial microbiota affect type 2 diabetes?  The diet affects the microbiome effects the inflammation this is key to insulin which can impact type 2 diabetes. The microbiome can also impact glucose metabolism. *7) How can bacteria impact autoimmune diseases?  Again, bacteria and trigger inflammation in the gut, the article I choose state that autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis by inflammatory cytokines and activating autoreactive T cells. 8.) How does Vibrio fischeri control bioluminescence?  It controls bioluminescence through quorum sensing. The bacteria communicate with one another about density and behavior. The more cells involved the more of a glow 9.) Define pathogenicity and virulence.  Pathogenicity is the capability of microorganisims to cause disease  Virulence is the degree of pathogenicity 10). What are anti-quorum sensing molecules and what might they replace someday?  Anti- quorum sensing molecules are compounds that interfere with quorum sensing. This can help with bowel disorder treatments. Bibliography Million, M., Lagier, J. C., Yahav, D., & Paul, M. (2013). Gut bacterial microbiota and obesity. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 19(4), 305-313. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1469-0691.12172 Smits, W. K., Lyras, D., Lacy, D. B., Wilcox, M. H., & Kuijper, E. J. (2016). Clostridium difficile infection. Nature reviews Disease primers, 2(1), 1-20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5453186/ Jin, M., Qian, Z., Yin, J., Xu, W., & Zhou, X. (2019). The role of intestinal microbiota in cardiovascular disease. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, 23(4), 2343-2350.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcmm.14195 Allin, K. H., Nielsen, T., & Pedersen, O. (2015). Mechanisms in endocrinology: Gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. European journal of endocrinology, 172(4), R167-R177. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oluf-Pedersen/publication/ 268789281_Mechanisms_in_endocrinology_Gut_microbiota_in_patients_with_type_2_diabetes_mellit us/links/5a3bb079aca272774f9d5454/Mechanisms-in-endocrinology-Gut-microbiota-in-patients-with- type-2-diabetes-mellitus.pdf De Luca, F., & Shoenfeld, Y. (2019). The microbiome in autoimmune diseases. Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 195(1), 74-85. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/cei.13158 Bassler, Bonnie. "How bacteria talk." TedTalk. 2009. https://www.ted.com/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate

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