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What lies in the center of the galaxy? a. a void, like the eye of a hurricane b. the oldest stars in the galaxy c. a supermassive black hole d. the home world of our galactic empire c. a supermassive black hole Which of the following statements about the solar system are correct? a. It formed 4.6 billion years ago. b. At least one of the giant planets are formed of rock and metal like terrestrial planets. c. The orbits of the major planets range from circular to highly elliptical. d. All of the above are true. a. It formed 4.6 billion years ago. About what percentage of the Solar System's mass is contained in the Sun? a. 50% b. 70% c. 85% d. 99.9% d. 99.9% Which of the statements is true? a. An astronomical unit (AU) is the distance from the Earth to the sun. b. Jupiter is about 5 AU from the Sun. c. With a few exceptions, the farther a planet or belt is from the Sun, the larger the distance between its orbit and the orbit of the next nearer object to the sun. d. All of the above d. All of the above What is a terrestrial planet? a. A planet composed mainly of hydrogen and helium gas. b. A planet composed mainly of ices. c. A planet composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals. d. A planet that has not cleared its orbit of other objects. c. A planet composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals. What is a gas giant? a. A planet composed mainly of hydrogen and helium gas. b. A planet composed mainly of ices. c. A planet composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals. d. A planet that has not cleared its orbit of other objects. a. A planet composed mainly of hydrogen and helium gas. In planetary science, what does the term ice refer to? a. Compounds with hydrogen

b. Volatile chemical compounds with freezing points above 100k, such as water, ammonia or methane. c. Any compound below its freezing temperatures d. Compounds that are transparent to visible light. b. Volatile chemical compounds with freezing points above 100k, such as water, ammonia or methane. Which of the following is not a true statement about the asteroid belt? a. The asteroid belt occupies the orbit between Mars and Jupiter. b. It formed from the breakup of a planet. c. The total mass of the asteroid belt is unlikely to be more than a thousandth of that of the Earth. d. All of the above is true. b. It formed from the breakup of a planet. Which of the following is not a true statement about the Kuiper Belt? a. The Kuiper belt is a great ring of debris similar to the asteroid belt but consisting mainly of objects composed primarily of ice. b. It extends between 30 and 50 AU from the sun(beyond Neptune's orbit) c. The total mass of the Kuiper belt is thought to be greater than that of Earth. d. All the above are true. c. The total mass of the Kuiper belt is thought to be greater than that of Earth. What is a hydrogen ion? a. A hydrogen atom that has lost or gained an electron. b. A hydrogen atom combined with another hydrogen atom. c. A hydrogen atom without a proton. d. A hydrogen atom with two protons. a. A hydrogen atom that has lost or gained an electron. Heat and Light from our Sun is caused by the fusion of hydrogen into what element? a. Helium b. Carbon c. Oxygen d. Nitrogen a. Helium What will happen to the Sun after it runs out of Hydrogen? a. It will explode as a supernova. b. It will contract into a black hole. c. It will turn into a red giant and grow so large that it will engulf Mercury, Venus, and probably Earth. d. It will maintain its size but slowly cool down over a billion of years. c. It will turn into a red giant and grow so large that it will engulf Mercury, Venus, and probably Earth.

What is a planetary nebula? a. A nebula where planets are formed. b. A nebula consisting of an expanding, growing shell of ionized gas ejected from a red giant stars late in their lives. c. The remnant of a supernova. d. A nebula the size of a gas giant. b. A nebula consisting of an expanding, growing shell of ionized gas ejected from a red giant stars late in their lives. Which of the following is not a fate of a massive stars when it runs out of fuel? a. Its core will collapse to become a neutron star or black hole. b. It will explode as a supernova. c. It will become a planetary nebula. d. Massive stars are destined for all the above. c. It will become a planetary nebula. What is the heaviest element that can be fused in the core of the massive star? a. Neon b. Silicon c. Oxygen d. Iron d. Iron What statement about supernovae is true? a. They can occur due to sudden gravitational collapse of a massive star's core. b. Supernovae can expel several solar masses of material at speeds up to several percent of the speed of light. c. Supernovae are a major source of elements in the interstellar medium from oxygen to rubidium. d. All the above. d. All the above. What is a molecular cloud? a. An interstellar cloud made of molecular hydrogen where stars are born. b. An interstellar cloud made of hydrogen ions that glow brightly. c. An interstellar cloud made of recent supernova remnants. d. An interstellar cloud made of iron and silicon that condense into planets. a. An interstellar cloud made of molecular hydrogen where stars are born. Which of the following statements are true? a. According to the nebular theory, stars form in massive and dense clouds of molecular hydrogen called giant molecular clouds. b. The nebular hypothesis suggest that the Solar System formed from gas and dust orbiting the Sun.

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c. A sun-like star usually takes approximately 1 million years to form with the protoplanetary disk evolving into a planetary system over the next 10-100 million years. d. All the above. d. All the above. Which of the following parameters does not influence the force of gravity between two objects? a. The mass of the objects b. The distance between the objects c. The diameters of the objects d. The gravitational constant c. The diameters of the objects Which of the following is a consequence of the conservation of angular momentum? a. If the size of an object is reduced(mass stays the same), the rotational velocity must increase. b. If the size of an object is reduced(mass stays the same), the rotational velocity must decrease. c. If the size of an object is reduced(mass stays the same), the rotational velocity must remain the same. a. If the size of an object is reduced(mass stays the same), the rotational velocity must increase. What does the nebular hypothesis suggest? a. That the Solar System formed from gas and dust orbiting the Sun. b. That the planets formed at the same time as the Sun. c. That the planets formed before the Sun. d. That the planets formed before the solar nebula flattened into a disc. a. That the Solar System formed from gas and dust orbiting the Sun. Which of the following statements describes stages in the evolution of this disc? a. Initially very hot, the disc later cools enabling the formation of small dust grains made of rocks and ice. b. Rock and ice grains eventually coagulate(accrete) into km-sized planetesimals. c. If the disc is massive enough, runaway accretions result in the rapid-100,000 to 300,000 years-formation of Moon-sized to Mars sized planetary embryos. d. All the above are stages in the evolution of a protoplanetary disc. d. All the above are stages in the evolution of a protoplanetary disc. In Astrophysics, what is accretion? a. The melting of clumps of cosmic dust. b. The breaking down of astronomical bodies through collisions. c. The accumulation of particles into a massive object by gravitationally attracting more matter. d. The process of a star spitting out material to form planets.

c. The accumulation of particles into a massive object by gravitationally attracting more matter. What is a chondrule? a. An astronomical body orbiting that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity. b. A small Solar System body- such as asteroids and comets- which are left over from the formation process. c. A large planetary embryo that originated within a protoplanetary disc and has undergone internal melting to produce a differentiated interior. d. A round grain formed as a molten droplet in space before being accreted to their parent asteroid. d. A round grain formed as a molten droplet in space before being accreted to their parent asteroid. What do scientists use the term 'planetesimal' as a general term for? a. An astronomical body orbiting a star that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity. b. A small Solar System body- such as asteroids and comets- which are left over from the formation process. c. A large planetary embryo that originated within a protoplanetary disc and has undergone internal melting to produce a differentiated interior. d. A round grain formed as a molten droplet in space before being accreted to their parent asteroid. b. A small Solar System body- such as asteroids and comets- which are left over from the formation process. What is a protoplanet? a. An astronomical body orbiting a star that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity. b. A small Solar System body- such as asteroids and comets- which are left over from the formation process. c. A large planetary embryo that originated within a protoplanetary disc and has undergone internal melting to produce a differentiated interior. d. A round grain formed as a molten droplet in space before being accreted to their parent asteroid. c. A large planetary embryo that originated within a protoplanetary disc and has undergone internal melting to produce a differentiated interior. Which of the following is part of the definition of a planet? a. An astronomical body orbiting a star that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity. b. A small Solar System body- such as asteroids and comets- which are left over from the formation process.

c. A large planetary embryo that originated within a protoplanetary disc and has undergone internal melting to produce a differentiated interior. d. A round grain formed as a molten droplet in space before being accreted to their parent asteroid. a. An astronomical body orbiting a star that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity. What is a chondrite? a. An asteroid that contains an abundance of carbon. b. A meteorite that does not contain chondrules and has been differentiated due to melting within its parent body. c. A meteorite that has not been modified by either melting or differentiation of the parent body. d. An asteroid that orbits outside the asteroid belt. c. A meteorite that has not been modified by either melting or differentiation of the parent body. What is an achondrite? a. An asteroid that contains an abundance of carbon. b. A meteorite that does not contain chondrules and has been differentiated due to melting within its parent body. c. A stony meteorite that has not been modified by either melting or differentiation of the parent body. d. An asteroid that orbits outside the asteroid belt. b. A meteorite that does not contain chondrules and has been differentiated due to melting within its parent body. What is a Martian meteorite? a. A meteorite observed on the surface of Mars by a rover. b. A meteorite that has reddish color like the surface of Mars. c. An asteroid that orbits Mars. d. A rock that formed on Mars, was ejected from the planet by an impact event, and traversed interplanetary space before landing on Earth as a meteorite. d. A rock that formed on Mars, was ejected from the planet by an impact event, and traversed interplanetary space before landing on Earth as a meteorite. What is planetary differentiation? a. The process of separating out the different components within a planetary body as a consequence of their physical or chemical behavior( ex: density). b. Various processes by which magmas undergo bulk chemical change during the partial melting process. c. The process by which asteroid orbits sort themselves by size. d. The process by which terrestrial planets form closer to the Sun and gas giants form farther away.

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a. The process of separating out the different components within a planetary body as a consequence of their physical or chemical behavior( ex: density). From where do iron meteorites originate? a. From meteorites where the outer stone layers were burned off while passing through the atmosphere. b. From cores of differentiated planetesimals. c. From asteroids that formed as pure iron asteroids because of their proximity to the Sun. d. From fragments of meteorites that contained both rock and iron that broke up upon hitting the ground. b. From cores of differentiated planetesimals. What is so unusual about Mercury's core? a. It is not made of iron. b. It is the only core in the Solar System that does not generate a magnetic field. c. Mercury does not have a core. d. The percent of Mercury's total volume attributed to its core is more than three times the percent of Earth's core to its total volume. d. The percent of Mercury's total volume attributed to its core is more than three times the percent of Earth's core to its total volume. Which of the following is a characteristic of a volatile compound? a. It has a low boiling point ( low temperature). b. It has a high boiling point ( high temperature). a. It has a low boiling point ( low temperature). Which of the following is a characteristic of a refractory compound? a. It has a low boiling point( low temperature). b. It has a high boiling point(high temperature). b. It has a high boiling point(high temperature). What is the frost line(also known as the ice or snow line)? a. It is the latitude on a planet in which permanent ice(like an ice cap) can persist year-round. b. It is the depth below a planet surface in which permafrost can persist year-round. c. The particular distance in the solar nebula from the star where it is cold enough for volatile compounds such as water, ammonia, methane, and carbon dioxide to condense into solid ice grains. d. The particular distance in the solar nebula from the star where it is hot enough for volatile compounds such as water, ammonia, methane, and carbon dioxide to boil and become a vapor. c. The particular distance in the solar nebula from the star where it is cold enough for volatile compounds such as water, ammonia, methane, and carbon dioxide to condense into solid ice grains.

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