02 Lab 2 Seedling emergence, study of fruits and domestication WQ2024 (1)

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Objectives The life cycle of a flowering plant includes seed germination, vegetative growth, and reproductive growth phases (that include flower initiation, formation of gametes, pollination, fertilization, seed and fruit maturation and distribution). In Lab 1, you have become acquainted with plant parts and seed structure (monocots and dicots), in this lab we think about some aspects of the reproductive cycle of a plant (the anatomy of reproductive structures and fruit development); we will think about seed germination and emergence (which occurs after seed distribution) and discuss the domestication of plants by humans – taking corn ( Zea mays ) as our example. Lab 2 assignment check list: Exercise 1 Seedling emergence. Look at the pea and bean seeds you sowed last week and answer the questions on this schedule. Exercise 2 Anatomy (internal structure) of the roots and stems of monocots and dicots. Answer a question and label 5 tissues on the leaf transvers section. Exercise 3 Study of flowers and flower parts – fill in the table to show that you have identifies epi-, peri- and hypogynous flowers and label the flower parts of one drawing. Exercise 4 Study of fruits. Look at the fruits provided and answer the questions on this schedule. Exercise 5 Corn domestication Answer the questions on this schedule. Exercise 6 Weekly treatment of your tomatoes – as set up in Lab 1 exercise 4 “Tomato pollination and fruit development with and without fertilization .” Last week you set up four tomato plants and treated them; your treatments were 1) artificial pollination to be irrigated with fertilized water 2) artificially pollinated to be grown in deionized water 3) no artificial pollination and fertilized and 4) no artificial pollination in deionized water (not fertilized). This week you need to find your two plants and repeat the artificial pollination - by vibrating the stem of all flowers on all inflorescences on both plants with the electric toothbrush. You will do this today and then also for the next two weeks. Have a look at the other two plants in your set of treatment combinations and note how they are doing, but be careful not to 8 PLS002 LAB 02 Seedling emergence, root & stem anatomy, flower structure, fruit and the domestication of plants.

knock or shake the control plants as we are trying to minimize pollination by any vibrations. You will record the number and weight of fruit on your plants at the end of this experiment and we will share to class data. You will use the class data for Assignment 8 due in on Feb 28. Exercise 7 Weekly measurement of the cucumber plant which you set up in Lab 1 exercise 5. You need to find you plant, to check and measure the height growth of your cucumbers – keep your data safely ready to upload to a shared drive. Over the next few weeks you will also need to remove any side shoots developing from axillary buds. Make sure to ask one of the PLS002 teaching team to show you which buds to remove - as it is easy to remove fruit buds by mistake! You also need to tie up your main shoot. Here also we will share the class height and fruit production data at the end of the Quarter and you will use the Class data to write up assignment 10 due in on March 13. 8

Use of microscopes For your own safety and to minimize damage to the microscopes and slides read the instructions for use of microscopes which are provided as a separate document in the Lab schedules & reading folder (in the Files area of our class Canvas page). Key points are; 1) Always start with the lowest power objective lens and 2) Once your eye is on the eyepiece of the microscope the coarse adjustment knobs are only turned in a direction which moves the glass slide away from the objective lens - you are unable to see as they approach if you turn the knob the wrong way and this is how slides are broken. Exercise 1: Types of seedling emergence Examine the seeds that were planted last week (common or fava bean and pea). Identify the two type of germination which we have discussed in lectures - hypo- or epi-geal, and answer the questions below. 1. What is the first emerging structure from a seed and why is this structure first? 2. What is a coleoptile? 3. Initially where does the emerging seedling get its energy from? After it has developed for a while we might say it has become independent of the seed because its energy comes from a new source – what is that? Exercise 2: Anatomy of stems, roots and leaves of dicots and monocots Some prepared specimens of stems, roots and leaves are available for observation under the microscope: 1) Monocot mature root - Zea mays (corn), root cross section 2) Dicot mature root – Ranunculus (buttercup), root cross section 3) Monocot mature stem - Zea mays (corn), mature stem cross section 4) Dicot mature stem - Medicago , mature stem cross section 5) Leaf cross section (transverse section) Examine each slide under the microscope and make sure you understand which cells make up the epidermis, xylem, vascular meristem and phloem tissues. On the root transverse sections also make sure you know where the endodermis is. Answer the question: What is the functional significance of the endodermis with its 8

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casparian strips? 8

Monocot root Dicot root 8

Name / student ID Date: PLS02 FQ2022 – Lab 02 6 Monocot stem: Dicot (young) stem: Leaf TS: On the leaf transverse section below make sure you label the upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, vascular bundle, spongy mesophyll, substomatal air space, lower epidermis and stomata.

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Name / student ID Date: PLS02 FQ2022 – Lab 02 7 Exercise 3: Study of flowers and flower parts Examine all the flowers that are on the bench in front of you. Identify epi-, peri-, and hypogynous flowers and fill in the table below: Type of flower One example - fill in one plant species name for each type of flower epigynous perigynous hypogynous Label the flower parts below (stigma, style, ovary, ovule, anther, filament, petal and sepal) :

Name / student ID Date: PLS02 FQ2022 – Lab 02 8 Exercise 4: Study of fruits Fruits develop from the ovary and assessor flower parts. We have already talked about fleshy and fruits in Lecture 4. Fruits are split into 1) simple , 2) aggregate and 3) multiple . Simple fruits develop from a single ovary (or sometimes from the whole carpel) aggregate fruits develop from more than one ovary of one flower and multiple fruits develop from a cluster of flowers (which we call an inflorescence). There is a fourth type of fleshy fruit which is developed from a part of the flower other than the ovary or ovaries which is called 4) an accessory fruit – we saw the apple in our lecture which develops from the receptacle and hypanthium. Another example is the strawberry where the receptacle becomes fleshy. The strawberry is also an aggregate fruit. (So it is an fleshy, aggregate and accessory fruit!). We also learnt that some fleshy fruits have special names which are based on which part of the ovary wall becomes hard/stony or fleshy. In drupes the endocarp is stony (stone fruit), in berries all three ovary wall layers are soft or fleshy, in the pepo the exocarp is leathery and the hesperidium has a flavedo (or rind) from the exocarp and an albedo developed from the mesocarp. It is also important that in botany the nuts, grains and pods produced by many plants are also derived from the ovary (and embryo inside it) and accessory flower parts, but are dry rather than fleshy. Dry fruits can be dehiscent (the fruit splits open when ripe – from the Latin word meaning to split) or indehiscent (the fruit does not split open). Furthermore, in the most “advanced” flowering plants – the monocots – the ovary wall has become fused with the seed coat to make a fruit called a caryopsis ( or grain ). The caryopsis is very “seed-like” as in corn. Examine and classify the fruits on the bench in front of you (refer to the lecture slides if necessary) - identify each type of fruit (see diagrams on next page to help you) and fill in the table below: Type of fruit One example - fill in one common name for each of the nine fruit types Fleshy fruits: ------------- simple fleshy fruit - drupe simple fleshy fruit - berry simple fleshy fruit - pepo simple fleshy fruit - hesperidium Aggregate fleshy fruit Multiple fleshy fruit Accessory fleshy fruit Dry fruits: ------------ simple dry & indehiscent simple dry & dehiscent Dry - caryopsis

Name / student ID Date: PLS02 FQ2022 – Lab 02 9

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Name / student ID Date: PLS02 FQ2022 – Lab 02 1 0 Exercise 5: Domestication of corn Before the lab read the New York Times article that is posted on Canvas (L03 lab – reading), or read it now if you did not read it in preparation for today. Observe the different items on display on the bench from teosinte and more modern corn. 1. Can you notice some important differences between the ancestral and domesticated version of corn? List a few of these characteristics. 2. Give a short definition of the term landrace 3. Define the words: genotype and phenotype.

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