Assessment 1

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The University of Nairobi *

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106

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Biology

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Nov 24, 2024

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Assessment 1: Description of Endemic, Epidemic, and Pandemic Name Institution Course and Code Instructor Date

An endemic is a disease that is always prevalent in a population that lives in a particular area. These areas contain microorganisms that spread the disease to humans. An example is malaria which is present in almost all regions of the world, including Africa, the Middle East, Latin America, and Asia (Kellam & Barclay, 2020). An epidemic is a sudden disease outbreak that spreads widely and simultaneously affects many people in a given area or nation. The most common causes are altered host susceptibility to the infectious agent or increased virulence of the infectious agent. Take influenza, which typically occurs in the winter, or whooping cough, which typically occurs in the spring. They can be transmitted via contact, biological transmission, or airborne transmission. A pandemic is a disease outbreak that has spread across many countries and continents and usually influences many people. It spreads across the globe and is mostly caused by new infectious agents like bacteria and viruses that spread quickly. An example is the COVID-19 pandemic caused by a virus called the coronavirus. Describe a current epidemic. A current epidemic is an influenza. It is caused by a virus that brings respiratory illness. It is highly contagious and spreads through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person. Adults can spread the virus two days before the symptoms are evident up to seven days from the day they got ill. An influenza epidemic can go on for several weeks if many populations is affected by the flu. Some of the symptoms of influenza may include Headache, Fever, Fatigue, Aching joints and limbs, Nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting (Kellam & Barclay, 2020). In most cases, influenza is not serious, but it can lead to complications in elderly people, infants, people with diabetes, kidney disease, chest problems, and cancer patients.

Prevention types To control the epidemic, prevention measures can be put into place. The primary prevention method for influenza is the Influenza vaccination. Vaccination is associated with decreasing influenza-related respiratory illnesses. People who are recommended for vaccination are those people above 65 years and those with chronic medical conditions, also infants, and those at a higher risk of contracting the disease (Kellam & Barclay, 2020). Secondary prevention involves chemoprophylaxis to treat those patients who are asymptomatic and who have risk factors but whose condition is not clinically present. Cost, compliance, and potential side effects are weighed against the timing and duration of antiviral drugs for chemoprophylaxis (Rodrigues & Plotkin, 2020). The tertiary prevention is antipyretics and adequate hydration. For individuals, antiviral pharmacotherapy should be started within 48 hours of symptoms with presumptive etiologic agent-based agent selection majority being type A, comorbid conditions, cognitive status, for example, ability to use the inhaler, and medication availability (Rodrigues & Plotkin, 2020). References Kellam, P., & Barclay, W. S. (2020). The dynamics of humoral immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection and the potential for reinfection. Journal of General Virology , 101 (8), 791–797. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001439 Rodrigues, C. M., & Plotkin, S. A. (2020). Impact of Vaccines; Health, Economic and Social Perspectives. Frontiers in Microbiology , 11 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01526

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