Week 2 Worksheet (2)

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Iowa State University *

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255L

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Biology

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Dec 6, 2023

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Week 2 Worksheet Fill out worksheet on your computer and upload to CANVAS before the due date **Lab instructors will award points based on a good-faith effort to fill out worksheet. They will NOT be grading for correctness. It is ultimately your responsibility to make sure your answers are correct so that this will be a useful study guide for your weekly test. Therefore, make sure you ask your instructor, undergrad TAs, and your peers for help when you need it. ** Cell Model—Name the labeled structures 1. m itochondria 2. nucleolus 3. Rough ER 4. plasma membrane 5. lysosome 6. Centrosome 7. Nuclear membrane 8. Nucleus and chromatin 9. cytoplasm 10. Smooth ER 11. microvilli 12. Secretory vesicles 13. Golgi apparatus Functions Organizes Microtubules: centrosomes Processes and tags cellular products for delivery to another organelle or for secretion: Golgi apparatus Breaks down and degrades unwanted materials: lysosomes Site of protein translation from mRNA (found in two locations): ribosomes and rough ER Boundary made of lipids, regulates entry and exit from cell, receives cellular communication: plasma membrane Site of cellular respiration: mitochondria Sit of membrane and lipid synthesis: smooth ER Where many proteins are synthesized: ribosomes- in cytoplasm and rough ER Place where most cellular metabolism occurs outside of organelles: cytoplasm Site of ribosome synthesis: nucleolus Contains DNA and where DNA is transcribed into RNA: nucleus Increases surface area of plasma membrane: microvilli Encloses nucleus, regulates passage of materials between cytoplasm and nucleus: nuclear envelope

There are 4 major types of tissue. What is the general function of each type? Epithelial – covers and lines structures Connective – binds, connects, and supports structures Muscle – contraction, moving structures Nervous – regulates and controls the body systems by receiving and transmitting signals Group A A1-3. These all have simple epithelial tissues . What does simple mean in this context? Single layer of cells Two distinctive characteristics of epithelial tissues are they are cellular and line structures . Slides A1-3 each have a good example of simple epithelial tissue – find it. Practically, how can you use those two characteristics to locate epithelial tissue on a slide (i.e., describe what you looked for)? Cellular- look and see if cells are close together, there should be no other materials Line structures- next to open spaces, either the lumen or outside of the organ Simple epithelial tissues are further classified by shape. They can be squamous , cuboidal , or columnar . For slides A1-3, list which subtype of simple epithelial tissue it contains. Briefly describe the cells seen in each subtype and how they are differentiated from the other subtypes. A1 – simple columnar epithelium, rectangle-shaped cells, has a round nucleus, taller than squamous or cuboidal A2 – simple squamous epithelium, thin, cuboidal and columnar are taller A3 – simple cuboidal epithelium- square-shaped cell with a round nucleus A4-6. These are all either pseudostratified or stratified epithelial tissues . What does stratified mean in this context? Contains more the one layer of cells

Look at slides A4-6 and find the epithelial tissue using the same characteristics you used to find the simple epithelial tissues. For each tissue listed below, fill in the number of the slide you found it on and answer the questions associated with it. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium on slide: _ A4_____ Why is it called pseudostratified? It looks like it has more than one layer, but the cells are all connected to the basal surface, therefore there is only one layer of cells. What are cilia? Where are they located on the columnar epithelial cells? What is their function? Projections of the plasma membrane, helps move substances across the apical surface Stratified squamous epithelium on slide: _ A6____ Estimate the number of layers in the stratified squamous epithelium you see: _ varies around cell, many layers 5 or more___ Describe how the shape of the cells change from the basal layer to the apical layer: Basal layer- cuboidal or columnar Apical layer- squamous What is the “squamous” part of the classification based on? What cells look like at the apical surface Do you see any epithelial cells that have detached from the apical layer and are now in the lumen? What does this tell you about the function of this tissue? Yes, the tissue shed cells from the apical layer and replaces cells coming up from the basal layer, this protects the cell from abrasion and allows renewal of tissues. Transitional epithelium on slide: _ A5____ Estimate the number of layers in the transitional epithelium you see: _not as many as stratified squamous epithelium, 3-6 estimated___ Describe how the shape of the cells change from the basal layer to the apical layer: Similar shape from the basal to the apical layer What ability does this tissue have that the name “transitional” refers to? Cells can change shape, this allows tissue to stretch Do you see any epithelial cells that have detached from the apical layer and are now in the lumen? What does this tell you about the function of this tissue?

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No, there are no cells dethatched from the apical layer. The tissue is functioning well, if there were detached cells this would mean something is wrong.

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