Tiger Invitational 2020 Astronomy
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School
Indiana University, Bloomington *
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Course
MISC
Subject
Astronomy
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
Pages
9
Uploaded by BarristerAtom8805
Science
Olympiad
Astronomy
C
Division
Event
Northwestern
Lehigh
Tiger
Invitational
Northwestern
Lehigh
High
School,
PA
February
8,
2020
Team
Number:
Team
Name:
Team
Members
:
Instructions:
1)
Please
turn
in
all
materials
at
the
end
of
the
event.
2)
Do
not
forget
to
put
your
team
name
and
team
number
at
the
top
of
all
answer
pages.
3)
Write
all
answers
on
the
lines
on
the
answer
pages.
Any
marks
elsewhere
will
not
be
scored.
4)
Do
not
worry
about
significant
figures.
Use
3
or
more
in
your
answers,
regardless
of
how
many
are
in
the
question.
5)
Please
do
not
access
the
internet
during
the
event.
If
you
do
so,
your
team
will
be
disqualified.
6)
Feel
free
to
take
apart
the
test
and
staple
it
back
together
at
the
end!
7)
Good
luck!
And
may
the
stars
be
with
you!
Section
A
(1
point
each)
8.
In
general
relativity,
the
approximate
deflection
an-
gle
of
a
photon
(in
radians)
is
given
in
image
11.
ich
i
icts
th
burst
GRB
Which
image
depicts
the
gamma
ray
burs
If
a
photon
from
Icarus
is
deflected
by
an
angle
of
150101B7
:
:
-
.01
radians,
and
the
lensing
object
has
mass
3
solar
A.
Image
3
masses
(one
solar
mass
is
2
x
10%°
kg),
how
close
B.
Image
5
did
the
photon
pass
by
the
lensing
object?
C.
Image
9
.
A.
1.7
million
meters
D.
Image
6
B.
34
million
meters
What
is
thought
to
have
produced
the
gamma
C.
170
million
meters
rays?
D.
3.4
billion
meters
A.
The
big
bang
9.
Which
image
depicts
H2356-3097
B.
An
active
galactic
nucleus
with
an
outburst-
8¢
dep
:
ing
quasar
A.
Image
5
C.
Merger
of
two
black
holes
B.
Image
3
D.
Merger
of
two
neutron
stars
C.
Image
2
D.
Image
1
3
What
important
gravitational
wave
observation
is
this
similar
to?
1.0.
What
is
the
WHIM?
A,
QW228026
A.
A
sparse
plasma
that
spans
the
space
be-
B.
GW160420
tween
galaxie.s
C.
GW170817
B.
g‘;:;
Iil:/llfé
(I)r;nus
the
component
due
to
vir-
D.
GW151226
C.
The
soup
of
primordial
black
holes
through-
4
The
gamma
rays
are
said
to
be
“collimated”;
what
out
the
universe
does
collimated
mean?
D.
A
hypothetical
dark
energy
candidate
A.
In
phase
with
each
other
11.
How
is
the
WHIM
different
from
dark
matter?
B.
Being
made
of
baryonic
particles
A.
Emission
from
the
WHIM
is
not
directly
ob-
C.
Having
the
same
frequency
servable,
while
emission
from
dark
matter
is
D.
Travelling
in
the
same
direction
(non-
B.
The
WHIM
is
a
specific
type
of
dark
matter
isotropic)
C.
The
WHIM
drives
the
expansion
of
the
uni-
verse,
while
dark
matter
influences
matter
5.
Which
image
depicts
MACS
J1149
Lensed
Star
1,
gravitationally
also
known
as
Icarus?
D.
The
WHIM
is
baryonic,
while
dark
matter
A.
Image
5
18
Hot
B.
Image
7
12.
What
percentage
of
the
mass-energy
content
of
the
C.
Image
6
universe
is
thought
to
be
accounted
for
by
the
WHIM?
D.
Image
3
A.
0.1%
6.
Gravitational
lensing
causes
the
apparent
lumi-
B.
2.5%
nosity
of
the
star
to
be
magnified
by
a
factor
of
1,440,000.
What
is
the
corresponding
decrease
in
C.
10%
apparent
magnitude?
D.
25%
A.
24
B.
154
C.
215
13.
Which
image
depicts
the
quasar
3C
2737
D.
24.0
A.
Image
4
-
'
-
B.
Image
10
7_
you
could
violate
relativity
and
instantly
tele-
C.
Tmage
5
port
to
the
star’s
current
location,
what
would
you
likely
see?
Hint:
Icarus
is
located
about
9
billion
D.
Image
8
lightyears
away.
A.
A
white
dwarf
B.
A
black
hole
or
neutron
star
C.
A blue
supergiant
D.
A
type
O
star
2
14.
In
which
constellation
is
3C
373
located?
A.
Virgo
'
B.
Bootes
C.
Orion
D.
Draco
A.
B.
20.
Why
is
starburst
occurring
in
the
arms?
The
quasar
in
the
AGN
emits
polar
jets
which
excite
gas
in
the
arms
to
collapse.
Since
A
>
0
in
the
Friedmann
equation,
dark
energy
causes
matter
to
gravitationally
col-
15.
If
you
wuse
Hubble’s
law
(with
Hy
70kms~!
Mpc™!),
what
is
the
distance
to
the
quasar?
The
redshift
is
0.158,
and
you
may
assume
lape.
gas
in
the
arms.
Tidal
forces
due
to
the
merger
compresses
16.
that
the
hubble
parameter
is
constant
(H(t)
=
Hy)
during
the
travel
time
of
the
photons.
A.
680
Mpc
B.
750
Mpc
C.
830
Mpc
D.
980
Mpc
A
proton
in
the
quasar
jet
is
ejected
at
99.9999%
the
speed
of
light.
Which
is
true
about
the
travel
time
A.
B.
C.
D.
of
the
proton?
It
is
equal
to
the
travel
distance/speed
for
all
observers
The
proton
experiences
a
shorter
journey
than
the
duration
we
measure
on
earth
The
proton
experiences
a
longer
journey
than
the
duration
we
measure
on
earth
None
of
the
above
Refer
to
image
15
for
the
next
four
questions.
17.
Which
DSO
is
shown
in
the
picture
above?
A.
Bullet
Cluster
B.
M87
C.
NGC
2623
D.
152156.484-520238.5
18.
What
is
another
name
for
this
DSO?
A.
Arp
243
B.
Warm
Hot
Intergalactic
Medium
C.
D.
2305842+4329.2
The
CfA2
Great
Wall
(Coma
Wall)
19.
This
object
exhibits
starburst.
Why
do
its
arms
appear
bluish?
A.
Molecular
clouds
can
excite
the
forbidden
[O
IT1]
transition,
which
is
in
the
blue
region
of
the
spectrum.
.
The
light
is
blueshifted
due
to
Hubble
ex-
pansion.
.
An
increase
in
starburst
gas
increases
the
temperature
of
the
interstellar
medium,
emitting
blue
light.
.
Blue
stars
die
fast,
so
they’re
typically
con-
centrated
in
areas
of
high
star
formation.
Dark
matter
flung
from
the
central
black
hole
compresses
gas
in
the
arms.
Refer
to
image
16
for
the
next
four
questions.
21.
Which
DSO
is
shown
in
the
picture
above?
A.
B.
C.
D.
H1821+4-643
PSS
095545940
222256.11-094636.2
GW151226
22.
Whatis
a
quasar?
23.
24.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Why
A.
B.
A
stellar-mass
black
hole
with
a
highly
ac-
tive
accretion
disk.
A
dormant
galactic
nucleus
which
emits
ra-
diation
through
the
SZ
effect.
An
active
SMBH
which
emits
high-energy
radiation,
often
through
polar
jets.
A
source
of
dark
energy,
contributing
to
the
A
term
in
the
ACDM
model.
are
quasars
x-ray
bright?
The
quasar
emits
Hawking
radiation
which
is
in
equilibrium
with
the
CMB.
The
dark
energy
interacts
strongly
with
sur-
rounding
gas,
producing
synchrotron
emisi-
son.
.
The
accretion
disk
absorbs
angular
momen-
tum
from
the
CMB,
prompting
emission
of
x-ray
photons.
.
The
accretion
disk
gets
very
hot
and
emits
x-ray
light
along
with
highly-accelerated
po-
lar
jets.
If
the
mass
of
the
quasar
is
20
billion
solar
masses,
what
is
its
Schwarzschild
radius?
A.
2.9
x
103
meters
B.
5.9
x
10'3
meters
C.
1.2
x
10™
meters
D.
1.7
x
10'*
meters
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Section
B
(2
points
per
sub-question)
For
the
stars
with
cores
that
don’t
get
hot
enough
to
fuse
carbon,
their
cores
continue
to
collapse,
and
the
outer
layers
expand
until
the
star
enters
&
second
red
giant
phase.
At
this
point,
the
star
loses
large
amounts
of
mass
as
a
planetary
nebula
forms
around
it,
and
the
core
becomes
a
white
dwarf.
25.
(a)
(b)
Briefly
explain
why
some
stars’
cores
get
hot
enough
to
fuse
carbon
and
some
don't.
What
prevents
white
dwarfs
from
continuing
to
collapse
in
on
themselves?
Consider
a
white
dwarf
with
mass
equal
to
0.5
times
that
of
the
Sun,
and
radius
equal
to
0.01
times
that
of
the
Sun.
How
many
times
stronger
is
the
force
of
gravity
on
the
surface
of
this
white
dwarf
than
on
Earth?
Suppose
the
outer
layer
of
the
white
dwarf
from
the
previous
question
is
at
a
temperature
of
10*
K.
What
is
the
star’s
luminosity,
in
Solar
luminosities?
What
would
its
apparent
brightness
be
if
it
were
1
astronomical
unit
away
from
the
Earth,
in
W/m??
Question
26:
The
Crab
Nebula
Refer
to
images
17
when
answering
the
following
questions.
26.
The
following
questions
ask
about
the
crab
nebula
and
pulsar.
Assume
the
central
compact
object
{CCO)
has
a
mass
of
1.4M,
and
a
radius
of
10
km.
(a)
Use
the
JS9
image
in
the
top
left
and
the
conversion
of
0.001’/pix
to
determine
the
length
of
the
longer
diameter
in
meters
if
the
nebula
is
2,000
pc
away.
(b)
The
expansion
velocity
in
the
long
direction
is
1450
km
s™!.
Calculate
the
age
of
the
pulsar.
(c)
It
is
found
that
there
is
a
slight
peak
in
the
remnant’s
X-ray
flux
at
849
eV
(not
shown
above).
What
element
causes
this?
(d)
Determine
the
period,
in
seconds.
(e)
Determine
the
period
derivative
using
the
image
in
the
bottom
right,
in
s
s™!,
to
the
nearest
5x10713,
(f)
Calculate
the
spin-down
luminosity,
in
Lg.
(g)
(1
point)
Calculate
the
Eddington
luminosity
of
the
pulsar,
in
Lg.
(1
point)
Why
does
it
make
sense
that
the
spin
down
luminosity
is
larger?
(h)
What
type
of
magnetobremsstrahlung
radiation
dominates
in
the
optical?
(i)
Which
letter
on
the
P
—
P
diagram
in
the
upper
right
represents
where
one
would
expect
to
find
the
CCO?
Question
27:
NGC
1614
Refer
to
images
18
when
answering
the
following
questions.
27.
NGC
1614
isa
spiral
galaxy
undergoing
an
extreme
starburst.
Hubble
observes
it
to
have
an
apparent
magnitude
m,
of
12.91
and
a
B—V
color
index
of
0.51
(a)
What
is
NGC
1614’
maximum
rotational
velocity
-
275
or
2750
km/s?
(b)
What
is
one
possible
cause
of
the
bump
in
the
extinction
curve
at
217.5
nm?
(c)
What
is
NGC
1614s
Hubble
type
-
Sa,
Sb,
or
Sc?
(d)
Calculate
NGC
1614’s
absolute
B-band
magnitude
Mp.
(e)
Calculate
NGC
1614’s
absolute
visual
magnitude
My
.
(f)
Use
the
fact
that
MBp
sun
=
5.47
to
find
the
B-band
luminosity
of
NGC
1614
in
Lg.
(g)
Use
the
following
two
equations
to
find
the
extinction
at
0.15
microns
Ag.1s.
L
post(Lo)
=
10%°SFRY%,
starb
104015
=
250
x
SFR2%,,
(h)
What
is
the
color
of
the
curve
that
represents
the
absolute
extinction
for
NGC
1614
-
orange,
purple,
white,
or
green?
(i)
Use
this
curve
to
calculate
the
starburst’s
V-band
extinction
Ay.
(j)
Use
your
previous
answers
and
Ay
=
1.24
for
the
Milky
Way
to
calculate
the
distance
to
NGC
1614
in
megaparsecs.
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a
Team
Number
Astronomy
Tiger
Invitational
Astronomy
Answer
Sheet
Team
Name:
Team
Member
Names:
Section
A
(1
point
each)
Points
A
1.
7.
13.
19.
14.
20.
15.
21.
16.
22.
17.
23.
18.
24,
ok
wN
ot
o
T
T
Section
B
(2
points
per
sub-section)
Points
B
25.
a)
b)
c)
d)
‘
solar
luminosities
e)
Watts/meter?
26.
a)
b)
<)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
27.
a)
b)
<)
d)
e)
f)
8)
h)
i)
)
Total
Points:
Team
Number
Astronomy
Tiger
Invitational
Astronomy
Answer
Sheet
Team
Name:
I
{
Team
Member
Names:
J
//
Section
A
(1
point
each)
Points
A
j’_{m&x
1.
c
7.
l
D
13
19.
'2
2.
E
?
8.
A
14.
A
20.
3.
9.
l&
15.
21.
A
4.
_D
10._
A
16.
22.
_C_
5.
A
11.
E
17.
23.
6.
A
.15
18.
/A
24,
_]?z_
Section
B
(2
points
per
sub-section)
Points
B
flf
oy
75.
(a)
The
cores
of
more
massive
stars
can
get
hotter
than
those
with
less
mass.
(b)
Electron
degeneracy
pressure.
(c)
138,900
times
stronger.
Accept
100,000-180,000.
(d)
9.12
x
10~*
Solar
Luminosities
(Accept
8.5
—
9.5
x
10~4)
Solar
luminosities
(e)
1.2
Watts
per
square
meter.
Accept
0.7-1.7.
Watts/meter?
(a)
6.0
-
8.0
x10'6
m
(b)
750
-
800
years
(c¢)
Neon
(d)
0.03
-
0.04
seconds
(€)
1-2
x10-12
(f)
0.5-5
x105Lg
(8)
4-5
x10*Lg
(+1)
The
source
is
"not
accretion”@
Of\\\-|
\
P
onX
(h)
Synchroton
(i)
D
27.
(a)
275
km/s
#(b)
Award
two
points
for
mentioning
any
one
of
the
following,
up
to
a
maximum
of
two
points:
i.
Graphite
*He-
D(Cd—kf
NS
l
ii.
Polycylic
Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
(PAH)
iii.
,Amorphous
Carbon
(c)
Sc
(d)
-23
-
-24
(e)
-23.5-
-24.5
(f)
3-4
x101Lg
%)
6-7
®¥¢
prectker
2
(h)
Green
(i)
2-3
#5)
60-90
Mpe
XN
breclher
3
Total
Points:
[
l_my
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