Unit 4 Assignment

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SC235: Human Biology Unit 4 Assignment: The Complexity of Human Organs Name: Travis Anthony Please address each question and submit the completed worksheet to the Unit 4 Assignment Dropbox when completed. Part I: Hierarchy of Human Organization and Cell Theory: Review the hierarchy of human organization in the textbook and then click on the blank to type the missing word in the definition. 1. A(n) Molecule is a combination of atoms bonded together. 2. A(n) organelle is a component or “little organ” within a cell that carries ouWt a specific function. 3. The cell is the smallest unit of life 4. A(n) tissue is a group of cells that work together to serve a specific function. 5. A(n) organ is a group of tissues that work together to serve a specific function 6. A(n) organ system is a group of organs working together to serve a specific function. 7. A(n) organism is an individual form of life composed of many cells, organs and tissues. 8. The celltheory states that a cell is the smallest unit of life; cells make up all living things, and new cells can only arise from pre-existing cells. 9. Bacterial cells are classified as prokaryotes. Human cells are animal cells and are classified as eukaryotes because they have a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Part II: Organelles: Fill in the blank with the name of the correct organelle 1. Cell Membrane Regulates movement of materials in and out of the cell 2. Cytoplasm The material surrounding the nucleus 3. Lysosome Digests substances brought into the cell and destroys parts of the cell 4. Mitochondrion Provides cell with energy through the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration 5. Nucleus Contains DNA and controls cellular activity 6. Nucleolus Produces components of ribosomes (RNA and proteins) 7. Ribosome Site where protein synthesis begins 8. Rough ER Studded with ribosomes and produces membrane 9. Smooth ER Detoxifies drugs and produces membranes 10. Gogli Apparatus Sorts, modifies and packages proteins

Part III: Tissues & Organs 1. Complete the table below by listing the four specific tissue types found within the human body and describing the major function(s) of each tissue. Tissue Type Function 1. Epithelial ● Covers the body surfaces, lines cavities and forms glands 2. Connective ● Supports, connects or separates different types of tissues and organs 3.Muscle ● Produces movement in the body 4.Nervous ● Controls body activities by transmitting signals through the body 2. Select one of the following organs and then address the following questions based on your selected organ.:  Heart  Skin  Lung  Liver  Kidne y  Stomach a. Identify at least three tissue types found within your selected organ. i. Epithelial ii. Connective iii. Nervous b. List and describe at least three cell types found within your selected organ. Your description should address whether these cell types have any special structures (e.g. , presence of microvilli and/or abundance of particular organelle such as mitochondria) and ho w they contribute to the overall function of the selected organ. i. Cell 1: Hepatocytes are the main functional cells of the liver, characterized by abundant mitochondria and smooth ER. Hepatocytes make proteins, break down toxins, and store essential nutrients. They have a lot of energy-producing structures (mitochondria) and parts for detoxification (smooth endoplasmic reticulum). ii. Cell 2: Kupffer cells are special immune cells found in the liver's blood vessels. Kupffer cells help remove harmful substances and germs from the blood. They have tiny hair like structures called microvilli, that help them do this job effectively.

iii. Cell 3: Cholangiocytes cells line the bile ducts inside the liver. They help control the fluid and chemical balance of bile, which is important for digestion and waste removal. Part IV: Importance of Cell Diversity: Consider the tissues and cells that make up your selected organ. 1. What might happen if the selected organ was made of a different tissue type? Answer here: If the liver were made of muscle tissue instead of its usual mix of tissues, it wouldn't be able to do its job. Muscle tissue is for moving, not for the liver's work of processing food, cleaning out bad things, and defending against germs. So, the liver wouldn't process food right, it wouldn't clean out bad stuff, and it wouldn't protect against sickness. It could make the body very sick and maybe even cause the liver to stop working. 2. What if it was made of only one type of cell? Answer here: If the liver had only one kind of cell, it couldn't keep things steady. Hepatocytes alone wouldn't be good at cleaning out toxins, controlling bile flow, or keeping the immune system going in the liver. The liver needs all these types of cells to work right. Without them, the liver would struggle to do its job well. 3. Why is cell diversity important? How would homeostasis be compromised if this happened? Answer here: Having different types of cells in the liver and other organs, makes sure all the jobs get done right. Hepatocytes handle food work and cleaning out toxins, Kupffer cells get rid of bad stuff, and cholangiocytes cells control how bile flows. Each type of cell does a special job that helps the liver stay balanced inside which is called homeostasis. If there were only one type of cell, important jobs wouldn't get done well. Toxins might build up, the immune system might weaken, and the liver wouldn't work right. That's why having different types of cells is important for the liver to stay healthy and do all its important jobs well. References : Goodenough, J., & McGuire, B. A. (2016). Biology of Humans (6th ed.). Pearson Education (US). https://purdueuniversityglobal.vitalsource.com/books/9780134312996 Vickaryous, M. K., & Hall, B. K. (2006). Human cell type diversity, evolution, development, and classification with special reference to cells derived from the neural crest. Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society , 81 (3), 425–455. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793106007068

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